ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

(CE-314)

Engr. Hassan Khan

Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, SUIT, Peshawar
 LECTURE # 2

Lecture Contents

 Introduction to Hydrology
 Origin & history of Hydrology
 Branches of Hydrology
 Hydrological Cycle

Engr. Hassan Khan

Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, SUIT, Peshawar
 Hydrology

Hydor Logos
Hydrology = =
Water Study

 The study of water is called Hydrology.

Or

 The Science about Water is known as Hydrology.

 Hydrology
Origin

Interaction
with living Occurrence
organisms

Water Hydrology
Properties Circulation

Distribution

OR
 The study of water in all its forms (rain, snow and water on the earth’s surface,
etc.), and from its origins to all its destinations on the earth is called hydrology.

 Hydrology is an essential field of science since everything from tiny organisms

to individuals, to societies, to the whole of civilization - depends so much on
water.
 Origin & History of Hydrology
 It was along the Indus in Pakistan, the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia,
the Hwang Ho in China, and the Nile in Egypt that the first hydraulic engineers
created canals, dams, subsurface water conduits, and wells as early as 5000-6000 years
ago.
 Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's
equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, the Pitot tube etc.
 The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law,
the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow
equation.
 Jacqui (1987) traced the history of hydrology to ancient China and postulated three
stages of the development of the study of hydrology.
1. Stage of geographical hydrology
2. Stage of engineering hydrology
3. Stage of social development
Stages in the history of Hydrology

1. Stage of geographical hydrology

  Establishment of hydrological cycle and concept of water
balance

2. Stage of engineering hydrology

 Design of control structures and quantitative analysis of
hydrological phenomena

3. Stage of social development

 It is the stage in which the water demand is more and large scale
of use of water resources is occurring.
 Coupled with the development of new techniques brought about a
new stage of water resources involving resource analysis and
management
 Branches of Hydrology

Hydrology can generally be divided into two main

branches:

1. Pure Hydrology
 Hydrological cycle, precipitation, runoff, relationship between
precipitation and runoff, hydrographs, Flood Routing

2. Engineering Hydrology
 Planning, design and Operation of Engineering Projects for the control and
use of water
 Branches of Hydrology (cont.)

Hydrology can be divided into the following branches

 Chemical Hydrology: Study of chemical characteristics of

water

 Ecohydrology: Interaction between organisms and the

hydrological cycle

 Hydrogeology: Also referred to as geohydrology, is the study of

the presence and movement of ground water

 Hydroinformatics: is the adaptation of information

technology to hydrology and water resource applications
 Branches of Hydrology (cont.)

 Surface water Hydrology: is the study of hydrologic processes that

operate at or near earth’s surface

 Ground water Hydrology: is the study of underground water

 Drainage basin management: covers water storage in the form

of reservoir and flood protection

 Water quality: includes the chemistry of water in rivers & lakes

 Isotope Hydrology: is the study of isotropic signatures of water

(origin and age of water)
 Application of Hydrology
 Determining the water balance of a region

 Determining the agricultural water balance

 Flood forecasting and flood warnings

 Designing bridges

 Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation

 Designing sewers and urban drainage system

 Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity

 Hydrological cycle
Hydrological cycle also known as Water cycle or H₂O
cycle, describes the Continuous Movement of water on,
above and below the surface of the earth.
Hydrological cycle (cont.)
 Hydrological cycle (cont.)
The main processes involved in hydrological cycle are

Evaporation: The act or process of converting or changing water into vapor form with the
application of heat.
Condensation: The act or process of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid or solid state
(sublimation).
Precipitation: The process by which atmospheric moisture falls onto a land or water
surface as rain, snow, hail, or other forms of moisture.
Interception: The process of storing rain or snow on leaves and branches which eventually
evaporates back to the air.
Infiltration: The penetration of water through the ground surface into sub-surface soil
Percolation: The movement of water downward and radially through subsurface soil
layers, usually continuing downward to ground water.
Transpiration: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living
plants.
Runoff: Drainage or flood discharge that leaves an area as surface flow or as pipeline flow.
 Hydrological cycle (cont.)

Evaporation
Transportation

Runoff Infiltration &

Interception
Percolation
Condensation

Precipitation

Videos\The Water Cycle - YouTube. FLV

 Hydrological cycle (cont.)
Advantages:

 This Hydrological Cycle recycles the earth’s valuable water

supply. In other words, the water keeps getting reused over and
over.

 Provides water for our population, animals and plants.

 Evaporation and infiltration help to remove impurities from

water.

 Provides fish to eat.

 Water in that glass could have been a liquid, a solid, and a gas
countless times over thanks to the water cycle.
 Hydrological cycle (cont.)
Disadvantages:

 Cannot add or remove water from the system.

 Acid rain.

 The water can end up in the flood place, causes flood

to occur.
Recommended Textbooks & Reading
References
1. K Subramanya, Engineering Hydrology, 3/e, 2008, ISBN 0070648557, ISBN
9780070648555, McGraw-Hill Companies (required)

2. R. K. Linsley, Joseph L. Paulhus, and Max A. Kohler, Hydrology for Engineers, 3/e,
1982, ISBN 0070379564, ISBN 9780070379565, McGraw-Hill Companies

3. H. M. Raghunath, Hydrology: Principles, Analysis & Design, 2/e, 2006, ISBN

8122418252, ISBN 9788122418255, New Age International Publishers

4. David A. Chin, Water Resources Engineering, 3/e, 2012, ISBN 0132833212, ISBN
9780132833219, Pearson

5. Class Notes & Power Point Presentation

Thank You