Kurva Intensitas-Durasi-Frekuensi

Kurva Intensitas-Durasi-Frekuensi
Tinggi hujan (bukan intensitas)

Periode ulang hujan

Kertas probabilitas logaritmik atau

aritmetik: cari yang memberikan
kurva yang mulus dan mendekati
garis lurus
Kurva Intensitas-Durasi-Frekuensi
Konversi : Intensitas (in/h) = Tinggi hujan (in) / Durasi (h)

Waktu konsentrasi (time of concentration)

LOW FLOW ANALYSIS
Depending on the State and the EPA Region, what constitutes the
historic low flow conditions can vary. Most often the low flow is
based on the 7Q10 flow. In Texas the low flow is based on the
7Q2 flow. The definition of 7Q10 is, the lowest average discharge
over a period of one week with a recurrence interval of 10 years.
Since the value of N for the 7Q10 is 10 years, there is only a 10%
probability that there will be a lower flow in any given year.
There is a 90% probability that the flow will be greater than the
7Q10 value. The definition of 7Q2 is the lowest average
discharge over a period of one week with a recurrence interval of
2 years. Since the value of N for the 7Q2 is 2 years, there is a
50% probability that there will be a lower flow in any given year.
Or, in other words, there is a 50% probability that there will be a
flow greater than the 7Q2 in any given year.
Hayes (1978) low-flow equations to estimate the annual minimum 7-
day average streamflow with 2- and 10-year recurrence intervals (7Q2
and 7Q10, respectively)

For example, 7Q10 is one of the most commonly used low-flow

statistics and is defined as the annual minimum 7-day average flow
with a 10-year recurrence interval (as previously stated). In terms of
probability of occurrence, there is a 1 in 10 chance (or 10-percent
probability) that the annual minimum 7-day average streamflow in
any single year will be equal to or less than the estimated 7Q10 value
for a specific location (Riggs, 1968, 1972, 1985).
Given the following record of stream flow data, estimate the 7Q10
flow for the stream.
Year Lowest Seven-Day
Average Flow, m3/s
1980 4.4
1981 2.8
1982 4.0
1983 3.4
1984 5.2
Solution: First arrange the flow data in decreasing order of
magnitude and assign a “rank” or m value to each flow, beginning
with 1 and increasing sequentially. In the case of “ties” assign the
tied scores the average of the tied ranks.
The probability of observing an equal or higher flow in any given
year is estimated by dividing the rank m by the number of years of
record plus 1 (n+1); in this example n = 5. In formula form the
probability P = m/(n+1).
Low Flow, m3/s Rank Probability
5.2 1 1/6=0.167
4.4 2 2/6=0.333
4.0 3 3/6=0.500
3.4 4 4/6=0.667
2.8 5 5/6=0.833
Plot the data on log probability paper with the y-axis as the Yearly
7-Consecutive Day Low Flow, m3/s, and the x-axis as the
Probability of a Larger Flow.
If an industry is discharging 2.53 m3/sec into the receiving
system represented by the calculations we just made i.e. a
7Q10 of 2.72 and a 7Q2 of 4.0 m3/sec at what percent
effluent does the industry have to pass the WET
requirements in their NPDES permit?

Calculations:
7Q10 2.53 m3/sec + 2.72 m3/sec = 5.25 m3 2.53/5.25
= 48% under low flow conditions the effluent could
not occupy more than 48% the flow of the receiving
system.
7Q2 2.53 m3/sec + 4.0 m3/sec = 6.53 m3/sec
2.53/6.53 m3/sec = 39% under low flow conditions
the effluent could not occupy more than 39% of the
flow of the receiving system.
 Using the methodology given above determine both the 7Q10
and the 7Q2 flow for the data shown in the Table on the next
page. The data represent the lowest seven-day average flow
m3/s for the year shown. How is this determined?
Generally the USGS defines a water year as the period from
October 1 to September 30.
Low flow calculations (e.g. 7Q10) are calculated based on data
collected between April 1 and March 31.
Year Lowest Seven-Day Ave. Flow m3/s
1973 5.6
1974 4.3
1975 2.1
1976 6.7
1977 6.2
1978 6.9
1979 3.1
1980 4.1
1981 5.1
1982 4.9
1983 4.7
1984 3.9
1985 3.1
1986 2.1
1987 2.8
1988 2.1
1989 7.2
1990 7.1
1991 6.4
1992 5.1
1993 4.4
 Rank High to Low

Low Flow m3/s Rank Probability