Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researchers presented and discussed the results of the

conducted study. This chapter also show the informative maps made by the researchers

based on the gathered data. The researchers used the (GIS) Geographical Information

System. All the data were gathered by the researchers in Municipal Engineering Office in

Dujali and by visiting the area of Sitio Pawas at Braulio E. Dujali.

The Location and the

Total Number of
Households

From the table 3.2 the location where the current water distribution system exists

and the location that will be affected by the expansion of the water distribution system

are the barangays of: New Casay, Sitio Bugtong Talisay, and Barangay Dujali. The total

number of households (HH) are three hundred and sixty (360), in which the thirty-six

(36) households belong to the Barangay New Casay, sixty-three (63) households are from

the Sitio Bugtong Talisay, and Barangay Dujali holds the largest number of households

consisting of two hundred and sixty-one (261) houses. As the population of the region

grows in the future, the right present and past population data must be taken from the

census office in order to assess the population of the area. An average of five (5) person

lives in each household and the location has a 2.84% annual population growth rate.

The household is a social unit consisting of an individual living alone or a group

of persons sleeping in the same housing unit and having a shared arrangement for the

provision and consumption of food. The basic criterion for assessing household

membership is the regular place of residence or the place where the individual usually
resides. This could be the same or different from the location where it was found at the

time of the census (PSA, 2015). This actively demonstrates that households don’t really

mean a person living in a house, it can also mean a person living either in a different type

of buildings, a barn, a hut, etc. This needs to be emphasized, and the particular reason

for the circumstance is that one of the considered households in the table 3.1 is a pigpen.

It is considered as a household because one of the residents of the location lives, eat, and

sleep in there.

The projected/future population in table 3.1 is relatively connected to the number

of present populations, population growth, and the design year. The design year of this

project is ten (10). The get the projected/future population we use the exponential

growth formula which is x(t)=x0 [1+(r/100)t].

Where:

x(t) = projected population

x0 = present population

r = population annual growth rate/ rate of change

t = elapsed time

From one thousand eight hundred (1800) total present population to two

thousand three hundred and eighty-two (2382) total projected population the percentage

change between the two population is 32.33%.

Name of Barangay/s Household/s Present Projected

Population Population

Barangay New Casay 36 180 238

Sitio Bugtong Talisay 63 315 417

Barangay Dujali 261 1305 1727

Total 360 1800 2382

Table 3.1 Population and Population Growth in the affected area

of the Expansion of Water Distribution System

The Data on the Factors Affecting
the Result of the Hydraulic
Network Solver

Indicators for the design using EPANET:

2.1 Nodal Demands

Designing of water systems involves calculation of the expected water

requirements applicable to the size of pumping equipment, transmission and

distribution lines and storage facilities. System water demand is the quantity of water

that needs to be generated to satisfy all water needs in the city. The estimation of water

needs for a given area depends on the number of the population to be provided, their

standard of living and lifestyles, the cost of water supplies, the availability of wastewater

facilities and the purpose of demand. It varies according to the needs of the domestic

population, the institutional, industrial and social institutions, etc.

Water demand includes water delivered to the system to meet the needs of

consumers, water supply for firefighting and system flushing, and water required to

properly operate the treatment facilities (CWESI, 2015). Additionally, virtually all

systems have a certain amount of leakage that cannot be economically removed and thus

total demand typically includes some leakage. The difference between the amount of

water sold and the amount delivered to the system is referred to as unaccounted water.

Unaccounted water can result from system flushing, leakage, firefighting, meter

inaccuracies, and other non-metered usage.

The percentage of the unaccounted water or also known as Nonrevenue Water

(NRW) is 15%. Average Daily Demand (ADD) is the cumulative amount of water

supplied to the system over a year separated by 365 days. Average daily use expressed in

gallons/liters per day, it is the product of the projected population and consumption rate
 that is divide by the quantity of 1 minus the NRW. Maximum Day Demand (MDD) is the

highest amount of water supplied to the system in a single day expressed in gallons/liters

per day. The supply of water, the treatment plant, and the transmission lines should be

built to meet the full day demand. The Maximum Daily Demand (MDD) is the product of

ADD multiplied by 1.3. Peak Hourly Demand (PHD) is the cumulative amount of water

supplied to the system in a single hour expressed in gallons per day. Distribution

networks should be configured to provide adequate control of peak hourly demand or

full day-to-day demand plus fire flows, whichever is greater. Storage reservoirs provide

demand in excess of the full day demand at peak hourly flows. Peak Hourly Demand

(PHD) is the product of ADD multiplied by 2.5.

ADD = [ Projected Population x Consumption Rate ]/ ( 1 – NRW )

MDD = 1.3 x ADD

PHD = 2.5 x ADD

Conversion of liters per day (LPD) to liters per second (LPS):

1 L/D ( 1 D / 86400 s )

1 LPD = 0.00001157 LPS

Projected Average Daily Average Daily Maximum Daily Peak Hour

Population Demand (ADD) Demand (ADD) in Demand (MDD) Demand (PHD) in
in LPD LPS in LPS LPS

238 28020 0.32 0.42 0.81

417 49036 0.57 0.74 1.42

Table 3.2 Population and Population Growth in the affected area

of the Expansion of Water Distribution System

 A node is point spatial object which is used to represent the connectivity between

two different waterway links, or between a waterway link and a watercourse link, in the

water transport network. There are two categories of nodes, these are the junction nodes

and fixed-grade nodes. The nodes in which the inflow or outflow is identified are referred

to as junction nodes. These nodes have lumped demand, in which might vary over time.

On the other hand, the nodes to which the reservoir is connected are referred to as fixed

grade nodes. These nodes may take the form of tanks or long constant pressure lines

(Clark, 2015).

The table 3.3 contains nodal ID with its corresponding demand and base

demand. Demand pattern is a multiplier of base demand at a given junction at a certain

time of day. The demand pattern reflects the peak and non-peak hour of a day. The

highest demand goes to junction 21 and junction 22 that is equal to 0.30 liters per

second. Most of the nodes that contains the highest demand are the nodes in the end of

the network. The base demand is not applicable in the junction 1 and 2 because that is

the tank and the pump.

Different approaches are presently available for the analysis of water distribution

systems, called Node Head Analysis (NHA) techniques, evaluate distribution systems,

assuming that nodal requirements can be met by having additional source heads or

increasing pressures, if required. When such additional heads or pressures are not

present, some of the collecting nodes struggle, partially or entirely, to meet the nodal

requirements. The method referred to as the Node Flow Analysis (NFA) is built to locate

such nodes and estimate the real nodal supplies.

Node ID Base Demand (LPS) Demand (LPS)
Junc 3 0.05 0.05
Junc 4 0.05 0.05
Junc 5 0.06 0.06
Junc 6 0.00 0.00
Junc 7 0.09 0.09
Junc 8 0.04 0.04
Junc 9 0.02 0.02
Junc 10 0.05 0.05
Junc 11 0.00 0.00
Junc 12 0.2 0.02
Junc 13 0.09 0.09
Junc 14 0.03 0.03
Junc 15 0.02 0.02
Junc 16 0.03 0.03
Junc 17 0.18 0.18
Junc 18 0.2 0.02
Junc 19 0.08 0.08
Junc 20 0.16 0.16
Junc 21 0.30 0.30
Junc 22 0.30 0.30
Junc 1 N/A -1.9
Junc 2 N/A -0.13

Table 3.3 Node IDs and its Corresponding Demand

and Base Demand
2.2 Network Links Information

The network link is one of the links between the objects of the network.  We refer

to objects as nodes or vertices, and typically draw them as dots. Links can be guided,

meaning that they point from one node to the next, and links can also be undirected,

where such case they are bidirectional (Nykamp, 2020).

The table 3.1 presents the link ID and its corresponding length in meters. The

longest pipe length is 451.75 whisch belongs to pipe 6 that connects between the junction

6 and junction 7.

Link ID Length (m)

Pipe 19 16.36
Pipe 17 23.11
Pipe 15 27.12
Pipe 18 31.87
Pipe 2 33.9
Pipe 21 47.69
Pipe 7 53.89
Pipe 8 56.49
Pipe 24 66.63
Pipe 11 69.35
Pipe 12 75.4
Pipe 16 76.46
Pipe 4 86.7
Pipe 10 90.7
Pipe 3 101.94
Pipe 14 120.11
Pipe 5 174.24
Pipe 9 190.28
Pipe 13 233.38
Pipe 20 272.99
Pipe 6 451.75
Pump #N/A

Table 3.1 Population and Population Growth in the affected area

of the Expansion of Water Distribution System