STEEL WORK/STEEL MILL

PHILIPPINE INDUSTRY

The Philippine iron and steel industry is a critical component in achieving

inclusive economic growth and sustainable development. The industry provides
necessary inputs for the construction of infrastructure, power generation and
distribution, transportation facilities and vehicles, manufacturing machinery and
equipment - all of which are vital for a nation’s long-term growth. The industry’s
outputs are utilized by both commercial and industrial enterprises, such as electronics,
appliance manufacturing, and shipbuilding, among others.

The Philippine iron and steel industry aims to contribute to the country's
sustainable development by manufacturing world-class products for the industry and
society, and sees itself as a majority producer of high-quality and safe steel products
for domestic users by 2030. This is achieved when the industry is able to supply 70%
of the tonnage of required apparent steel consumption.

To achieve this, the industry recommends the implementation of measures that

would reduce the costs of importing raw materials and losses of revenue due to unfair
competition; reduce electricity costs; reduce logistics costs; encourage investment in
the industry; enlarge the pool of workers for the industry; make the sector more
attractive for local and foreign investors through ISO accreditation; answer the need
for a set of consistent and timely delivered industry data; complement the
implementation efforts of the BOC and DTI provincial standards monitoring teams;
and help companies upgrade their capacities continuously.

ABOUT IRON AND STEEL

The Philippines sits on vast reserves of minerals, both metallic and non-metallic.
Aside from gold and copper, the country is also rich in iron ore reserves of almost 300
million metric tons. To further promote investments in the mining of metals, the
Philippine government allowed 100 percent foreign ownership of large-scale mines
(subject to certain terms and conditions) in the hope of attracting quality operators and
ensuring a steady output of metals.
 The rapid development of the Philippines and continuous growth of the Southeast
Asian region has resulted in higher demand for iron and steel products domestically
and regionally. The Philippine economy has been performing beyond expectations
over the past years, growing from 5.1% in 2011 to 6.8% in 2012, and to 7.2% in 2013.
In this unprecedented growth, the construction sector is a major contributor driven by
demand for private residential and office buildings and infrastructure spending by the
government, which led to an upswing in demand for steel products. From 2010 to
2013, the country’s apparent steel consumption (ASC) increased from 4.1 to 6.6
million metric tons — a consumption growth of 61% in three years.

Philippine-based iron and steel manufacturers have expanded their production

capacities in the long products sector, but still fall short of domestic demand, mainly
because of the absence of an integrated steel mill (ISM). The flat products sector has
no local production of hot rolled coils (HRC), hot rolled plates (HRP), and cold rolled
coils (CRC), and all are currently imported. The availability of raw materials (i.e. iron
ore) and semi-processed products (i.e. pig-iron) presents the opportunity for local iron
and steel manufacturers to domestically source their input requirements and, more
importantly, the possibility of establishing an ISM.

Investing in the Philippines will provide iron and steel manufacturers better
access to other ASEAN-member countries, which includes the big steel markets of
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. The establishment of the ASEAN
Economic Community (AEC) in 2015 will further facilitate the free flow of
commodities across the region, including iron and steel.

FACTS AND FIGURES

Steel product lines locally produced

 Semi-finished products: Billets

 Finished long products:

 Reinforcing steel bars (all sizes)
 Angle bars- 80mm and below
 Light sections, channels and shapes
 Steel wires
 Steel purlins
 Finished flat products:
 Hot dipped galvanized sheets
 Zn-Al coated sheets
 Welded black iron pipes and tubes
 Welded galvanized pipes and tubes
 Pre-painted galvanized/Zn-Al coated coils and sheets
 Pre-painted galvanized iron

IRON AND STEEL: A TRIP INSIDE A STEEL MILL

Pure iron, prepared by the electrolysis of ferrous sulfate solution, has limited use.
Commercial iron invariably contains small amounts of carbon and other impurities
that alter its physical properties, which are considerably improved by the further
addition of carbon and other alloying elements. By far the greatest amount of iron is
used in processed forms, such as wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. The image below
shows how iron is "cast" into forms that, when cool, will be referred to as "cast iron".
The iron cast is made of sand, possibly mined in Michigan.

The differences between the various types of iron and steel are sometimes
confusing because of the nomenclature used. Steel in general is an alloy of iron and
carbon, often with an admixture of other elements. Some alloys that are commercially
called irons contain more carbon than commercial steels.

Modern steelmaking employs blast furnaces, like the one seen below, that are
merely refinements of the furnaces used by the old ironworkers. The process of
refining molten iron with blasts of air was accomplished by the British Inventor Sir
Henry Bessemer who developed the Bessemer furnace, or converter, in 1855. Since
the 1960s, several so-called minimills have been producing steel from scrap metal in
electric furnaces. Although such mills are an important component of total US steel
production, the giant steel mills that create steel directly from iron ore remain
essential for the initial production of steel.

Steel is a re-manufactured product that uses pig iron as its main raw material.

PIG-IRON PRODUCTION
 The basic materials used for the manufacture of pig iron are iron ore, coke, and
limestone. Coke is the hard, porous residue left after the destructive distillation of
coal. Used as a reducing agent in the smelting of pig iron and as a fuel, coke is
blackish-gray and has a metallic luster. It is composed largely of carbon, usually
about 92%. When used as a fuel, it has a high heating value of 13,800 Btu/lb.

Coke was first produced as a by-product in the manufacture of illuminating

gas. The growth of the steel industry, however, produced a rising demand for
metallurgical coke, making it inevitable that coke should be manufactured as a chief
product rather than as a by-product. The earliest method of coking coal was simply to
pile it in large heaps out-of-doors, leaving a number of horizontal and vertical flues
through the piles. These flues were filled with wood, which was lighted and which, in
turn, ignited the coal. When most of the volatile elements in the coal were driven off,
the flames would die down; the fire would then be partly smothered with coal dust,
and the heap sprinkled with water.
Coke is burned as a fuel to heat the blast furnace; as it burns, the coke gives off
carbon monoxide, which combines with the iron oxides in the ore, reducing them to
metallic iron. This is the basic chemical reaction in the blast furnace; it has the
equation:

Fe2O3 + 3CO = 3CO2 + 2Fe.

The limestone in the furnace is used as an additional source of carbon monoxide

and as a "flux" to combine with the infusible silica present in the ore to form fusible
calcium silicate. Without the limestone, iron silicate would be formed, with a
resulting loss of metallic iron. Calcium silicate plus other impurities form a slag that
floats on top of the molten metal at the bottom of the furnace. Ordinary pig iron as
produced by blast furnaces contains about 92% iron 3-4% carbon, 0.5-3% silicon, and
trace amounts of manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur.

CAST IRON

Cast iron is a study in contradictions. It is a symbol of strength, sturdy enough to

support a massive industrial building, and of weakness, brittle enough to shatter when
dropped. Tamed in a foundry furnace to a molten mass, this mineral pulled from the
earth flows obediently into the intricate details of a sand mold.
 As far back as 3500 BC, Egyptians mined iron from meteorites, the only form
in which it exists as a pure element. But it took another 1,500 years to figure out how
to smelt it--extract it from ore where it lives as an oxidized compound. Iron was
probably cast for the first time soon afterward. Europeans began casting iron in
the15th century, but the black metal remained a rare and precious substance for nearly
300 years because melting iron required enormous amounts of wood for fuel. In the
1600s, England went so far as to ban cast iron production to protect its forests. Yet
ironically, it was an Englishman who made possible iron’s modern ascendance. In
1709, he discovered that coke, a baked coal that burns hotter than wood or coal, could
be used to efficiently smelt iron, then heat it to the 2,800F that renders it castable.

With its 2-4.5% carbon content, cast iron is more brittle and rust-prone than its
low-carbon (less than 0.03%) hammer-forged cousin, wrought iron. But the casting
process is better suited to mass production than black-smithing, so the molded metal’s
star rose meteorically during the Industrial Revolution. From frying pans to steam
engines, from bathtubs to drain pipes, cast iron had an effect on every aspect of
people’s lives. Here was a versatile, durable, easily formable material.

Cast iron’s architectural heyday ended with the development of steel, a

stronger and more durable material that is itself an iron-based alloy with a very low
carbon content (0.015 to 0.5%). Today’s foundries make their cast iron mostly from
recycled scrap steel, or scrap mixed with pig iron--smelted, carbon-infused iron. By
throwing in scrap, they create a mix or iron, carbon, and minerals like silicon and
manganese that are in modern-day cast-iron alloys.

Melted in an electric furnace, the iron is poured into a sand mold made from
wooden patterns. Pattern making is a highly skilled trade. Foundries employ teams of
designers to create, on computers, exact replicas of original pieces, then hand-cut the
designs in wood. The pattern is carved slightly larger than the intended product to
account for cooling shrinkage.

The wooden pattern is set into a wood form that is filled with clay-infused sand
to make half of one mold; to make the other half, another sand-filled form is packed
around the protruding pattern, which is then removed. The liquid iron comes to the
mold via a crucible, a large bucket that travels on a track or crane from the furnace. A
foundry worker ladles the white-hot liquid into the mold or, for a large cast, pours it
straight from the crucible. After the iron cools and hardens, usually within hours, the
sand cast is broken off and foundry workers blast away the last sand grains with metal
shot. Because of its brittle nature, cast iron shouldn’t be shaped after cooling.
THE RECIPE FOR STEEL
Here's the recipe for a typical "batch" of molten pig iron. For each ton of molten pig
iron, you need:

 2600 lbs iron ore or iron ore pellets,

 1000 lbs coke,

 and a few hundred lbs of flux (slag, calcite, dolomite, limestone, etc). Calcite or
dolomite is used to make steel. In some instances, burnt lime(manufactured by
heating calcite or dolomite) is substituted. The lime in the stone or burnt lime
(when melted in blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, or electric furnaces)
combines with the impurities in the ore or hot metal to form slag, which, because
it is lighter, floats on top of the molten metal.

12-step diagrams below.

1. Coal is dumped into large ovens where it is heated to up to 2,400 degrees

Fahrenheit, which removes most of coal’s gases and converts it to coke. Coke is used
because it burns with intense heat and little smoke.

2. The coke, along with iron ore and limestone (a cleanser) is sent to the blast furnace.

3. The elements are hoisted to the top of the furnace and sprinkled, in layers, into the
stove.

4. Hot blasts of air rising melt the falling ore.

5. The molten iron collects at the bottom and is drained.

6. Impurities rise to the top of the ore and are skimmed off.

7. A little scrap steel, then the molten iron, is added to the basic oxygen furnace.

8. Oxygen is blown onto the molten iron, removing impurities and converting it to
steel.

9. After alloys are added to the molten steel, it is lifted to the top of the caster.
10. Steel the flows from the bottom of the ladle into a reservoir called the tundish and
then into the molds.

11. It is cooled by spraying water until it becomes solid throughout.

12. Then refined steel is then reheated and sent through a number of roughing stands
that flatten it into fine sheet. The sheets which reach speed of up to 50 miles an hour
in the machines, are then washed, cooled and coiled.
 6 SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT STEEL
MILLS

Steel mills, also known as steelworks, are industrial factories that specialize in the
production of steel. They typically smelt down iron and carbon, mixing the two
together in a specific ratio to create steel. Even if you’re familiar with this general
concept, though, there are probably some things about steel mills you don’t know.

1. Henry Bessemer Pioneered the Process

The origins of modern-day steel mills can be traced back to the mid-1800s,
during which English inventor Henry Bessemer developed a process for creating steel
by forcing air through molten iron. The air extracted most of the carbon out of the
iron, leaving behind steel. Known as the Bessemer Process, it allowed for faster and
more proficient production of steel, with many steel mills using this same process.

2. Smaller Steel Mills Are Called “Minimills”

Not all steel mills consist of large factories. There are numerous smaller steel
mills known as “minimills.” Reports show that minimills produce an average of
200,000 to 400,000 tons of steel per year. They generally receive scrap metal from
recycling companies and organizations, which they smelt down and convert into steel.

3. U.S. Steel Production Skyrocketed in the Early 20th

Century
While the United States remains a leading producer of steel, the country’s steel
mills were particularly busy during the early 20th century. Statistics show that in
1875, U.S. steel mills collectively produced just 380,000 tons of steel. By 1920,
however, they were producing more than 60 million tons.

4. The World’s Largest Steel Mill is a Popular Tourist

Destination
It’s not uncommon for people to take tours of steel mills to see how they operate,
but you might be surprised to learn just how many tourists visit the world’s largest
steel mill. Located in South Korean, Gwangyang Steel Works produces more steel
than any other mill in the world. In addition to pumping out an average of 18 million
tons of steel annually, however, it attracts about 300,000 tourists each year.
5. Integrated Steel Mills Perform Multiple Metalworking
Processes
Some steel mills do more than just produce steel; they perform a myriad of other
metalworking process. Known as an integrated steel mill, they convert iron ore to
molten iron, perform metal casting, product rolling, billet rolling and more.

6. Steel Mills Cost Billions to Build

Integrated, full-service steel mills aren’t cheap to build. While costs vary,
companies generally spend around $1 billion to $4 billion to build them. But with
such as a strong global demand for the metal, it can be a smart investment high profit
margins.

Jobs at steel mills fall under the categories of laborers, foremen and supervisors.

The various types of laborer jobs, which are most commonly exposed to asbestos,
include:

 Pipefitter: A pipefitter lies out, installs, maintains and repairs all types of
pipelines, fittings and fixtures in plant maintenance and construction.

 Machinist: A machinist sets up and operates all types of machine tools and
performs all types of layout, fitting and assembly work.

 Boilermaker: A boilermaker lies out, fabricates, assembles, erects and makes

repairs for all types of structural, boiler and plate work. A boilermaker lies out,
fabricates, assembles, erects and makes repairs for all types of structural, boiler
and plate work.

 Welder: A welder performs welding, brazing and cutting on any type of metal.

 Blacksmith: A blacksmith forges, hammer-welds and heat-treats iron and steel

materials in the construction, maintenance and repeal of plant equipment.

 Millwright: A millwright inspects, repairs, replaces, installs, adjusts and

maintains all mechanical equipment in a major unit or assigned area.

 Bricklayer: A bricklayer performs masonry work in plant maintenance and

construction.
 Motor inspector: A motor inspector inspects, repairs, replaces, installs, adjusts
and maintains all electrical equipment in a major unit or assigned area
(mechanical repairs to cranes and other electrical services).

 Conductor: A conductor directs the movement of cars on general plant switching

and assures that all freight is dispatched to its proper destination.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS

Steel fabrication has become popular in the construction industry. The structural
steel fabricators use different types of steel products to fabricate steel. The common
steel products used in construction are:

1. Steel Beams
Steel beams are essential for every type of construction because of the critical
support that it provides. In most cases, steel beams—particularly the I-beams are used
as support trusses or the main framework of buildings. Steel beams are known for
ensuring a structure’s integrity with incredible strength and impeccable support.

I-beams are the preferred type of steel beam because of its versatility and high
functionality. These are excellent for unidirectional bending. They can also take
various loads and an ample amount of stress without any signs of buckling. Its design
is also considered to be the most cost-effective because of its I-shape not using any
excess steel.

2. Steel Bars
Concrete is very strong against compression forces, but is vulnerable to tension
forces—this is where steel bars come in. Steel bars act as added reinforcement for
concrete to withstand tension. Deformed re-bars on the reinforcement of steel have
been a standard requirement since 1968. This is very much evident in highway
pavements and segmented bridges and more recently with high-rise buildings.
 Steel bars are also used as secondary reinforcement—particularly by providing
durability on a localized part of a structure or load. Its rather flexible nature also
makes it perfect for assisting other steel bars to hold their position while
accommodating their loads. There are also some bricks and blocks that are made with
holes within them to accommodate steel bars and help them carry tensile loads.

3. Steel Pipes
One of the most practical uses of steel pipes is to support the weight of buildings
when the soil they are to be built on is too weak. It is used in construction piling,
particularly as support for incredibly heavy establishments. Considered as one of the
more aesthetically pleasing steel products out there, steel pipes are also used as
bollards and railings in most construction sites. These are used as part of the plumbing
and sewage system in every building there is. Steel pipes might just be the most used
steel product in some of the biggest industries!

Steel pipes are also used to construct ships, to transport gas, oil, water, and other
such materials. These are a common sight to see in most factories and energy centers.

4. Steel Plates
Steel plates are used in a variety of industries. Because of how versatile steel is as
a material, steel plates are usually fabricated with a specific purpose in mind. When
you look at a construction site, you will almost always see a steel plate at work or
being worked on. Most construction equipment has steel plates installed on them be it
as frames of a vehicle or as part of the main mechanism.

Steel plates will easily be seen in quarrying equipment, mining equipment,

multiple types of machinery, pressure vessels and as construction materials as well.
But of course, steel plates are also seen in many other industries. Particularly as part
of shipbuilding and as highly durable, defensive plates in the military.

Steel plates are available in different grades and sizes. Steel plates are commonly
used in various demanding applications including construction, earth moving
equipment, mining and quarrying, engineering and machinery, pressure vessels,
renewable energy, ship building, offshore oil, gas and pipelines.

5. Wire Rods
As the raw material for wire drawing units, wire rods are used in a variety of
products and industries. Some of its uses include being used as automobile
components, barbed wires, and as steel reinforcement for some aluminum conductor
and concrete.

One type of wire rod, particularly the bearing steel quality wire rod, requires a
high level of durability to be able to withstand repeated loads and high-speed rotations
in some of its applications—oftentimes seen in a variety of industrial machine parts,
and even some construction equipment.

In the Philippines, the most common usage of wire rods is for tie wires and nails,
which complements a lot of other processes common in the construction industry.

6. Strip
Strip steel is used not only in construction but also in various other applications.
It is available in different forms. The forms of strip steel include hot rolled strip steel,
cold rolled strip steel, and hot-dipped galvanized coil. The most common type of strip
steel used for construction is the hot-dip galvanized coil. The hot-dip galvanized coil
is also used in making other construction products such as floor decking products,
wall and roof cladding products, lintels, secondary structural products, and light steel
framing.

7. Open Sections
Open sections range from piles to large beams. These are mostly used in
construction processes. Open sections also include small products like rods, rails, and
bars.

8. Standard Open Sections

International standards define the dimensions of a variety of open section shapes,
mostly the H and I shaped sections, channels, and angle sections.

9. Floor Beams
Asymmetric steel floor beams are used as a part of a shallow floor system. The
key feature they possess is the wider bottom than the top flange. It enables the slab to
sit properly on the top surface of the bottom flange, rather than the top surface of the
top flange as found in the down-stand beams. The asymmetric shallow floor beams
are popular in education, commercial, and residential sectors.

10. Plate Girders

 The structural steel fabricators fabricate plate girders by welding together a web
plate and two flanges. The plate girders are used when the standard rolled sections are
inadequate to carry the load.

11. Cellular Beams

Cellular beams are fabricated sections which the structural steel fabricators use
for specific projects.

12. Stainless Steel Products

Stainless steel is suitable for various structural steel applications. The most
common types of stainless steel used in construction are austenitic stainless steel and
duplex stainless steel.

REFERENCES:

PHILIPPINE INDUSTRY:
http://industry.gov.ph/industry/iron-and-steel/

IRON AND STEEL: A TRIP INSIDE A STEEL MILL:

http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/steel_mill.html

6 SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT STEEL MILLS

https://monroeengineering.com/blog/6-surprising-facts-about-steel-mills/

STEEL MILL WORKERS:

https://www.asbestos.com/occupations/steel-mill-workers/

STEEL PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

http://northern-weldarc.com/types-of-steel-products-used-in-construction/

https://www.steelconstruction.info/Steel_construction_products
https://reganindustrial.com/blog/commonly-steel-products-construction/

https://www.nipponsteel.com/en/product/construction/list-construction/

HOT-ROLLED PRODUCTS

Hot rolled plate

Hot rolled plate is manufactured in a wide range of sizes for applications in several
industries varying from construction, pressure vessel and wear resistant applications.

Steel sheet piling, also manufactured from Hot rolled plate are used worldwide in the
construction of quays walls and breakwater in harbors, locks and for bank reinforcement on
rivers and canals. Other applications include temporary cofferdams in land or in water,
permanent bridge abutments, retaining walls for underpasses or underground car parks and
impervious containment walls.
Hot rolled coil
It is a mill process which involves rolling the steel at a high temperature, which is
above the steel’s recrystallisation temperature. Often used in the manufacturing of staircases,
the embossed teardrop pattern gives it excellent anti-slip properties, irrespective of whether
the environment is dry, greasy or damp. Moreover, the pattern is almost indestructible. This is
why the registered name is Vastrap

Cold rolled coil

Cold rolled sheet is produced by processing hot rolled strip through a cold rolling
process followed by annealing and/or temper rolling. This process will produce steel with
thinner gauges, closer dimensional tolerances and a wider range of uncoated surface finishes.

Galvanised coil
 It is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel to prevent rusting. The
most common method is hot-dip galvanising, in which parts are submerged in a bath of
molten zinc.

Electrogalvanised coil
Electrogalvanized steel sheet consists of a cold rolled steel substrate coated with zinc
by electrolytic deposition on a continuous line. The electrogalvaniZing process allows
accurate control of the thickness of the zinc coating.

Tinplate coil
Tinplate is produced from cold rolled sheet which is electrolytically coated with tin.
The tin coating provides corrosion resistance to the steel substrate and plays a beneficial role
with regards to the preservation of certain foods. In addition, the surface of tinplate lends
itself to printing and silk screening. It is used widely in the packaging industry for cans, can
ends, larger containers and a range of closures. Tin coatings of different thicknesses are
produced to suit specific requirements.

LONG-TUBULAR PRODUCTS

Mechanical tubular product

Mechanical tubular product includes welded and seamless tubes used for a wide
variety of mechanical purposes. It is usually produced to meet specific end-use requirements
and therefore is produced in many shapes, to a variety of chemical compositions and
mechanical properties, and with hot rolled or cold finished surfaces. Most of the mechanical
tubes are available as per specifications of various standards. Mechanical tube is not produced
to specified standard sizes, but it is produced to specified dimensions, which can be anything
which the customer needs within the limits of production equipment or processes.

Welded mechanical tubular product

It is usually made mostly by electric resistance welding, but some is made by the
various fusion welding processes. In all cases, the exterior welding flash can be removed (if
needed) by cutting, grinding, or hammering.

Continuous-welded cold-finished mechanical tubular

product
 It is the tube which has been hot formed by furnace butt welding and cold finished. It
is furnished sink drawn or mandrel drawn and is available in OD ranging from up to 90 mm
and wall thicknesses from 0.9 mm to 13 mm. The material is low C steel, and the product is,
in effect, a form of cold-drawn pipe.

Seamless mechanical tubular product

It is available both hot and cold finished and in a wide variety of finishes and
mechanical properties. It is made from C and alloy steels in sizes up to and including 325 mm
in OD. Hot finished seamless tube is produced by rotary piercing or extrusion processes.
Therefore, it has surfaces similar to the surface regularly produced on hot-rolled steel and, in
general, cannot be held to dimensional tolerances as close as those of tubes produced by cold
finishing. It is produced in sizes as small as 40 mm in OD. Cold finished mechanical tube can
be produced by means of surface removal or by cold working.

Sources: Flat steel products (arcelormittalsa.com)

What is Reinforcement Steel Bars or Rebar?

- Used to improve the tensile strength of the concrete, since concrete is weak
in tension but strong in compression
- Steel is only used as rebar because of the elongation of steel due to high
temperatures are nearly equals to concrete.

Types of Rebar
1. Mild Steel Bar
- Surface of the mild steel bar are plain and round in shape
- They are used in concrete for special purposes, such as dowel at expansion
joints, where rebar must slide in a metal or paper sleeve, for construction joints in
roads and runways, and for column spirals
2. Deformed Steel Bar
- has a ribs, lugs, and indentation in the surface of the bar.
- usually used for concrete reinforcement in buildings.
- Has 2 types: TMT bars (Thermo Mechanically Treated Bars) and High
Strength Deformed Bars.

i. TMT (Thermo Mechanically Treated) Bars

- Are hot treated bars that are high in strength used in reinforced cement
concrete (RCC).
- Characteristics of TMT Bars: Better Ductility and malleability, High yield
strength and toughness, more bonding strength, earthquake resistance, corrosion
resistance, high thermal resistance, economical and safe to used, no loss in strength at
welded joints, ordinary electrodes used for welding the joints.

ii. High Strength Deformed Bars

- Are cold twisted steel bars with deformation on the surface. This is majorly
used in reinforcement purposes in construction.
- Characteristics of HSD bars- Low Carbon Value, Superior bonding strength,
Welding capability, High tensile strength, Wide application range, Satisfactory
malleability.
3. Carbon Steel Rebar
- Made up of carbon steel and commonly known as ‘black bar’ due to carbon
color.
- The main drawback of Black bar is that is more easily corrodes than the
other type of rebar
- the tensile strength ratio is coupled with value that makes the black bar one
of the best choices.
- commonly used in construction.

4. Epoxy-Coated Rebar
- a black rebar that is coated in epoxy.
- same tensile strength to black bar.
- more resistant to corrosion but the greater the damage to epoxy, the less
resistant to corrosion.
5. Galvanized Rebar
- This is 40 times more corrosion resistant to black bar.
- It is more difficult to damage the coating of the galvanized rebar.
- It has more value than epoxy-coated rebar but it cost more than it.
- widely used in bridges and roadways.

6. Glass-Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer Rebar
- Made up on carbon fiber.
- Cannot be bended
- used as an internal reinforced in concrete.
7. Steel Rebar
- Stainless steel can be used as an alternative reinforcing steel bar with carbon
steel reinforcement.
- Using stainless steel reinforcing bars will not create galvanic corrosion, and
it can be a cost-effective solution in areas subject to corrosion problems or where
repair is difficult and expensive.
- These rebars will cost at least eight times more than epoxy-coated rebars,
however.

What is Metal Sheet?

- processed through cold working metal, and the kind of operation involved
are- punching, cutting, shearing, riveting, and folding and so on.

Types of Metal Sheets

1. Stainless Metal Sheet
- The most commonly used types of sheet metal are stainless steel
sheets, containing 13% or less Chromium. As a result, it has a default quality
of being ultra-durable.
- To strengthen up the chemical combination of stainless-steel sheets,
additional chemicals like Nickel, Molybdenum, etc. also added.
 - Stainless steel is mainly known for its ability to stay resistant to
atmospheric exposure. So, the metal sheet made out of stainless has the
property to be protective against acid, salt, rain, alkali and so.
Stainless steel sheets Use: Super-protective against corrosion and other
natural decays, Ultra-bright and elastic, highly durable in terms of stiffness,
for machine parts that have to process liquids and chemicals, Machines that
have to undergo rigorous pounding.

2. Copper Metal Sheet

- Copper itself is a conductive metal. So, whenever metal sheets need to
work as conductors, copper sheet metals are more preferred. And unlined
stainless-steel sheets, it’s an unalloyed type of sheets.
-There are several properties in copper sheet metals for which it’s
preferred in many industrial and commercial purposes. As an example, they’re
highly electrically conductive, they are highly corrosion-resistant, easy to
fabricate, and the strength is quite appreciable.
- Another particular virtue of copper sheet metal is, they are highly fatigue
resistance. So, pure copper sheet metals come with years of durability, we can say.
- Copper sheet metal Uses: Electronics and electric parts, Jewelry and
metal decorations.
3. Brass Metal Sheets
- Brass is an allow of metals which manufactured using mostly zinc and
copper. By varying the amount of both zinc and copper, different types of brass
metal sheets are prepared.
- Brass sheet metals Uses: Decorative purposes such as a ceiling, indoor
and exterior decoration, Machines where sheets are needed to be cut in various
sizes and shapes, Cases when it requires a lightweight but durable metal sheet for
operation.

4. Corrugated Metal Sheets

- As long as metal sheets concerned for the jobs of roofing and siding,
corrugated sheets had always been the first choice. They are robust, durable and
free of chemical pollutions. So, they widely used in both commercial and
residential applications.
- Corrugated sheet metals prepared through a process called cold-form
process. In this method, metal sheets pressed flat and taken throughout roll
forming.
- When the sheet is taken through roll forming, it takes shapes created by
rolling dies. Finally, they are cut into the required length.
- Usually, you can recognize corrugated sheet metals by their wavy
pattern, although there are some other patterns to choose from.
- Corrugated sheets contain even more tensile strengths than steel.
- Corrugated sheet metals Uses: For general purposes where it requires
good durability along with the ability to stand up against rain, wind, hail, etc.,
Uses where the metal sheet needs to be resistant and protective against warp, dent,
and buckle, Residential purposes where minimum maintenance would be excellent
for sheet metals.
 5. Galvanized Metal Sheet
- Another important sheet metal type is the galvanized type of metal
sheets. Usually, this kind of sheets is made out of steel. So, we instead call them
galvanized steel metal sheets.
- Galvanized sheet metals Uses: Construction purposes such as awnings,
canopies, handrails, fences, ladders, staircases, steer furniture, ductwork, etc.,
Electronics such as precision instrument manufacturer, instruments with rust-
resistance and moisture-resistance manufacturing, etc., To prepare nails, bolts, and
nuts on an industrial basis, Galvanized piping for plumbing works, To enhance the
longevity of galvanized pipes, To provide chemical and heat-resistance to metallic
pipes, For insulation purposes.

References
9 Different types of Sheet metals and their Uses in 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved from Fraiming
Nailers Guide: https://framingnailersguide.com/different-types-of-sheet-metals-and-
their-uses/#What_Is_Sheet_Metal
What is Rebar? Types and Grades of Rebar. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Constructor:
https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/steel-reinforcement-types-grades/24730/
 #2_Deformed_Steel_Bar

STEEL WIRES

WHAT IS STEEL WIRE?

Steel wire is used for a wide range of applications such as wire for tires,
hoses, galvanized wire and strands, ACSR strands and armoring of conductor cables,
springs, fasteners, clips, staples, mesh, fencing, screws, nails, barbed wire, chains etc.

8 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEEL WIRE

MUSIC WIRE
Named for its use in piano strings, music wire could be considered the “work
horse” of steel wire. Its high carbon content makes it a strong, durable, all-around
wire that is excellent for high levels of stress and repeated loads (for example, in
springs or surgical equipment). Piano wire, or "music wire", is a specialized type of
wire made for use in piano strings but also in other applications as springs.

OIL TEMPERED WIRE

Similar in structure to music wire, oil tempered wire is usually drawn to
thicker diameters, then heated and “quenched” with oil to make it both strong and
flexible. This wire is also used for spring applications, such as garage door springs.
Oil tempered wire is widely used for springs that require extremely high resistance
to fatigue, heat, and permanent set in fatigue, including the valve springs of the
engine, clutch springs, and suspension springs that are considered important security
parts of automobiles.

BROOM WIRE
Most commonly used in the brushes of street cleaners, broom wire is usually a
strong, high-carbon wire that is galvanized or PVC coated to endure repeated friction.
DUCT WIRE
This is a flexible coated wire that is commonly used to provide structure and
flexibility, such as with heating and air ducts that have to curve around corners while
retaining their shape.

HARD-DRAWN WIRE
This is steel wire that has simply been drawn to a certain diameter without any
additional treatment or tempering. It’s a good all-around wire for bending into wire
forms or springs, but it is unable to endure high amounts of stress the way music wire
does. It’s frequently used in products like metal baskets, shopping carts, safety pins,
and some auto parts.

CHROME SILICON WIRE

This steel alloy wire is cold-drawn and heat-treated to be exceptionally strong,
able to withstand shock and high-impact loads that the typical wire spring could not
withstand. It’s an excellent choice for recoil springs in guns or in high performance
vehicles.

LOW CARBON STEEL WIRE

High carbon content makes steel strong, but at the expense of flexibility. For
applications where the wire needs to bend more easily, (like low-stress springs or coat
hangers) low carbon steel is a better option.

PATENT WIRE
Patenting refers to a specific treatment process by which steel wire is heated
and quenched to make it stronger and more durable. Patent wire is useful for high
tension applications and for wire rope.
PIPES TYPES AND PRODUCTS
APPLICATION AND MATERIAL
PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS USED

FIVE PLUMBING PIPE MATERIALS

1. COPPER PIPES
Copper is one of the most traditional materials for plumbing pipes and remains
a popular option today. There are two main types of copper pipes that can be used
together to outfit a whole plumbing system:

Rigid Copper: Rigid, or hard, copper is used throughout a house or building for the
water supply. The material can be cut into pieces and then soldered together.

Flexible Copper Tubing: Flexible, or soft, copper is malleable and is used in short

runs where space is tight and flexibility is needed, such as in corners or in a supply
line to your faucet.

2. Galvanized Steel Pipes

Galvanized piping used to be the material of choice for residential plumbing,
and it is still what many people picture when they think of a plumbing pipe. The steel
pipes are coated in a layer of zinc, which is meant to prevent rusting. The ends of
pipes are threaded so they can be screwed in to each other.

3. Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes

Polyvinyl chloride, more commonly known as PVC, has become a popular
choice for plumbing pipes in recent years. This material is a thermoplastic polymer. In
other words, it is made out of a combination of plastic and vinyl. PVC pipes are rigid
and are usually white, cream or grey in color. They are used most often for highly
pressurized water, such as in a home's main water supply line. PVC pipes work in a
variety of applications, including for transporting potable water and for draining.

4. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride, shortened to CPVC, is closely related to PVC.
Though both materials are made from the same basic elements, the key difference is
that CPVC is chlorinated. This chemical difference makes CPVC able to withstand
temperature differences in a way that PVC cannot. For this reason, some building
codes call for CPVC in place of PVC for transporting hot water.

5. Cross-Linked Polyethylene Pipes

Cross-Linked Polyethylene, or PEX for short, is another plastic material used
for piping. Plastic pipes in general have become a popular type of pipe used in new
homes. This particular plastic material is relatively new on the plumbing scene and
can be used for a variety of plumbing applications. The major difference between
PVC and PEX is that PEX pipes are flexible. This means they can be used in long,
continuous runs.

Sources:
https://madisonsteel.com/2014/05/8-different-types-steel-wire/
https://www.mrrooter.com/greater-syracuse/about-us/blog/2019/july/the-pros-and-
cons-of-different-types-of-plumbing/

PAINT PRODUCTS MADE IN

METAL COATING
Metal Finishing has come to refer to protecting both metal and non-metal surfaces,
but it has typically referred to the process of applying a finishing coat to protect metal
products. It can include both paint and non-paint coatings solutions.
There are four different coatings that can be applied to a metal surface. These options
are plastic, paint, metal, and polymers. Here's a rundown.

Metal Coating Types

Metal coating is both the term for covering nonmetal objects with a metal finish as
well as covering metal objects with other substances.
There are four different coatings that can be applied to a metal surface. These options
are plastic, paint, metal, and polymers. Here's a rundown.
Plastic
One of the greatest benefits of using a plastic coating is that it can accommodate
products of a number of sizes and shapes.
One of the most commonly known plastic coatings used on metal is Teflon. It is used
to coat cookware to prevent food from sticking to it. Everyone knows how great it is to have a
non-stick coating when you go to cook dishes like homemade mac and cheese!

Paint
Paint may not be the first substrate you think of when you are looking at metal
coating types. Traditionally, it has flaked off metal objects, preventing it from being a long-
term solution.
Luckily, today there is high heat paint on the market. It can flow into the smallest
cracks between your machine's moving parts and it often used to protect metal from corrosive
elements. In the same way, paint keeps the body of your car from rusting.

Metal
Sometimes metal coating types are needed to provide the right protection for a metal
component. Two popular types of metal on metal coatings are NiroCoat and molybdenum
disulfide. They are both used to provide extra lubrication.

Polymers
The world of industry is filled with a wide variety of polymers that can provide an
excellent coating for metals. Like the list of plastic that can be used, the list of polymers is
quite long. They can be used for waterproof coatings and protection from the elements.

Purposes for Metal Coating

There are a wide variety of industries that use metal coating for their products ranging
from aerospace to electronics, jewelry, and consumer products.
Some of the following purposes use metal finishing:

 Increased surface thickness

 Aesthetic improvements

 Corrosion resistance

 Increased strength

 Increased adhesion

 Durability
 Improved electrical conductivity

 Chemical resistance

 Enhanced solderability

 Enhanced electrical conductivity

Picking Metal Coating Types

There are a number of factors that need to be taken into consideration to determine
the right metal finishing process for your requirements. First, you will need to define the
specific goal that you would like for your outcome.
Once you have an idea of your needs you will want to also consider the amount of
time that it would take for the finishing process to be complete. These types of cycles can
vary a lot from one process to another.
There are multiple factors that can affect the timeline for your project. These include
the substrate, part size, and the volume of the job. You need to be sure that whatever process
you select, it can fit in with your production schedule.
The last major decision factor in selecting a coating is cost. When you are considering
the cost of a coating you will want to think both about the cost of completing the coatings, as
well as the long-term savings having the proper coating can provide.
Although some metal finishing processes have higher up-front costs, they can also
significantly reduce the amount of money you need to spend in the future.

Popular Industrial Metal Finishing Processes

Sorting through your options for metal finishes can get a little confusing. Here is an
overview of some of the most commonly applied processes so that you can choose one that
makes sense for your needs.

Industrial Plating
Industrial plating is the name for the process of depositing a thin layer of coating on a
surface. The most common form is called electroplating, a process used to increase thickness.
Another term for electroplating is electrodeposition. It is accomplished as an electric
current is sent through an electrolyte solution referred to as a bath.
The bath contains the metal substrate as well as dissolved ions of the metal to be used
as a coating.
The four most popular industrial plating materials are tin, copper, zinc, and nickel.
Tin is a soft, malleable metal that can be found readily making it a very cost-effective option.
The tin plating process is also referred to as "tinning".
 Copper is used when a substrate needs to conduct electricity. Certain electronic
circuit boards and other electronic parts will go through a copper plating process. Copper is
also great for improving adhesion and can be used as an antimicrobial surface.
Zinc is also a readily available element. This makes it an inexpensive option for
protection from corrosion. It is primarily used on smaller parts such as bolts and screws.
Nickel is strong and is frequently used as a base coat for platings with precious
metals. It can harden the substrate's surface, preventing water from getting in.

Applying Metal Coating Types

Metal coating types can provide a cost-effective way for you to make your products
more conductive, less corroded, and better looking. It can be considered for companies in all
types of industries.
If you are a commercial business owner and you would like to have your project
evaluated, contact Petrusse Norris Painting.
They have decades of experience and can give you advice on what kind of coatings
may be needed in your business.

MATERIALS AND USE ROLLING STEEL

METHOD
Roll forming is a process in which a strip or sheet of metal, such as steel, is passed
through a continual set of stands (rolls) until the desired cross-section profile is achieved. The
sheet or strip is plastically deformed along a linear axis in a room temperature environment.
Typically used to create parts featuring long lengths, roll forming is also useful for
manufacturing large quantities of a specific shape.

Each stand in the roll forming process has a specific job in the fabrication of the
piece, and every stage involves minor changes in the configuration of the metal. The size of
the stands used depends on the metal’s type, thickness, and formability.
Ferrous Metals
Ferrous metals are any metals that feature a bivalent iron compound. Some examples of
ferrous metals include:
 Steel: made up primarily of iron and malleable below its melting point by at least one
temperature range without requiring special heat treatment. Steel for roll forming is
usually free from slag and between 0.05 and two percent of its weight is carbon. Steel
can also contain small amounts of silicon and manganese, as well as trace quantities
of sulfur and phosphorus.
 Stainless Steel: contains a high percentage of chromium, which lends it high staining
and corrosion resistance. This form of steel is also resistant to weak mineral acids,
oxidation, organic acids, and other caustic materials.
  Galvannealed: sheet steel that has been coated on both sides with zinc and
immediately heat treated so the surface of the metal features a bonded coating of
zinc-iron alloy.

Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals do not feature any iron in their chemical makeup. Some of the more
common non-ferrous metals used in roll forming include:
 Aluminum: a soft, malleable, and lightweight metal with excellent resistance to
corrosion. When exposed to air, it forms a thin layer of aluminum oxide to protect it
from wear.
 Brass: a copper and zinc alloy featuring a bright, gold-like color and a high resistance
to corrosion. There are a number of different types of brass, including bronze, an
alloy of copper and tin. Brass is very malleable and is used in a variety of
applications.
 Copper: a ductile metal noted for its electrical conductivity. It also features
prominently in building materials and as a primary component in other non-ferrous
alloys.
 Lead: used in many types of building supplies such as roofing metal, flashing,
gutters, gutter joints, and others.
 Composites: materials engineered from two or more materials with chemical or
physical differences.

Applications of Roll Formed Materials

Roll formed materials are commonly used in everyday life. There are examples of roll formed
materials in industries such as:
 Transportation: window tracks, bumpers, reinforcement bars, structural
components, and sections of a vehicle's trim may feature roll formed materials. Roll
formed parts can be found on everything from automobiles and trucks to ships and
trailers.
 Commercial and residential construction: used in elevators, slatted wall dividers,
studs, and downspouts. Roll formed materials have both internal and external
applications in building construction.
 Highway construction: most highway signs, bridge deck reinforcements, and
guardrails are composed of roll formed materials.
 Aviation and aerospace: honeycomb seals on jet engines are frequently roll formed
products, as are the leading edges of helicopter blades. Airframe stringers, shrouds,
backing rings, and numerous interior components can also be roll formed.
 Agriculture: roll formed materials can be found in lawn and garden equipment, grain
bin floors, fence posts, and other farming equipment.
 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC): ducts, air conditioner cases, air
filter frames, cooling tower louvers, electric heater housings, and solar panel
components can all feature roll formed parts.
 Home appliances: some larger appliances feature roll formed parts, such as
refrigerator panels and shelves, handles, trash compactors, and others.
 Office furniture: items ranging from metal cabinets and department store display
racks to supermarket shelving and modular partitions are made from roll formed
parts.
Examples of Roll Formed Materials
Corrugated metal, or corrugated galvanized iron (CGI), is formed into metallic-coated sheets
as it passes through an engineered set of rollers. These sheets are commonly used in the
roofing of rural and military buildings, as well as for water tanks and sheds. The final product
is lightweight and the grooves in the sheet result in improved bending strength. Although it is
still referred to as corrugated galvanized iron, CGI is actually composed of steel.

Other examples of roll formed materials include angles, angle irons, and V-shapes. These
components are used for frames, rails, posts, flanges, brackets, collars, reinforcements and
other applications. Roll formed materials can also be fabricated into rims, rings, clamps,
cladding, louvers, blades, slats, bars, wire, and much more. In fact, most bendable metal can
be roll formed, and the shape and use of the roll formed material can be as simple or as
complex as the machinery allows.

MATERIALS AND USE SHAPING STEEL

METHOD
Hot forging can be defined as a metal shaping process in which a malleable metal part, known
as a billet or workpiece, is worked to a predetermined shape by one or more processes such as
hammering, upsetting, pressing, and so forth where the workpiece is heated up to about 75%
of its melting temperature.
Create curves in the steel by using a hammer and form or a mechanical roller machine if you
have one. A roller machine clamps the metal between a hard metal form, usually a
humped shape, and a heavy duty roller. Rolling the sheet back and forth by hand curves and
thins the metal as you guide it into the shape you want.
Metal fabrication is a broad term referring to any process that cuts, shapes, or molds metal
material into a final product. Instead of an end product being assembled from ready-made
components, fabrication creates an end product from raw or semi-finished materials. There
are many different fabrication manufacturing process processes and the process used depends
on both the beginning metal material and the desired end product. Fabrication is used for both
custom and stock products.

Metal Fabrication Process

When people are taught how metal fabrication works, the following processes are usually part
of the training program. Each process takes a degree of practice and skill to master, and the
tools and machines required are usually expensive and consume sufficient working space.
However, each metal fabrication process may be used to cut, drill, fold and weld the strongest
material on earth:
 Cutting Perhaps the most commonly used metal fabrication processes involve
cutting, where sheets of metal are split into halves, thirds or smaller sections. In a lot
of applications, the metal being cut is freshly made, and has yet to be shaped into
anything in particular. In other applications, pre-shaped metals like bars and
measured panels are submitted for cutting. Cuts are performed on a range of
machinery, from lasers and plasma torches to more elaborate, high-tech pieces of
machinery.
 Folding One of the more complicated processes of metal fabrication involves folding,
where a metal surface is manipulated to shape at a certain angle. With certain folding
applications, the intent is to make the metal surface fold at a 90-degree angle, or
something else that’s either more or less blunt. However, folding may only be
performed in facilities that are equipped with specific, high-tech equipment due to the
complexity of the whole process. In many cases where a fold is needed, the joining of
two metal panels at select angles would be the more practical alternative.

 Welding Along with cutting, welding is one of the most popular metal fabrication
processes among crafts enthusiasts. The process of welding involves the joining of
two separate metal parts. The parts used in a welding application could be sheets,
panels, bars or shapes — as long as the parts are made of metal, it really doesn’t
matter. Welding is achievable through numerous methods and tool types. Often, a
weld is achieved through the application of heat along the points where the two
pieces are meant to be joined. A lot of metalworkers first pursue the area of metal
fabrication with welding projects in mind.
 Machining When a machine is used to remove portions from a piece of metal, the
process is known as machining. Typically, the process is performed on a lathe, which
will rotate the metal against tools that trim corners and edges to cut the piece down to
a desired shape or measurement. In other machining applications, a hole or set of
holes will be formed directly through the metal surface. As such, the metal drill could
be classified as a machining tool.
 Punching When holes are formed in a piece of metal, the process involved consists
of punching, where metal is placed under a die and submitted to a punch-through by a
drill. For the punch to be the correct size, the circumference of the drill must slot
correctly through the die. Punching falls into one of two sub categories based on the
intention of a given application. In most cases, the intent is to punch holes into a
panel of metal for the purpose of fastening latches or other foreign parts. In other
applications — alternately known as blanking — the area with the hole is specifically
extracted from the larger panel to form a smaller bit part.
 Shearing For sheets of metal that require long cuts, the process is known as shearing.
In some cases, the sheet is fed horizontally through a metal-cutting machine. In other
applications, a cutting tool is applied vertically against the length of a flat metal sheet.
A third method involves placing the metal over the edge of an open cutter and
lowering the blade, much like the paper cutters found at copy facilities. Shearing is
 often applied to trim down the edge of a metal sheet, but the process may be done
anywhere along the metal.

 Stamping Punching is not the only metal fabrication process to utilize a die. In some
applications, however, the intention is not to form a hole, but to raise a certain portion
of a metal sheet, without penetrating. For applications like these, the process of
stamping is used to form certain shapes, letters or images within a metal sheet or
panel. In effect, metal stamping is similar to relief carving in wood or marble. A
primary example of metal stamping is seen on coins, where words, currency amounts
and the faces of presidents are stamped from each surface side on pennies, nickels,
dimes and quarters.
 Casting One of the oldest types of metal fabrication involves casting, where molten
metal is poured into a mold and is left to solidify into a specific form. As one of the
most flexible methods of metal fabrication, casting is ideal for a wide range of
complex shape-making. In some cases, casting provides a solution to fabrication
problems that would otherwise take several other methods to solve, such as with
assembly parts that would need folding, shearing, and stamping. The most common
metals employed in this application include steel, iron, gold, copper, silver, and
magnesium.

Source: https://www.pnpainting.com/metal-coating-types

TINSMITHING TOOLS

Tinsmith’s Anvil
The anvil is at a core of many metalworking trades and tinsmithing is no exception.
An anvil is, essentially, a flat, sturdy, metal base that allows tinsmiths to hammer or
shape metal on a firm surface. The face of an anvil is flat, providing a smooth surface
on which to place and strike the workpiece.

Different types of anvils offer differently shaped features, such as a horn and hardie
holes that allow you to shape the workpiece into a round shape or punch holes into it.

Tinsmiths, like sliversmiths, tend to use smaller bench anvils or flat steel blocks as a
work space as projects tend to be smaller in comparison to other metal trades.
Hammers
The purpose of the anvil in tinsmithing would be moot without the use of a hammer or mallet
to actually strike the workpiece. Hammers are very versatile tools that allow you to
accomplish many different metalworking tasks. Part of the reason why this is true is because
there are many different kinds of hammers available for both general purposes and smithing
projects in particular.

Tinner’s hammers (pictured below), or sheet hammers, especially well-suited for tinsmithing
because they are great tools for shaping sheet metal. Many tinsmithing applications involve
the bending or forming of sheet metal, which is essential in ductwork or roofing projects.

Other common hammers types used in tinsmithing projects include planishing hammers,
chasing hammers, creasing hammers, and wooden mallets. These hammers feature flat faces,
rounded peens, and sharp claws to create a variety of shapes into sheet metal. All of these
hammer types allow tinsmiths to apply force to the workpiece with ease.

Tin Snips
Tin snips are hand tools that are used to make smooth, straight cuts into pieces of
sheet metal with the ease of regular scissors cutting into paper. Like the previously
listed tools, there are different tin snip blade shapes available to satisfy the specific
needs of different cutting applications, but straight blades can be used for a variety of
general purposes.

Since cutting sheet metal is a big part of tinsmithing, tin snips are definitely a staple in
a tinsmith’s workshop.

Seaming Pliers
Seaming pliers or seaming tongs are other hand tools that are used to firmly grip,
bend, and fold over the edges of sheet metal. These pliers feature wide, flat faces that
can be straight or offset from the handle in order to improve the angle of the grip.

This particular tool is often used in roofing or plumbing applications that involve
bending sheet metal to fit with other components.

Stakes
Tinsmithing stakes are tools used to form metal workpiece. The tin or other sheet
metal piece is typically placed on a stake and formed with a hammer so that it bends
along the shape of the stake underneath it.

Stakes can be flat or curved, which allow a tinsmith to create a variety of angles and
rounded shapes with a tin workpiece. These forming stakes are available in different
shapes and sizes to be used in many types of applications.

Soldering Iron
Soldering is a process by which two metals are joined through the melting of a filler
metal in a joint. This is a common practice in many tinsmithing projects, which is
why a soldering iron is considered one of the essentials tools of tinsmithing. A
soldering iron is specifically the tool used to melt the solder that will be joining the
two metals.

Flat Scrapers
A flat scraper is a convenient hand tool used to scrape metal off of flat surfaces. It is
made of a flat blade with a sharpened end that efficiently scrapes metal off a surface.

Pipe Crimper
A pipe crimper is a tinsmithing tool often used in plumbing applications. This press
tool allows you to crimp sheet metal piping and tubing that have press connections.
Once crimped, these connections form a watertight seal. If you are a tinsmith working
with many different plumbing applications, this may be more of an essential tool than
a supplementary tool for tinsmithing.

Pipe Expanders
Pipe expanders are special tools designed to resize the end diameter of a sheet metal
pipe for many plumbing applications. They are commonly used to increase the
diameter of the pipe or help revert it to its original size prior to when the unwanted
deformation took place.

Pipe expanders have a solid, cylindrical shape and typically come in a set to adjust
their sizing to different pipe sizes.

Scribing Iron
A scribing iron is an iron-pointed hand tool that allows you to scribe onto sheet metal.
Tinsmiths often use this to mark specific points or dimensions on the sheet metal.

Leather gloves
Since tinsmithing involves working with sheet metal, it is important to wear leather
gloves or another type of sturdy glove when cutting or forming the metal. The edges
of sheet metal can be razor-sharp and cause an injury if not properly protected.

Soldering Protective Equipment

Soldering is a common practice in tinsmithing, which means that tinsmiths should
understand how to protect themselves when carrying out this process.

It is important to wear safety goggles, gloves, and to operate in a well-ventilated area.

Soldering irons typically use lead as a solder, which is a hazardous material.
First-Aid Kit
It is always a good idea to keep a first-aid kit around when working with sharp metals
in order to treat wounds quickly and on-site.

Sources: https://workingtheflame.com/tinsmith-tools-list/