Activity 3 - Transportation Engineering

TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
ACTIVITY 3
Mitigation of Environmental
Impacts
GROUP MEMBERS
Patrick Adam E. Abellera
Angelica E. Abres
Rona Jean B. Alegre
Jefrey A. de Leon
Rizaldy F. Donayon
Ma. Eloiza A. Gonzales
Christine Grace F. Nieva
Presented To:
ENGR. FRANCES ANGELIQUE T. UBANA
OVERVIEW
This PowerPoint presents the collaborative output of the brainstorming session
of our group regarding various topics regarding Mitigation of Environmental
Impacts. Specifically, this contains discussion about the following:
 Noise
 Encroachment on Natural Habitats
 Stormwater Management
 Hazardous Wastes and Soil Contamination
NOISE
Presented By:
ANGELICA E. ABRES
SOME SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES
1. INSTALLING SPEAKERS IN ENGINE COMPARTMENT TO CANCEL OUT ENGINE

NOISE OR ELECTRONIC MUFFLERS FOR EXHAUST NOISE.
Example:
ACTIVE-NOISE-CONTROL (ANC) technology takes
advantage of the vehicle's audio system to diminish
unwanted noise generated by the engine. To reduce that
noise, engineers use active acoustic control or ANC to
generate noise-cancellation signals, which are played on
loudspeakers in the car's cabin.
There are two main sources of noise from vehicles:

the engine and road/tyre interaction.
When traveling on level roads and at high-speed

traffic, road/tyre interaction noise dominates. On
inclined road or level at low-speed traffic, engine
noise becomes dominant.
2. OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT PAVEMENT MATERIALS FOR TIRE NOISE REDUCTION

Example:
OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSE (OGFC) is the quietest pavement surface, producing even less
noise than conventional HMA and PCC surfaces. Its noise production is estimated to 69-77 dB(A).
OGFC uses small holes (or “air voids”) in the pavement to provide a sound-absorbing negative
texture. OGFC can be made with conventional liquid asphalt or with polymer-modified asphalt,
including rubberized asphalt. Rubberized OGFC typically uses finely- ground rubber that’s been
recycled from tires in order to change the asphalt binder in the mixture.
OGFC air voids start from 10 to 22% and usually see a little decrease over pavement life. And
because of those air voids, the surface is also referred to as “porous asphalt.” These air voids
absorb a large amount of noise generated by the friction of the tires and the surface itself.
3. SPEED LIMIT REDUCTION IN CERTAIN NEIGHBORHOODS
A 30 km/h urban speed limit quickly makes street quieter,

reducing noise by 3 decibels. That is approximately a halving
of the source of traffic noise: ten cars travelling at 30 km/h
make as much noise as only 5 cars at 50 km/h.
The faster a car moves, the greater the stopping distance between cars
has to be; and the wider the road to be (for safety reasons, a faster car
needs wider lanes.
4. ENFORCING SUFFICIENT RIGHT-OF-WAY DISTANCES
5. SPECIAL MATERIALS AND FITTINGS FOR WALLS AND WINDOWS
Noise entering a building can be reduce by
eliminating or reducing the size of windows in the
walls which face the roadway.
Noise impact can also be great for rooms with walls

perpendicular to the roadway. A partial solution for
these rooms could be a screen wall to shield the
windows.
5. SPECIAL MATERIALS AND FITTINGS FOR WALLS AND WINDOWS
In some cases it may be possible to seal an existing window
completely if allowed by the building code. Such windows should
be firmly fixed and sealed at the edges with a silicone rubber
sealant.
Close attention should be given to the fitting of the window within
the wall and any gap between frame and the wall should be
plugged with suitable fillet or sealant. Glass in existing windows
my only be 3 mm in thickness. Thin glass such as this can be
replaced with thicker with higher sound insulating properties.
6. CHANGES IN VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
7. NOISE BARRIER
The mass of the barrier is usually not a critical element. The barrier should be constructed so sound that
penetrates through the barrier is sufficiently lower than the sound that diffracts over the top. A noise
barrier’s effectiveness is determined by the degree to which it forces sound to bend to reach the
receiver.
7. NOISE BARRIER
Ways To Increase The Effectiveness Of A Barrier

1. Construct the barrier close to the source. This is one of the best methods as it benefits all locations
past the barrier
7. NOISE BARRIER
2. If the barrier can’t be located near the source, the next best location is near the receiver. This is
equally effective for that receiver, but the benefit diminishes for receivers at a greater distance. When
a noise barrier is close to the receiver, the critical angle also increases.
7. NOISE BARRIER
3. Generally, the least effective location for a barrier is midway between source and receiver. Yet
regardless of location, a barrier’s acoustical benefit improves when the barrier height is increased.
7. NOISE BARRIER
4. To function well, a noise barrier must prevent the line-of-sight between the noise
source and the receiver. This is not always possible, especially with high-rise noise
sensitive uses. In this circumstance, noise enclosures are required to provide
appropriate protection against environmental noise for the noise sensitive uses.
.
7. NOISE BARRIER
Examples
7. NOISE BARRIER
Examples
Screening by Noise Tolerant Building
7. NOISE BARRIER
Examples
Decking Over
7. NOISE BARRIER
Examples
Podium
7. NOISE BARRIER
Examples
Semi Enclosure
7. NOISE BARRIER
Examples
Full Enclosure
ENCROACHMENT ON
NATURAL HABITATS
Presented By:
JEFREY A. DE LEON
RIZALDY F. DONAYON
ENCROACHMENT ON NATURAL
HABITATS
Transportation corridors affect wildlife
habitat, populations, and entire
ecosystems. Habitat fragmentation due
to transport infrastructure is receiving
growing concern among ecologists and
civil engineers. Much data has been
gathered that gives evidence of the
complex impact of infrastructure on
wildlife and landscapes.
HABITATS
Roads, railroads, and their traffic disrupt ecological processes; increase

mortality in animals, lead to a degradation, loss and isolation of wildlife
habitat, and cause a fragmentation of the landscape in a literal sense.
Infrastructure affects nature in both direct and indirect ways: The
physical presence of roads and railroads in the landscape creates new
habitat edges, alters hydrological dynamics, and disrupts natural processes
and habitats.
HABITATS
Road maintenance and traffic
contaminate the surrounding
environment with a variety of chemical
pollutants and noise. In addition,
infrastructure and traffic impose
dispersal barriers to most nonflying
terrestrial animals, and vehicle traffic
causes the death of millions of
individual animals per year.
DIFFERENT GRAPHS AND CHARTS
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ANIMAL
DEATH DUE TO ROADKILL
FIVE PRIMARY ECOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION
We can distinguish between five major categories of primary ecological effects:
• Habitat loss - Construction of roads and railroads always implies a net loss of
wildlife habitat. The physical encroachment on the land gives rise to disturbance
and barrier effects that contribute to the overall habitat fragmentation due to
infrastructure.
• Disturbance - Roads, railroads and traffic disturb and pollute the physical,
chemical and biological environment and consequently alter habitat suitability for
many plant and animal species for a much wider zone than the width of the road
or railroad itself.
• Corridor - Road verges and roadsides can however provide refuges, new habitats
or serve as movement corridors for wildlife. These beneficial effects of
infrastructure are a major challenge to planners and biologists, as management
and design must be adapted to a wider landscape context.
• Mortality - Traffic causes the death of many animals that utilize verge habitats or
try to cross the road or railroad. Traffic mortality has been growing constantly
over the years, but is considered as a severe threat only in few species. Collisions
between vehicles and wildlife are also an important traffic safety issue.
• Barrier - For most non-flying terrestrial animals, infrastructure implies

movement barriers that restrict the animals' range, make habitats
inaccessible and can finally lead to an isolation of populations. The
barrier effect is the most prominent factor in the overall fragmentation
caused by infrastructure.
MITIGATING NATURAL HABITAT
ENCROACHMENT
• If a transportation project is constructed near an animal habitat, it may

be necessary to include features that help animals cross the corridor,
such as tunnels under or above a roadway. Also, animals may need to be
shielded from noise, runoff, and visual impacts of construction. Special
care must be taken if the habitat of a threatened or endangered species
is involved.
ENCROACHMENT
If a transportation project is constructed near an animal habitat, it may be
necessary to include features that help animals cross the corridor, such as
tunnels under or above a roadway. Also, animals may need to be shielded
from noise, runoff, and visual impacts of construction. Special care must
be taken if the habitat of a threatened or endangered species is involved.
The key to success is the adoption of an approach that allows the whole
range of ecological factors operating across the landscape to be integrated
within the planning process.
ENCROACHMENT
The problem of fragmentation is universal, therefore joint research and
combined international efforts are required. To develop adequate tools for
assessing, preventing and mitigating the negative ecological impact of
infrastructure requires interdisciplinary work. A significant challenge to
ecologists, infrastructure planners and civil engineers and other actors is
the establishment of an ecologically adapted, safe and sustainable
transportation infrastructure system and, of course, the involvement of
users of the infrastructure in the process.
ENCROACHMENT
The basic philosophy is that prevention is better than a cure in

avoiding the negative effects of habitat fragmentation. Where
avoidance is impossible or impractical, mitigation measures should be
designed as an integral part of the scheme. Where mitigation is
insufficient or significant residual impacts remain, the compensatory
measures should be considered as a last resort.
ENCROACHMENT
Fauna Passages
Integrated solutions can be achieved
by providing a package of measures:
fauna passages at highways,
provincial roads and local roads,
cooperation and appointments with
owners and maintainers of adjacent
areas, coherent maintenance.
ENCROACHMENT
Use of Planning Tools
Minimising habitat fragmentation should be done when planning new infrastructure
or when planning the upgrading of existing infrastructure. By carrying out Strategic
Environmental Assessments (SEA) on programmes and Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIA) on projects it is ensured that environmental considerations are
included already at an early stage. The overall aim of the SEA and the EIA is to
identify possible environmental impacts of plans and projects before a decision
about implementation is made.
ENCROACHMENT
Use of Planning Tools
Minimising habitat fragmentation should be done when planning new infrastructure
or when planning the upgrading of existing infrastructure. By carrying out Strategic
Environmental Assessments (SEA) on programmes and Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIA) on projects it is ensured that environmental considerations are
included already at an early stage. The overall aim of the SEA and the EIA is to
identify possible environmental impacts of plans and projects before a decision
about implementation is made.
ENCROACHMENT
Adapting to Surrounding Landscape
When the decision is made to build new highways, railways or
waterways, it is still possible to minimise the barrier effect and thus
fragmentation by adaptation of the infrastructure to the adjacent
landscape and ecology. Good alignment and sensitive design can be
employed to minimise the magnitude of these effects.
ENCROACHMENT
Adapting to Surrounding Landscape
When the decision is made to build new highways, railways or
waterways, it is still possible to minimise the barrier effect and thus
fragmentation by adaptation of the infrastructure to the adjacent
landscape and ecology. Good alignment and sensitive design can be
employed to minimise the magnitude of these effects.
STORMWATER
MANAGEMENT
Presented By:
PATRICK ADAM E. ABELLERA
RONA JEAN B. ALEGRE
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Stormwater management is everything done within a

catchment to remedy existing stormwater problems and to
prevent the occurrence new problems (Walesh,1989).
Greater awareness of the sensitivity and importance of the

natural environment has led to a change in approach to
managing the environment by governments and communities.
This change has been embodied in the concept of ecologically
sustainable development, which is aimed at ensuring that
development can occur without long-term degradation of
natural resources and the environment.
Management of water resources has traditionally

focused on protecting human health-oriented values.
The control of both the quantity and quality of
urban runoff is now being seen to be also of major
importance in the management of catchments and
receiving waters.
STRATEGIC APPROACH
(MANAGEMENT OF URBAN STORMWATER)
 the establishment of a storage-oriented approach for controlling

runoff quantity from development sites
 identification of the environmental values of particular water bodies
which are to be protected
 establishment of objectives which will achieve required levels of
flood protection and water quality enhancement.
STRATEGIC APPROACH
(MANAGEMENT OF URBAN STORMWATER)
 the establishment of water quality management strategies

 development and implementation of monitoring and surveillance
programs to ensure that runoff quantity and water quality objectives
are being maintained
 implementation of research programs to gain a better
understanding of the behavior of aquatic systems in order to
improve water quality design and management techniques
STRATEGIC APPROACH
(STORMWATER MANAGEMENT WITHIN A CATCHMENT AND RECEIVING WATERS)
 HYDROLOGICAL – minimizing changes to the hydrological characteristics of a

catchment, including wet and dry weather flows, to achieve appropriate flow objectives
 WATER QUALITY – minimizing the amount of pollution entering the stormwater
system and removing an appropriate amount of any residual pollution by implementing
treatment
 VEGETATION – maximizing the value of indigenous riparian, floodplain, and
foreshore vegetation
 AQUATIC HABITAT - maximizing the value of habitats for aquatic fauna within the
stormwater system.
OBJECTIVES
(RESTORATION OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE TO ITS NATURAL LEVEL)
 to provide safety for the public

 to minimize and control nuisance flooding and to provide for the safe passages of less
frequent flood events
 to stabilize the landform and control erosion
 to protect property
 to enhance urban landscape
 to optimize the land available for urbanization
 to minimize the environmental impact of urban runoff on water quality
OBJECTIVES WILL BE SEEN ACHIEVED WHEN:
 the planning, design and construction of new stormwater facilities are
adequate to service the requirements of new and future developments
 there is compatibility with existing stormwater facilities, operational
methods, and maintenance techniques
 stormwater facilities provide adequate environmental, community, and asset
protection consistent with acceptable planning, design, and construction
requirements and the principles of ecologically sustainable development
PRINCIPLES
1. ACCEPTING SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES
Effective stormwater management requires cooperation and coordination
between the various stakeholders with legitimate roles and responsibilities for
stormwater within the catchment. Cooperation and coordination can be
difficult to achieve in large catchments as the many stakeholders involved ran
cover a wide and often conflicting range of attitudes and interests.
Compromises may need to be made in order to achieve an effective workable
arrangement.
PRINCIPLES
2. Integrated Land Use Planning
Stormwater management must respect the principle of the interdependence of land and water
resources. Planning directed to the resolution of existing stormwater quantity and quality problems
and the prevention of future problems in proposed and existing urban areas should be done within an
agreed area-wide or catchment landuse plan. If such a plan does not exist, a forecast of likely future
landuse based on the best information available must be undertaken.
Development must be guided by a coordinated approach associated with:
• catchment-based planning and management
• integrated urban landuse planning
• infrastructure provision and management practices which reflect social, economic, and
environmental values.
PRINCIPLES
3. Water-sensitive Urban Design.
The overall objectives of water-sensitve urban design include:
• preservation of existing ecosystems, and topographic and natural features.
• protection of surface water and groundwater resources.
• adoption of appropriate development forms, e.g reducing individual lot sizes and
increasing communal open space (and stomwater drainage) areas to achieve it the same
density as a standard residential development.
• adoption of water-sensitive development standards, such as reduced road pavement
widths and the use of grass swales instead of hard lined open channels or kerb and
gutter and underground pipes.
PRINCIPLES
• conservation and recreation of viable natural habitat within a development
area, primarily with open public space areas.
• integration of the major stormwater system with the residential design, .g. by
avoiding back fences adjacent to major stormwater reserves.
• integration of public open space with major stormwater drainage corridors, to
maximize public access, passive recreational activities, and visual amenity.
• Minimizing runoff at or near its source, by directing runoff from impervious
surfaces to previous areas to reduce the quantity and improve the quality of
runoff.
PRINCIPLES
4. Multi-purpose use of stormwater infrastructure
Potential benefits of adopting a multi-use planning approach include:
• a reduction in the capital cost of providing drainage infrastructure,
• lower cost open space and recreational facilities compared with non-drainage
corridor areas,
• access to a low cost secondary water supply source,
• increased real estate market values enabling a greater return on investment, and
• opportunities to commercially exploit the recreational values of drainage
corridors and waterways.
PRINCIPLES
5. Promoting Ecologically Sustainable Development
(ESD)
Stormwater management practices need to be consistent with the
objectives of ESD, which aim to achieve sustainable usage of the
nations water resources by protecting and enhancing their quality
while maintaining economic and social development.Stormwater
management practices need to be based on ecologically sustainable
development principles and should be integrated with total water
cycle management.
PRINCIPLES
The four core objectives of ESD are:
• enhancing individual and community well-being and welfare by
economic development that safeguards the welfare of future
generations;
• providing equity within and between generations;
• protecting biological diversity and maintaining essential ecological
processes and life-support systems; and
• improved techniques for evaluating environmental values.
PRINCIPLES
6. Developing the Best Mix of Strategies and Innovation
There is no single universal solution in urban stormwater problems. So
mixing a strategies or make a innovative solution based on the problems
that possible to encounter in the stormwater project. And to ensure the
longivity and maximising the use of the project.
ISSUES
1. Urban Stormwater as a Resource
As growing urban communities approach the economically viable limits of
water supplies, opportunities associated with use of local water sources such as
urban stormwater and groundwater are being recognized.
Better management of the water cycle at the residential lot needs to be achieved to
reduce demand for domestic irrigation. Where urban areas are located over or adjacent
to groundwater aquifers, there is potential for stormwater to be used to recharge
aquifers provided the water quality is protected. This requires very careful
management.
ISSUES
2. Community Values and Participation
Community involvement helps to:
• engender a spirit of openness
• Identify strategies which are responsive to community concerns
• explore and improve understanding of problems,issues, and community
values
• generate a comprehensive range pf management options
ISSUES
• increase public ownership and acceptance of proposed solutions

• generate broader decision-making perspectives not limited to past practices
or interests
• draw on the knowledge and skills available across the wider community
• reflect the community's life style values and priorities.
ISSUES
Public partidipation programs have three objectives,namely:
• To demonstrate to the community that the responsible authorities are aware
of stormwater problems in a catchment and want to learn more about them
and seek solutions
• To gather supplementary data and information pertinent to the preparation
of a stormwater strategy plan for a catchment.
ISSUES
To build support for the implementation of a stormwater strategy plan.
Members of the community, who have been informed about a
stormwater management program and have been given an opportunity
to participate in the preparation of a plan, are likely to become
supporters of the plan and add impetus for its implementation.
ISSUES
3. Fragmented Jurisdiction
Fragmentation in political jurisdiction, and institution and administrative
responsibilities across drainage catchments often presents serious obstacles to
coordinated and integrated catchment planning and management. In most
jurisdictions, opportunities exist to put in place structures and procedures
enabling joint development of strategies to address local authority boundary
issues and promote integrated catchment planning and management. Possible
approaches include:
ISSUES
• single agency responsibility, with strong emphasis on liaising and

collaborating with other groups
• joint agency based programs
• establishing drainage/basin trusts or authorities
• establishing total catchment management (TCM) planning and
management structures.
RUNOFF QUANTITY MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
1. Conveyance-Oriented Approach
Stormwater systems designed in accordance with this approach provide
for the collection of runoff, followed by the immediate and rapid
conveyance of the stormwater from the collection area to the point of
discharge in order to minimize damage and disruption within the
collection area. runoff is viewed as a nuisance to be disposed of as
quickly and efficiently as possible.
STRATEGIES
The apparent advantages of this approach are:

• rapid removal of stormwater from the service area
• maximum area of land available for development by minimizing
landtake requirements for drainage
• accepted analysis and design procedures.
STRATEGIES
The principal disadvantages of this approach are:
• conveyance systems must be sized for the total increase in flows resulting from
urbanization
• downstream conveyance systems often have insufficient capacity to contain these
increased flows peaks and flow duration's, which can result in new or aggravated
flooding and erosion and sedimentation problems
• traditional hard lined open conveyance systems can be hazard to the public during and
after rain due to high flow velocities
• urban pollutants are transported to downstream areas.
STRATEGIES
2 Storage-Oriented Approach
• The function of this approach is to provide for the temporary storage of
stormwater runoff at or near its point of origin subsequent slow release to the
downstream stormwater system or receiving water (detention), or infiltration
into the surrounding soil (retention).
• This approach can minimize flood damage and disruption both within and
downstream of the collection area. Runoff may also be stored for re-use as a
second class water supply for irrigation and domestic purposes.
STRATEGIES
Detention facilities are designed principally to reduce peakflow rates
from large infrequent storm events.
Detention facilites for storage-oriented systems are commonly
provided as a combination of the following:
• on-site storage:small storages constructed on individual residential,
commercial, and industrial lots.
STRATEGIES
• community sorage: larger facilities constructed in public open space areas, or in conjunction with pubic
recreation and sporting facilities.
• regional storage: large scale community facilities constructed at the lower end of catchments prior to
discharge to receiving waters, often provided as flood storage within urban lakes and reservoirs.
Detention techniques include the temporary storage of runoff in the following:
• small on-site tanks and above-ground storage areas
• dry detention basins
• ponds and wetlands
• flood reservoirs
STRATEGIES
Retention facilities are designed primarily to reduce the volume of stormwater
runoff from small frequent storm events by storing collected runoff and allowing
it to infiltrate into the surrounding soil. Retention is a suitable technique for
infiltrating pre-treated runoff into areas with relatively high permeability soils.
Retenton techniques include the following:
• Dispersion trenches, pits, wells, and 'soakaways' (for infiltration of roof runoff)
either on an individual or multiple lot basis
• directing roof runoff to ponding areas within lots for infiltration
STRATEGIES
• grassed swales
• pervious stormwater pipes
• porous pavements
• infiltration trenches and basins
• recharge wells
STRATEGIES
The advantage of using a storage-oriented approach are:
• a reduction in the size required for conveyance systems downstream of storage
facilities
• opportunities for multi-use of storage and conveyance facilities by incorporating
them with open space systems, public and wildlife movement corridors active and
passive recreational areas such as public parks, and playing fields.
• improved public safety
• a more aesthetically pleasing urban landscape
STRATEGIES
• enhanced property values adjacent to open water
• bodies such as ponds/wetlands and urban lakes
• enhanced flora and fauna habitats associated with open water bodies
• recharge of groundwater resources
The perceived disadvantage of a storage-oriented approach is that the area of
land take could be greater than a conveyance-oriented approach. But at proper
planning this disadvantages can be ignored.
STRATEGIES
3 Housekeeping BMPs(Best Management Practices)
Housekeeping BMPs are techniques that aim to change human behaviour to reduce the
amount of pollutants that enter stormwater systems by targeting the control and/or
prevention of pollution at its source. Techniques can include the introduction or
improvement of:
• community education and participation activities
• management activities, such as land-use planning and
• development control operations and maintenance activities, such as garbage
collection
STRATEGIES
• and street sweeping
• improved site planning and management
The main advantages of using these BMPs are:
• long-term sustainability
• cost-effectiveness
• reduced ongoing operations or maintenance liability compared with 'end of pipe'
techniques
• effective use of all resources, including the community
STRATEGIES
4. Source Controls BMPs
Source controls BMPs are those practices that tend to keep both runoff and
pollutants contained at their source. They are analogous to the source controls that
we speak of hydrologically. These include previous areas and buffer strips towards
which runoff is directed, infiltration controls, porous pavement, etc.
STRATEGIES
3. Treatment Controls BMPs
To protect the quality of local streams, lakes, and river systems, a number of
treatment controls BMPs may be adopted as follows:
• the establishment of urban lakes, primarily as biological treatment systems the
utilization of water quality control ponds and wetlands, as physical and biological
treatment systems, upstream of urban lakes.
• the incorporation of gross pollutant traps on inlets to urban lakes and water quality
control ponds and wetlands to intercept trash and debris and the coarser fractions
of sediment.
STRATEGIES
3. Treatment Controls BMPs
To protect the quality of local streams, lakes, and river systems, a number of
treatment controls BMPs may be adopted as follows:
• the establishment of urban lakes, primarily as biological treatment systems the
utilization of water quality control ponds and wetlands, as physical and biological
treatment systems, upstream of urban lakes.
• the incorporation of gross pollutant traps on inlets to urban lakes and water quality
control ponds and wetlands to intercept trash and debris and the coarser fractions
of sediment.
HAZARDOUS WASTES
AND SOIL
CONTAMINATION
Presented By:
MA ELOIZA A. GONZALES
CHRISTINE GRACE F. NIEVA
HAZARDOUS WASTE
H a z a r d o u s wa s te s a r e th o s e wa s te s th a t a r e g e n e r a te d
t h r o u gh ch e mi c a l p r o d uc ti o n , manuf a c t u r i n g, a n d o th e r
i n d us t r i a l a c tiv i ti e s. T h e s e wa s te s c a n c a us e d a ma g e
d ur i n g i n a d e qua te s to r a g e, t r a n s po r ta ti o n ma nuf a c t u r i n g,
a n d o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l a c t iv i ti e s.
CLAASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
Toxic Reactive Ignitable

- wastes that are - wastes that burn at relatively
- wastes that are chemically
considered as poisons, low temperatures and may
unstable and react violently
even in very small or trace cause an immediate fire
with air or water
amounts hazard
CLAASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
Corrosive Infectious Radioactive

- include strong acidic or alkaline - include used bandages, - wastes that emit ionizing
substances hypodermic needles, and other energy that can harm living
- destroy solid material and living materials from hospitals or organisms
tissue upon contact by chemical biological research facilities
reaction
HAZARDOUS WASTE
These h a z a r d o us wa s te s are capable of posing an

u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k t o h e a l th , s a f e t y, a n d p r o p e r ty w h e n
t r a n s p o r te d i n c o m me r c e. Co n s i d er i n g th e l a r g e a mo un ts
of f r e i gh t b e i n g s h i p p e d th r o ugh t r a n s p o r t s y s te ms,
h a z a r d ou s wa s t e s h ave b e c o m e a c o n c e r n .
TRANSPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous wastes that are generated at a par ticular site often

requires transport to an a p p r o ve d treatment, storage, or
disposable facility (TSDF).
T h e s e s w a s t e s a r e g e n e r a l l y t r a n s p o r t e d b y t r u c k o ve r p u b l i c
h i g h w a y s. O n l y a ve r y s m a l l a m o u n t i s t r a n s p o r t e d b y r a i l , a n d
a l m o s t n o n e i s m o v e d b y a i r o r i n l a n d w a t e r w a y.
TRANSPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Highway shipment is the most common because road vehicles an
g a i n a c c e s s t o m o s t i n d u s t r i a l s i t e s a n d a p p r o ve d T S D F s. R a i l r o a d
t r a i n s r e q u i r e e x p e n s i ve s i d i n g f a c i l i t i e s a n d a r e s u i t a b l e o n l y f o r
v e r y l a r g e w a s t e s h i p m e n t s.
Hazardous wastes can be shipped in tank tr ucks made of steel or

a l u m i n u m a l l oy, w i t h c a p a c i t i e s u p t o a b o u t 3 4 , 0 0 0 l i t e r s. T h e y
a l s o c a n b e c o n t a i n e r i z e d a n d s h i p p e d i n 2 0 0 - l i t e r d r u m s.
HOW TO REDUCE THE RISK OR MINIMIZE THE HARM CAUSED
BY IMPROPER TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES?
● Having better transport practices,

such as fuel-efficient vehicles, that
reduce environmental externalities.
● Monitoring the journey of hazardous

waste from its point of origin to the
point of final disposal to eliminate
illegal dumping.
SOIL CONTAMINATION
• Soil contamination is when the concentration of
chemicals, nutrients or elements in the soil
becomes more than it normally or naturally is, as a
result of human action. If this contamination goes
on to harm living organisms, we can call it
pollution.
Soil contamination is the occurrence of

contaminants in soil above a certain level causing
deterioration or loss of one or more soil functions
CAUSES OF SOIL CONTAMINATION…..
 Agriculture  Construction
 Excessive use of fertilizers and  Transportation
pesticides
 Landfills
 Industrial processes  Chemical waste
 Deforestation  Nuclear waste
 Spills and leaks  Acid rain
 Littering  Illegal dumping
 Waste disposal  Natural causes
 Mining
Agriculture
Agriculture is a big source of soil pollution. Through the
over-exploitation of the soil, it often loses its fertility. This
leads to lower crop yields in the future and thus may lead to
food shortages.
Excessive use of fertilizers and
pesticides
 Another related problem is the excessive use of pesticides and
fertilizer.
 In our industrial farming culture, farmers often use large amounts of
chemicals in order to increase their yields.
 However, this has serious adverse effects on soil quality. Part of the
fertilizer and the pesticides are not absorbed by the plants and thus
contaminate the soil.
Industrial processes
• Industrial production is a great source of soil pollution,
especially since the industrial revolution.
• As a result, we extract large amounts of precious metals
and other elements out of the ground.
• By-products of the production processes are often dumped
nearby and thus contaminate the soil.
Deforestation
• Deforestation can also lead to soil pollution. Trees, with
their roots, ensure the stability of the soil.
Spills and leaks
• Leaks and spills of all sorts can contaminate the soil.
• The problem is even more severe if the leaking transport
vehicle carries very dangerous chemicals like nuclear
waste
Littering
• It has become a serious contributor to the soil pollution
problem.
• People often just throw away their garbage and do not
care if it is disposed of properly.
Waste disposal
• If there are no proper waste disposal processes, our
waste can cause soil pollution in a severe way.
• The garbage often contains harmful chemicals that
contaminate the soil if not disposed of properly.
Mining
• Heavy metals and other chemicals are often used which
can contaminate the soil if they are not handled with
great care.
Construction
• Construction processes play an important role in the
context of soil pollution since in construction, many
chemicals and other harmful substances are used which
can contaminate the ground.
Transportation
• Vehicles release toxic gases that contaminate the
ground and also the air.
• They also pollute the soil since these chemicals also can
cause acid rain.
Landfills
• If landfills are used, we have to make sure that the
materials disposed of in these landfills do not touch the
soil.
• If they get in contact with the ground, the soil can be
contaminated by heavy metals and other harmful
substances.
Chemical waste
• If chemical waste is not disposed of in an appropriate
manner, it can have severe adverse effects on the soil.
• Industrial processes, are highly toxic and can
contaminate the soil for a quite long period of time,
Acid rain
• When it rains, the contaminated air will add chemicals to
the rain which increases the level of acidity.
• An increase in acidity will lead to soil pollution and affect
the vegetation in an adverse way.
EFFECT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION
• Climate Change
• Soil Erosion
• Impact on human health
• Loss of Soil Fertility
SOLUTION TO SOIL CONTAMINATIONS
• Recycling
• Proper Waste Disposal
• Use Biofertilizers and natural pesticides
• Reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides
• Reforestation
DOCUMENTATION
DOCUMENTATION
Due to unstable internet connection and connectivity issues of Converge these past
few days, the group didn’t afford to conduct a brainstorming through video
conferencing. However, in order to share and access information and ideas about
the topics, each one has sent the links of their references in our Messenger Group
Chat. Presented in this section are the screenshots of the Messenger Group Chat.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
A. (2020, December 20). Causes, Effects and Solutions for Soil Pollution. E&C. https://environmental-
conscience.com/causes-effects-solutions-for-soil-pollution/
Andreas. (2020). Soil Pollution: Causes, Effects & Solutions. Retrieved from
https://environmental-conscience.com/causes-effects-solutions-for-soil-pollution/
Bekker, H., & Iuell, B. (2003). Habitat fragmentation due to infrastructure. UC Davis: Road Ecology
Center. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9693w540
Bethany , L. (2017, April 3). Soil Contamination: Its Causes, Effects, and Solutions. Retrieved from
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9693w540
REFERENCES
Di Paolo, Maurizio. (2017, June). Reducing Unwanted Noise in Automobiles. Retrieved from
https://www.electronicdesign.com/markets/automotive/article/21805161/reducing-unwanted-
noise-in-automobiles https://www.permaculturenews.org/2017/04/03/38249/
G. Finch (2000), "Critter Crossings: Linking Habitats and Reducing Roadkill," Federal Highway
Administration Publication No. FHWA-EP-004;
at: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifecrossings/intro.htm
Hongkong Environmental Department. Principles of Noise Mitigation. Retrieved from
https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/noise_education/web/ENG_EPD_HTML/m4/mitigation_1.html
Kukreja. (n.d.). What is Soil Pollution? Retrieved from Conserve Energy Future:
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-soil-pollution.php
REFERENCES
Lower urban speed limits: Better for citizens, better for the environment, better for all. Retrieved
from https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/media/11-01-T30.pdf
Noise and Road Pavement Types. Retrieved from https://reliablepaving.com/noise-and-road-
pavement-types/
R., & R. (2020b, September 16). Soil Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects and Solutions. Conserve Energy
Future. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-soil-pollution.php
Soil contamination. (2021, April 26). Retrieved from Biocheminology:
http://biocheminology.blogspot.com/2015/03/what-is-soil-contamination.html
REFERENCES
Sinha, K. & Labi, S. (n.d.). Transportation Decision-making – Principles of Project
Evaluation and Programming: Chapter 11 Noise Impacts of Transportation Systems. Retrieved
from
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~srg/book/files/PDF/11.%20Noise%20Impacts.pdf
The LawPhil Project. Amending executive order numbered one hundred thirteen, series of
nineteen fifty-five, establishing the classification of roads. Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1980/eo_621_1980.html
Tire/road noise on an open-graded friction course. Retrieved from
https://trid.trb.org/view/179866
REFERENCES
Other links:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zJdIEKUPwFUJwyYJlphjvhf8b81sbDQ6/view
https://biocheminology.blogspot.com/2015/03/what-is-soil-contamination.html
https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter4/transportation-and-environment/
http://www.ccibis.org/carpathian-features/110-transportation-and-ecological-corridors
https://www.britannica.com/technology/hazardous-waste-management/Transport-of-
hazardous-waste

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TRANSPORTATION

1. INSTALLING SPEAKERS IN ENGINE COMPARTMENT TO CANCEL OUT ENGINE

There are two main sources of noise from vehicles:

When traveling on level roads and at high-speed

2. OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT PAVEMENT MATERIALS FOR TIRE NOISE REDUCTION

A 30 km/h urban speed limit quickly makes street quieter,

Noise impact can also be great for rooms with walls

Ways To Increase The Effectiveness Of A Barrier

Ways To Increase The Effectiveness Of A Barrier

Roads, railroads, and their traffic disrupt ecological processes; increase

• Barrier - For most non-flying terrestrial animals, infrastructure implies

• If a transportation project is constructed near an animal habitat, it may

The basic philosophy is that prevention is better than a cure in

Stormwater management is everything done within a

Greater awareness of the sensitivity and importance of the

Management of water resources has traditionally

 the establishment of a storage-oriented approach for controlling

 the establishment of water quality management strategies

 HYDROLOGICAL – minimizing changes to the hydrological characteristics of a

 to provide safety for the public

• increase public ownership and acceptance of proposed solutions

• single agency responsibility, with strong emphasis on liaising and

The apparent advantages of this approach are:

Toxic Reactive Ignitable

Corrosive Infectious Radioactive

These h a z a r d o us wa s te s are capable of posing an

Hazardous wastes that are generated at a par ticular site often

Hazardous wastes can be shipped in tank tr ucks made of steel or

● Having better transport practices,

● Monitoring the journey of hazardous

Soil contamination is the occurrence of

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