Designing The Greenhouse To Meet Your Expectations: What's Your Technology Level?

8/11/2019 Giacomelli Technology Levels.
ppt
Designing the Greenhouse to

Meet Your Expectations: What’s
Your Technology Level?
Dr. Gene Giacomelli, Director
Controlled Environment Agriculture Center

CEAC
The University of Arizona, Tucson
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8/11/2019 Giacomelli Technology Levels.ppt
You and your crop against the world!

Changing weather affecting greenhouse climate
Changing plant response to changing climate
Accept these facts! Meet these demands!
Monitor the greenhouse environment, know conditions,

respond quickly and appropriately
Control the air conditions around the plant
need climate control for the air environment
Control the root zone conditions of the plant
need climate control for the root environment
Determine your production demand and marketing period

define seasonal environments that you must manage
Select Technology Level to meet your needs!
For
thatevery complex
is simple, neatproblem there is a solution
and wrong.
H.L. Mencken
Why Greenhouses ?
 Increased independence from outside climate

Grow year round and out-
out-of season
 Usage of unproductive land
 Better usage of irrigation water & fertilizers
 More control over pests & diseases

 Year round jobs – create career professionals
 Significant production & quality increase
Greater Profits!
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

__________________________________
Environment
Air temperature, humidity, sunlight
Culture
Nutrients, EC, pH, cultivar
Plant growing system
Management
Experience, training
Knowing when to get help

__________________________________
Environment
Natural climate [outside]
+ design
Greenhouse
+
Management
creates
Greenhouse climate
[inside]

__________________________________
Environment Controllable?
Natural climate [outside] No?

+ design
Greenhouse Yes
+
Management Yes?
creates
Greenhouse climate
[inside]

__________________________________
Greenhouse Design
Structure
Cover
Environmental control
systems

__________________________________
Greenhouse Design
Affects Environment?
Structure Yes
Cover Yes
Environmental control
Yes
systems

__________________________________
Environmental Control
Aerial
Cooling Heating
CO2 VPD
Root Zone
Nutrition
Oxygen

__________________________________
Environmental Control
Cooling
Shading
Natural Ventilation
Evaporative Cooling

__________________________________
In summary…...
Selection of greenhouse
design and its environmental
control systems
affects
Production Quality and Yields
How do Technology
determine Levels help
success
(or the dreaded alternative)
Consider Technology Levels as the amount

of control systems and management
capabilities that you provide for the
greenhouse
How do Technology
determine Levels help
success
(or the dreaded alternative)
 Climatic factors (yearly radiation, Temp, Humidity)
 Level of technology (High, Medium, Low)

Knowledge of target market (orientation, price
fluctuation, location)
 Strategic Planning (cultivar, density,
season)
 Crop management (education, experience)
Levels of Technology
 High
 Plant-based environmental control to
optimize plant growth, maximize
productivity and fruit quality.

Computer automated control of
temperature, irrigation and shading based
on integrated light, CO2 enrichment.

Hydroponic systems with closed
2 irrigation.
 High cost ($100-$200 per m ).
* Classification according to Pardossi et al ., 2004
HIGH TECH Greenhouse
Multi-span, gutter-connected saw-tooth design with

rigid single-layer polycarbonate covered,
truss-frame greenhouse
Natural ventilation and fan & pad evaporative
cooling
Fan ventilation
Evaporative Cooling
Heating
CO2 Enrichment
Soilless Root Zone

EuroFresh Farms
Traditional Dutch Venlo style

glass greenhouse with ridge ventilation

Environment
Structure Canopy Root Culture Expected Investment
& Glazing method yield Costa
kg/m2/yr $/m2
Steel or Forced Soiless High wire
Aluminum ventilation+ substrate culture
frame evaporative Rockwool,
cooling + hot coir, other
water pipe
Glass, heating + CO2 Drip Fully
High polyethylene or
Polycarbonate
enrichment +
shading f (
irrigation
with full
computerized
fertigation 50 - 75 100-200+
light) + energy automated
blanket control For Tomato
(EC control Recirculation Production
according
light to Hydroponics
intensity)

Medium
 Combinations of Low & High Tech
 Passive or Active cooling

With or without heaters
 Basic environmental control
 Soil or soilless substrate
 Cost ($30-$100 per m2)
MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse
Natural ventilation or
Fan ventilation
Heating
Soil grown or
Soilless root zone
Natural ventilation or
Fan ventilation
Heating
Soil grown or
Soilless root zone
Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technology

for vegetable production
Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technology

for vegetable production
Exhaust Fan with

Plastic Tube Air
Distribution Duct

Environment

& Glazing method yield Costa
2 2
kg/m /yr $/m
Passive/Active Soil or High wire
Steel frame cooling (vents soiless culture
+pad /fan) substrate
Longer
with or season
Medium Double PE without

heatingair Drip
irrigation 20 - 50 30 - 100
film or rigid Usually
plastic basic level of computerized For Tomato
computer fertigation
control some control Production
 Low
 Minimal modification of the GH
environment
 GH environment greatly dependent on
outside
 Passive ventilation (roof, side wall vents)
 No heaters

Soil root zone
 Low cost ($25-$30/m2)
LOW TECH Greenhouse
Natural ventilation
No heating
Soil grown
LOW TECH Greenhouse
LOW TECH Greenhouse
LOW TECH Greenhouse
LOW TECH Greenhouse
Basic
Air Temperature
Monitoring
 Inexpensive
 Accurate
 Manual
LOW TECH Greenhouse
Environment
& Glazing method yield Cost
kg/m2/yr $/m2
Wood or Passive Soil or

Steel cooling tezontle
frame (roof and sand
Low
side wall
vents) Med-high
wire 10-20 25-30
Drip
For Tomato
Single irrigation Production
layer
film PE no heating with
manual
control
What is level of technology?

 Combination of systems/equipment that
modifies canopy and root environment
 Selection of technology depend on desired

level of independence from outside climate
and expected productivity and quality

Link between
and local croplimitations
climate environmental needs
Increased insulation from outside condition

High
 Medium Increased importance of training
 Low
Increased cost per unit area
Increased Yields per unit area
Questions to consider before selecting

Greenhouse Technology
Crop? (Market?)
Climate?
Capital?
Grower Experience?
Expected (Desired) Yields?
Harvest Window?
Technology for environmental control
of upper part of plant
Technology for environmental control
of root zone
Challenges
 Selection of most suitable level of
technology for the different climates and
target market
 Plastic film or glass covering
 Passive or active cooling
 heating
 Soil or soilless cultivation

Good understanding of the technology
 Consistent Technical Support
 Continuous labor training
Summary
 N. America has variety of climates & greenhouse levels

Big challenge is to reasonably match both for your crop
 High Tech is not necessarily the best solution
 High Tech GH is particularly suitable for locations with

high production potential, close to highly demanding
markets
 Low Tech GH is a good solution for regions where high

summer temperatures or cold winter temperatures can
be avoided
Three categories of coverings

used for commercial greenhouses
1. Glass
2. Plastic films
3. Rigid plastic panels
Modern Plastic Alternatives
Rigid plastic structured panels

 fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP)

 polycarbonate (PC),
acrylic (PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate)
 polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Thin films
 low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
 polyvinylchloride (PVC),
 ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)
Manufactured in single, double and triple layers
8/11/2019
Plastic Thin Films
Giacomelli Technology Levels.ppt
minimum useful life of 24 months

three and four year films available
Manufacturing
co-extruding and multi-layering
Additives
 ethyl vinyl acetate [EVA]
cracking resistance in cold temperatures
tear strength (at folds)
 ultra-violet radiation [UV] inhibitors
 infrared [IR] barrier
 condensate control
 wavelength selective transmission [“filter”]
GLAZING
The Beauty of Glass
GLAZING
Polyethylene Film
GLAZING
Double wall, acrylic-coated polycarbonate
Single wall, corrugated polycarbonate sheets
Is there any hope for improvement……..

Give me some perspective
Thank you very much
Muchas gracias

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8/11/2019 Giacomelli Technology Levels.

Designing the Greenhouse to

Dr. Gene Giacomelli, Director

Controlled Environment Agriculture Center

You and your crop against the world!

Changing plant response to changing climate

Accept these facts! Meet these demands!

Monitor the greenhouse environment, know conditions,

Determine your production demand and marketing period

Select Technology Level to meet your needs!

 More control over pests & diseases

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Natural climate [outside] No?

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality

Consider Technology Levels as the amount

HIGH TECH Greenhouse

Multi-span, gutter-connected saw-tooth design with

HIGH TECH Greenhouse

HIGH TECH Greenhouse

HIGH TECH Greenhouse

Traditional Dutch Venlo style

HIGH TECH Greenhouse

 Passive or Active cooling

* Classification according to Pardossi et al ., 2004

MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse

MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse

MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse

Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technology

MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse

Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technology

Exhaust Fan with

MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse

Structure Canopy Root Culture Expected Investment

Medium Double PE without

LOW TECH Greenhouse

LOW TECH Greenhouse

LOW TECH Greenhouse

LOW TECH Greenhouse

LOW TECH Greenhouse

Wood or Passive Soil or

What is level of technology?

 Selection of technology depend on desired

* Classification according to Pardossi et al ., 2004

Questions to consider before selecting

 Passive or active cooling

 Soil or soilless cultivation

 High Tech is not necessarily the best solution

 High Tech GH is particularly suitable for locations with

 Low Tech GH is a good solution for regions where high

Three categories of coverings

3. Rigid plastic panels

Rigid plastic structured panels

Manufactured in single, double and triple layers

minimum useful life of 24 months

The Beauty of Glass

Double wall, acrylic-coated polycarbonate

Single wall, corrugated polycarbonate sheets