KINESIOLOGY

Joint Movements
CHAPTER 1: KINEMATICS  Flexion – decrease in angle
 Extension – Increase in angle
 Kinesiology  Hyperextension – extension beyond anatomic
o Study of human motion reference
o Combination of art and science  Dorsiflexion
o Appreciation of the beauty of human  Plantar Flexion
movement with understanding of the  Abduction – away from midline (radial
scientific principles that provide that deviation)
movement  Adduction – towards midline (ulnar deviation)
o Clinical Kinesiology – application of  Lateral Flexion – sideways
kinesiology to environments of the  Rotation – may be medial/internal or
health care professional lateral/external
 Biomechanics – application of the principles of  Pronation
mechanics to the living human body  Supination
 Movement is the essence of kinesiology  Inversion
 Kinetics:  Eversion
o Kinetics = Force  Retraction
o Force that produce or resist the  Protraction
movement
 Kinematics: Osteokinematics
o Kinematics = Motion  Movement that occurs between the shafts of
o Types of motion or movement without two adjacent bones
regard for the forces that produce that Ex. Forearm flexion towards humerus at the elbow
motion
o Has 2 Subtopics – Arthokinematics and Types of Motion
Osteokinematics  Translatory/Linear Motion
 Osteokinematics o occurs along and axis or parallel to an
o Osteo – bone axis
o Movements of the bony partners or o all points on the moving object travel at
segments that make up a joint the same distance, same direction, same
 Arthokinematics velocity
o Artho – joints o Also called Rectilinear
o Minute movements occurring within the  Rotary/Angular Motion
joint and between joint surfaces o Occurs in a circle around an axis
o Occur around an axis or pivot join
Planes of Motion
 Frontal/Coronal/XY Plane Joint motional occurring around an axis are rotay
o Front and Back
o Anterior-Posterior  Axis of Rotation – where rotary motion takes
 Sagittal/YZ Plane place
o Right and Left  Degrees of Freedom – number of planes which
o Medial-Lateral a joint moves
 Transverse/Horizontal/XZ Plane o 1 DoF – Uniaxial
o Upper and Lower  Hinge
o Superior – Inferior  Pivot
o 2 DoF – Biaxial
  Condyloid – condyle = knuckle  Open Kinematic Chain (OKC) – distal segment is
 Ellipsoidal free to move
 Saddle  Closed Kinamatic Chain (CKC) – distal chain is
o 3 DoF – Triaxial fixed, proximal parts can move
 Ball and Socket
 Circumduction Arthokinematics
 How the two articulating joint surfaces actually
 Goniometry – way to measure and record move on each other
osteokinematic motion  Arthrology – study of classification, structure,
and function of joint
Joint Classification by Structure and Fx  Synarthrodial Joints
Type Structure/S Primary Fx Motion o Fibrous
hape o Syndesmosis Joint – joint joined
I. together by a strong interosseous
Synart membrane
hrosis o Maximize stability and allow force
Syndes Fibrous Stability, very dissipation
mosis shock slight  Amphiarthrodial Joints
absorption, o Provide both stability and mobility
force o Cartilaginous (Hyaline and fibrous
transmission cartilage)
II. Cartilaginou Stability limited o Have discs between parts – shock
Amphi s with specific absorption
arthros and limited  Diarthrodial Joints
is mobility o Porvide mobility
III. Synovial w/ Mobility free acc o All have joint capsule
Diarthr ligaments to DoF o Capsule connects distal jt to proximal jt
osis o Also called Synovial Joints
o Has synovial fluid
 End Feel – resistance to further motion
o Hard/Bony End Feel – motion is  Joint Surfaces
stopped by contact of bone on bone o Ovoid
o Firm/Capsular End Feel – feels springy, o Sellar
resistance encountered from the o Most are Ovoid
capsular or ligamentous structure
 3 Types of cartilage in Synovial Joint
o Soft End Feel – end of available RoM,
o Fibrous – strength + shock absorption
soft tissues approximate each other
o Hyaline/Articular – Smooth + slippery,
o Pathologic End Feel – end feel not
covers articulating ends of bones
characteristic of joint, occur at different
o Elastic
place on RoM that expected
 Arthokinematic Movements
o Empty End Feel – pain on motion but
o Rolling/Rocking – rotary or angular
absence of resistance, joint lacks normal
o Sliding/Gliding – translatory or linear
soft tissue stability, supporting structure
o Spinning – rotary constant contact
is not intact
 Accessory Movements/Component
Movements/Joint Play – small arthokinematic
 Kinematic Chain – combination of several joints
motion
uniting successive segments
 Compression and Distraction accessory
movement
 3 Directions for Translation: 4. Direction of Motion
o Atreo-posterior a. Moving along *which axis*
o Medial-Lateral 5. Rate of Motion/Change of Motion
o Superior-Inferior a. Velocity – rate at which a body or
 Convex/Concave Principle segment moves
i. Translatory – meters/sec,
 Closed-Pack Position: ft/sec
1. Maximus Surface Area Contact ii. Rotary – degrees/s
2. Attachments of the ligaments are b. Acceleration – rate at which a
farthest apart and under tension change in velocity occurs
3. Capsular structures are taut i. May be positive or negative
4. Joint is mechanically compressed and ii. + - segment is moving faster
difficult to distract and faster
 Open-Packed/Loose-Packed Position – joint iii. - - segment is slowing down
surfaces do not fit perfectly and are more and more
incongruent c. Torque – force of motion occurring
o Allow accessory motion and decrease around an axis
joint friction
 Resting Position – position of least congruency, Forces
capsule and ligaments are loosest or most slack  Displacement – motion of a segment that
occurs when force is applied
Clinical Application  Force – push or pull that produces
 Tx for Hypomobility and painful soft tissue displacement
 Normally ligaments and capsular structures o 2 Dimensions:
limit passive accessory motion in open-packed 1. Magnitude
position 2. Direction
 If ligament ruptures, the ligament no longer  Equilibrium – system is balanced, both forces
provides motion control are equal
 Types of Forces:
CHAPTER 1: KINETICS o Gravity – most prevalent force
o Muscles
 Deal with forces that produce, stop, or modify o Externally Applied Resistances – devices
motion o Friction – resistance to movement
 Motion – is the displacement of a body or one  Forces act on mass
of its segments from one point to another  Mass – amount of matter contained within an
 Variables: object
1. Type of Motion:  Weight – force of gravity acting on object
a. Translatory Motion  Newtons – term for force
b. Rotary Motion  Moment – result of force acting at a distance
2. Location of Motion: from the axis
a. Horizonal Plane
b. Coronal Plane Newtons Law of Motion
c. Sagittal Plane 1. Inertia – if a body is at rest, it will remain at
3. Magnitude of Motion rest, and if a body is in uniform motion, it will
a. Distance – how far a force moves a remain in motion, until an outside force acts
body upon it
i. Linear – Meters/Feet a. Property of the body that resists change
ii. Rotary – Degrees in motion
 b. Law of Equilibrium
c. Must be overcome in order to cause an
change in the body’s position
2. Acceleration – a greater force is required to
move a large mass than a small one
3. Action-Reaction – for every action, there is a
equal and opposite reaction

CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT SYSTEM