Materials - Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) - Thermal Spray Aluminum (TSA) Página 1 de 3

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Materials - Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

What is Corrosion Under Insulation?
CUI is a common problem shared by the refining, petrochemical,
power, industrial, onshore and offshore industries. Corrosion
under insulation is difficult to find because of the insulation cover
that masks the corrosion problem until it is too late.
The problem occurs on carbon steels and 300 series stainless
steels. On carbon steels it manifests as generalized or localized
wall loss. With the stainless pipes it is often pitting and corrosion
induced stress corrosion cracking.
Though failure can occur in a broad band of temperatures,
corrosion becomes a significant concern in steel at temperatures
between 0 and 149°C and is most severe at about 93°C. Corrosion
and corrosion induced stress corrosion cracking rarely occur when
operating temperatures are constant above 149°C.
Corrosion under insulation is caused by the ingress of water into
the insulation, which traps the water like a sponge in contact with
the metal surface. The water can come from rain water, leakage,
deluge system water, wash water, or sweating from temperature
cycling or low temperature operation such as refrigeration units.

Maintenance Costs of CUI

It is also widely known that the results of CUI are costly. CUI can
account for as much as 40 to 60 percent of a company's piping
maintenance costs, can result in repairs in the millions, and lead
to significant downtime. Most studies on the topic involve all forms
of corrosion and their associated costs without providing the
individul cost of corrosion related to insulation.
A study completed in 2001 by a research team of corrosion
specialists in the USA reported the direct cost of corrosion under
insulation to be $276 billion per year, with that number potentially
doubling when indirect costs are also considered.

Systems Susceptible to CUI

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The American Petroleum Institute code, API 570, Inspection,

Repair, Alteration and iterating of In-service Piping Systems, the
piping code first published in June 1993, identifies CUI as a special
concern. Typically, as happened with API 653 and the Clean Water
Act, the API codes become an industry standard, and the
regulations demand that organizations maintain a program to
meet that standard. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) 1910 is the rule with the teeth in this case.
API 570 specifies the following areas as susceptibleto CUI:
• Areas exposed to mist overspray from cooling water towers.
• Areas subject to process spills, ingress of moisture, or acid
vapors.
• Areas exposed to deluge systems.
• Areas exposed to steam vents.
• Carbon steel piping systems, including those insulated for
personnel protection, operating between -4°C and 120°C. CUI
is particularly aggressive where operating temperatures cause
frequent condensation and re-evaporation of atmospheric
moisture.
• Carbon steel piping systems that normally operate in-service
above 120°C but are intermittent service.
• Deadlegs and attachments that protrude from insulated piping
and operate at a temperature different than the active line.
• Austenitic stainless steel piping systems that operate between 60°C and 204°C. These systems are
susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking.
• Vibrating piping systems that have a tendency to inflict damage to insulation jacketing providing a
path for water ingress.
• Piping systems with deteriorated coatings and/or wrappings.
• Steam traced piping systems that may experience tracing leaks, especially at the tubing fittings
beneath the insulation.
• Locations where insulation plugs have been removed to permit thickness measurements on
insulated piping should receive particular attentions.

Methods to Inspect Corrosion Under Insulation

There are a number of methods used today to inspect for corrosion under insulation. The main ones
are profile radiography, ultrasonic spot readings, and insulation removal.
The other method is real-time X-ray. Real-time X-ray has proven to be a safe, fast and effective
method of inspecting pipe in plant operations.

Long Lasting and (almost) Maintenance-Free Coating Systems

In recent years, the CUI prevention philosophy of many large petrochemical companies has been an
inspection-free, maintenance-free concept. Insulated systems particularly piping systems are expected
to have a service life of 25 to 30 years. Evaluation of life-cycle savings has led to consideration of
new, simple approaches to preventing CUI.
Two of the techniques are:

Applying thermal spray aluminum (TSA) on carbon steel to prevent general

corrosion, and on austenitic stainless steel to prevent stress corrosion cracking.
All thermal spraying processes rely on the same principle of heating a feedstock, accelerating it to a
high velocity, and then allowing the particles to strike the substrate. The particles will deform and

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freeze onto the substrate. The coating is formed when millions of particles are deposited on top of
each other. With TSA, these particles are bonded to the substrate mechanically.
The first step of any coating process is surface preparation. This is done by cleaning and white metal
grit blasting the surface to be coated. Masking techniques may be adopted for components that only
need specific areas coated. The second step is to atomize the aluminum, which is done by introducing
the feedstock material into the heat source. The heat source may be produced by either chemical
reaction (combustion) or electrical power (twin wire arc spray). Next, the particles are accelerated to
the substrate by the gas stream and deform on impact to make a coating. Finally, the coatings are
inspected and assessed for quality by either mechanical or microstructural evaluation.
The two common thermal spray techniques used to apply TSA to components are wire flame spray
and twin wire electric arc spray. Adhesion to the substrate is considered largely mechanical and is
dependent on the work piece being very clean and suitably rough. Roughening is carried out by grit
blasting to a white metal condition with a sharp, angular profile in the 50-to-100 micron (2-to-4 mil)
range. Flame and arc spraying require relatively low capital investment and are portable; they are
often applied in open workshops and on site. Consumables used for TSA with these processes are
more than 99-percent purity aluminum wires.

Using aluminum foil wrapping on austenitic stainless steel pipe to prevent stress
corrosion cracking.
Aluminum foil wrapping of austenitic stainless steel has been used successfully for more than 30 years
by chemical companies in Europe to prevent ESCC. (This technique has not been widely accepted in
the United States.) The aluminum foil provides a moisture barrier and electrochemical protection by
preferentially undergoing corrosion and maintaining a safe potential for stainless steel. The system
relies on good weatherproofing and the prevention of immersion conditions. It can be applied by the
insulation contractor, takes less time to apply than a coating, and requires minimal substrate
preparation.
Wrapping pipe with 46 SWG (wire gauge) 0.1-millimeter (mm) aluminum foil can prevent CISCC of
stainless steel pipe operating continuously between 60°C and 175°C. The pipe should be wrapped with
50-mm overlap, formed to shed water on the vertical line, and held with aluminum or stainless wire.
The foil should be molded around flanges and fittings. Steam-traced lines should be double wrapped,
with the first layer applied directly onto the pipe, followed by the steam tracing, and then more foil
over the top. On vessels, the aluminum foil is applied in bands held by insulation clips and insulation
support rings.

Interesting articles
Engineering approach to More Lessons "Re-Learned" Use of Thermally Sprayed
control corrosion under from Corrosion Under Aluminum in the Norwegian
insulation Insulation Offshore Industry

© Werner Sölken 2008 - 2015. All rights reserved.

Do not worry about your difficulties in Mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater. Albert Einstein

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