i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e7

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Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive

output voltage and continuous input current for
PEMFC systems

Julio C. Rosas-Caro a, Victor M. Sanchez b,*, Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz c,

Jonathan C. Mayo-Maldonado c, Francisco Beltran-Carbajal d,
Antonio Valderrabano-Gonzalez a
a
Universidad Panamericana Guadalajara, Calzada Circunvalacion Poniente #49 Ciudad Granja, CP 45010 Zapopan,
Jalisco, Mexico
b
Dpto. Ingenierı́a, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Blvd. Bahı́a s/n Esq. I. Comonfort, 77019, Chetumal, Q. Roo, Mexico
c
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
d
Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco, Depto. de Energı́a, Av. San Pablo #180, Col. Reynosa
Tamps, C.P. 02200, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico

article info abstract

Article history: Electrical power processing is an essential component of proton exchange membrane fuel
Received 15 June 2017 cell (PEMFC or simply FC) conversion systems. The first stage of power conditioning usually
Received in revised form consists of a DCeDC converter that enables a suitable DC bus voltage for a load feeder- or
12 October 2017 grid-tie- inverter. Motivated by the current needs in power conditioning of PEMFC systems,
Accepted 13 October 2017 we propose a new power electronics converter. The proposed topology has a quadratic
Available online xxx buckeboost voltage gain which allows a wide range of input voltages, providing a fixed
output voltage with additional compelling features such as the circumvention of the use of
Keywords: transformers, coupled inductors or extreme duty cycles. Moreover, the input current of the
PEMFC system proposed converter is continuous and its output voltage is positive with respect to the
DCeDC power converters input one, which is in sharp contrast with respect to other buckeboost topologies whose
Power conversion output voltages are in general negative. The main principles, steady-state analysis, and a
Pulse width modulation converters small-signal model for the proposed circuit operating in continuous conduction mode
(CCM) are presented in detail. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate
the theoretical analysis.
© 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

load or an inverter. This power conversion is usually per-

Introduction
For several renewable energy applications such as proton
exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems, the output
voltage of the fuel cell has to be customized in order to feed a
formed via a DCeDC converter [1e5]. The main challenges in
the design of a power conditioning system for FCs, are
providing a high voltage gain and a continuous input current.
The magnitude of the output voltage in an FC depends on
the number of cells and the output power required, for

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: vsanchez@uqroo.edu.mx (V.M. Sanchez).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079
0360-3199/© 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Rosas-Caro JC, et al., Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive output voltage and continuous
input current for PEMFC systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079
2 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e7
example the output voltage of the FC in Ref. [6] ranges from
43 V at system idle to 26 V at full load. This voltage is
considerably low with respect to the minimum standard 200 V
required to feed a grid-tie inverter. In this case the DCeDC
converter must boost the input voltage and regulate the
output under variations of the input voltage. The voltage gain
required in this case varies from 4.6 (200 V/43 V) to 7.7 (200 V/
26 V).
Fig. 1 shows the most common topology used for step up
gain applications (including its voltage gain equation), corre-
sponding to the traditional boost converter [7e9]. However,
the gain of this converter is usually restricted due to losses in
the charging path of the inductor when the duty cycle ap-
proaches 1. This implies a significant limitation, since com-
mercial PWM circuits are commonly upper bounded by a duty
cycle equal to 0.85, or even 0.8 [9]. Consequently, the voltage
gain cannot be higher than 5.
In the previously discussed example of a PEMFC system,
the gain ranges from 4.6 to 7.7, which means the traditional
boost converter is not a suitable candidate for this application.
There are several approaches in the literature to overcome
this challenge: (i) a traditional converter can be combined with
a diode-capacitor voltage multiplier [2,8,10,11] achieving a
larger voltage gain without the use of extreme duty cycles, (ii)
coupled inductors or transformer-based converters, such as
the fly-back topology, feed-forward, or full bridge isolated
converters can be used [7], offering a larger voltage gain due to
the turns ratio of the transformer or the coupled inductor, and
(iii) quadratic converters [12e16], in which the voltage gain
contains a quadratic term and then a larger gain is expected
for the same duty cycle.
These approaches can bypass the boosting challenge;
nevertheless, the power conditioning problem in FCs can be
even more difficult, since there are also FCs that exhibit
nominal voltages above 100 V, see e.g. Refs. [17,18] where a
tendency of achieving larger voltages in the future can be
noticed. Consequently, the development of converters with
the capability of either increasing or decreasing the output
voltage, while preventing the desired output to fall beyond the
operation range that is required for these applications, is a
pressing issue. Hence, several buckeboost topologies have
been investigated and reported in the literature for FC gener-
ation systems [18e21] and other renewable energy systems
[22] enabling power conditioning within a wide range of
voltages.
L1
s1
Vg s1 C1
Fig. 1 e The traditional boost converter.
Please cite this article in press as: Rosas-Caro JC, et al., Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive output voltage and continuous
input current for PEMFC systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079
Moreover, yet another issue in FC system power condi-
tioning involves the inherent high-ripple current that is drawn
by the converter from the FC, since it accelerates the aging of
the electrodes [23,24]. Consequently, power converter topol-
ogies with continuous input current are advised in order to
reduce FCs current ripple and increase their life-time, for
instance, some solutions to this problem have been proposed
in Refs. [25e28].
Prompted by these issues and challenges, we propose a
new topology of a DC-DC converter whose characteristics are
highly desirable for PEMFC systems. The proposed converter
has a quadratic buckeboost voltage gain, which allows a wide
range of input voltage with a fixed output that does not require
transformers, coupled inductors nor extreme duty cycles. A
previously reported topology that is the closest to our
approach can be found in Ref. [16], which corresponds to a
quadratic buckeboost converter with discontinuous input
current for which an additional filter is required when used in
PEMFC systems. In our case, the input current of the proposed
converter is continuous and the ripple can be calculated
during the design process according to desired specifications.
Moreover, the output voltage of the proposed topology is
positive with respect to the reference, which represents an
advantage in applications that would usually require addi-
tional adjustments to deal with negative voltages.
In order to study the underlying features of the proposed
topology, steady state analysis and small-signal model for the
continuous conduction mode (CCM) are presented in detail.
Furthermore, experimental results in open loop are provided
to verify the theoretical analysis.
Proposed converter topology
In Fig. 2(a) the topology of the proposed converter is shown.
The circuit is formed by four switches: two transistors and two
diodes. Passive components include two capacitors and two
inductors. Both switches s1 and s2, in Fig. 2(a), have the same
switching function, whose duty cycle corresponds to the
nominal duty cycle of the converter.
The converter has two equivalent circuits in CCM
depending on the position of complementary switches. When
transistors s1 and s2 are closed (s1 and s2 are open), the con-
verter adopts the configuration shown in Fig. 2(b). As for the
complementary case, when s1 and s2 are closed (s1 and s2 are
D
R Vout = Vg
1− D
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e7 3

C1 C2 diL2
L2 ¼ dvC1 þ ð1  dÞðvC2 Þ: (2)
dt

In the first term in (1), vg is the voltage across the inductor

s1 s2 in Fig. 2(b), the voltage in the second term (vg-vC1) represents
s1 s2 the voltage across the inductor L1 in Fig. 2(c).
vg vout
L1 R In steady state, considering that reactive components are
L2 large enough to satisfy the small ripple approximation [7], the

(a) average voltage across the inductors must be equal to zero.

C2 Moreover, it follows from (1) and (2) that the voltage across
C1
capacitors C1 and C2, can be expressed as:

1
VC1 ¼ Vg : (3)
s1 s2 1D
s1 s2
vg vout VC2 ¼
D
VC1 ¼
D
Vg : (4)
L1 R 1D ð1  DÞ2
L2
Note that capital letters denote the DC component of the
(b) variable, for example VC1 represents the DC component (a
C1 C2 constant value) of the (instantaneous) variable vC1. From Fig. 2
and Equations (3) and (4), it follows that

Vg Vg D
s1 s2 Vout ¼ Vg  VC1 þ VC2 ¼ Vg  þ : (5)
s1 s2 1  D ð1  DÞ2
vg R vout !
L1  2
L2 Vout ¼ Vg 1 
1
þ
D
¼ Vg
D
: (6)
1  D ð1  DÞ2 1D
(c )
C1 C2 As it can be seen from (6), the gain of the converter is equal
to the square gain of a traditional buckeboost converter.
Similarly, to (1) and (2), the current through capacitors C1
and C2, can be expressed as:
s1 s1 s2 s2 dvC1
vg vout C1
dt
¼ dð  iL2 þ iout Þ þ ð1  dÞðiL1 þ iout Þ: (7)
L1 R
L2
dvC2
(d ) C2
dt
¼ dðiout Þ þ ð1  dÞðiL2  iout Þ: (8)

Considering the steady state and the small ripple approx-

Fig. 2 e (a) the proposed topology, (b)e(c) equivalent circuits
imation, the average current through capacitors must be
according to the switching state and (d) the proposed
equal to zero, and then it follows from (8) that the current
circuit with synchronous rectification.
through inductor L2 can be expressed as

1
IL2 ¼ Iout : (9)
open), the converter adopts the configuration shown in 1D
Fig. 2(c). If bidirectional power flow is required, transistors can From (7) and (9), we conclude that the current through
be used as in Fig. 2(d), enabling synchronous rectification, in this inductor L1 can be expressed as
case, switches s1 and s2 , are in general driven by a comple-
2D  1
mentary switching pattern with respect to s1 and s2. IL1 ¼ Iout : (10)
ð1  DÞ2
Steady state equations Fig. 3 shows a voltage gain comparison of the proposed
converter against other traditional DCeDC converters. It can
We will now focus on the steady state behavior of the con- be seen that the proposed converter has a significant increase
verter under the standard assumption of continuous con- of the voltage gain above D ¼ 0.6. This feature permits the
duction mode operation. The voltage across the inductors L1 converter to achieve large voltage gains within a narrow range
and L2, can be thus expressed in terms of averaged quantities of duty cycles.
[7] as: Table 1 presents a comparison of voltage stress in capaci-
tors, and current stress in inductors, as well as voltage
diL1
 (blocking when open) and current (average) in switches, be-
L1 ¼ dvg þ ð1  dÞ vg  vC1 : (1)
dt tween the proposed topology and a state of the art topology.

Please cite this article in press as: Rosas-Caro JC, et al., Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive output voltage and continuous
input current for PEMFC systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079
4 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e7

used to compute the value of the inductor L1 in order to satisfy

a desired current ripple specification.
Inductor L2: the second waveform in Fig. 4 corresponds to
the current through inductor L2. The DC or average compo-
nent IL2 can be computed using Equation (9). When transistors
are closed, the voltage across L2 is equal to vC1 (see Fig. 2(b)),
and then its current rises with a slope of vC1/L2. When both
switches (s1 and s2) are on, the current raises at twice the value
of the total ripple as in Fig. 4. This can be mathematically
expressed as

VC1 VC1
2DiL2 ¼ DTs : 0 L2 ¼ DTs : (12)
L2 2DiL2
Considering the small ripple approximation for (11), (12),
we can use these equations to compute the value of inductor
L2 to satisfy a desired current ripple specification.
Capacitor C1: the third waveform in Fig. 4 corresponds to the
Fig. 3 e Voltage gain comparison of the proposed converter voltage across capacitor C1. The DC or average component VC1
with other DCeDC converters. can be computed using Equation (3). When switches are open,
the current through C1 is equal to IL1 þ Iout, see Fig. 2(c) (note
that the current is determined by capsuling C2 and L2 into a
super-node), and then its voltage rises with a slope of
Table 1 e Comparison of voltage and current stresses (IL1 þ Iout)/C1. When both switches (s1 and s2) are off, the
between the proposed topology and the one presented in voltage rises at twice the value of the total ripple, defined as in
Ref. [16]. Fig. 4. This can be mathematically expressed as
Topology in Ref. [16] Proposed topology
VC1 D 1
1DVg 1DVg
VC2 D2 D
V V
ð1DÞ2 g
ð1DÞ2 g vg
IL1 2D1 2D1
I
ð1DÞ2 out
I
ð1DÞ2 out iL1(t) L1 ΔiL1
IL2 1
1DIout
1
1DIout IL1
VS1 1 1
1DVg 1DVg
IS1 D2 D2
vg-vC1
I
ð1DÞ2 out
I
ð1DÞ2 out
VS2 D
V D
V L1
ð1DÞ2 g ð1DÞ2 g
IS2 D 1
1DIout 1DIout vC1
iL2(t) ΔiL2
IL2 L2
Voltages in Table 1 are expressed in terms of the output -vC2
voltage and currents are expressed in terms of the output L2
current, in both converters the voltage gain is the same and
then the output current is expressed with the same equation. -IL2+Iout
vC1(t)
Selection of components VC1 C1 ΔvC1

The ripple analysis and selection of components are very

IL1+Iout
important during the design process; this sub-section is C1
devoted to the selection of reactive components.
Inductor L1: the first waveform in Fig. 4 corresponds to the -Iout
vC2(t)
current through inductor L1, its DC or average component IL1
C2 ΔvC2
can be computed using Equation (10). When transistors are VC2
closed, the voltage across L1 is equal to vg (see Fig. 2(b)) and IL2-Iout
then its current rises with a slope of vg/L1, during the time
when both switches (s1 and s2) are on, the current rises twice C2
the value of the total ripple, as defined in Fig. 4. This can be
mathematically expressed as s1=s2
t
Vg Vg DTS (1-D)TS
2DiL1 ¼ DTs : 0 L1 ¼ DTs : (11)
L1 2DiL1
Note that (11) considers the small ripple approximation Fig. 4 e Important waveforms showing the current and
(hence Vg is expressed in capital letters) and it can be thus voltage ripples.

Please cite this article in press as: Rosas-Caro JC, et al., Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive output voltage and continuous
input current for PEMFC systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e7 5

By considering (21), Equation (17) becomes

IL1 þ Iout
2DvC1 ¼ ð1  DÞTs : (13)
C1 d  h i
L1 IL1 þ bi L1 ¼ Vg þ v b ðVC1 þ v
bg  ð1  DÞ  d bC1 Þ: (22)
Then, capacitor C1 can be selected to satisfy a desired dt
voltage ripple using Equation (22) can be also expressed as

d d
IL1 þ Iout L1 IL1 þ L1 bi L1 ¼ Vg þ v
bg  ð1  DÞVC1  ð1  DÞ v b C1
bC1 þ dV
C1 ¼ ð1  DÞTs : (14) dt dt
2DvC1
þd bv
bC1 : (23)
Capacitor C2: the last waveform in Fig. 4 corresponds to the
The derivative of IL1 is equal to zero, since it is considered
voltage across the capacitor C2. The DC or average component
as a constant value. Furthermore, from (3) it can be observed
VC2 can be computed using Equation (4). When switches are
that the voltage Vg ¼ (1D)VC1, and then the Equation (23) can
open, the current through C2 is equal to IL2Iout, see Fig. 2(c),
be simplified to:
since IL2 > Iout, its voltage rises with a slope of (IL2Iout)/C2.
When both switches (s1 and s2) are off, the voltage rises at d
twice the value of the total ripple, defined as in Fig. 4. This can L1 bi L1 ¼ v
bg  ð1  DÞ v b C1 þ d
bC1 þ dV bvbC1 : (24)
dt
be mathematically expressed as
The small signal linearization consists on considering that
IL2  Iout the state of the system will stay around the operation point
2DvC2 ¼ ð1  DÞTs : (15)
C2 without significant fluctuations. Since the state of the system
stay around the same point, the AC component of the signals
Then capacitor C2 can be selected using the following
is much smaller than their DC component, the last term of (24)
equation in order to satisfy a desired voltage ripple b C1 , is expected to have a small contribution to the deriva-
dV
specification.
tive of bi L1 , since it is the product of two small signals, and then
IL2  Iout Equation (25) approaches (24) with a small error.
C2 ¼ ð1  DÞTs : (16)
2DvC2
d
L1 bi L1 ¼ v
bg  ð1  DÞ v b C1 :
bC1 þ dV (25)
Dynamics of the proposed converter dt
Equation (25) is the linear small signal approximation of
The dynamics of the proposed converter can be studied using (17), following the same procedure, (18e20), become
the equations of the components that store energy as in
d
(17)e(20). This set of equations represents the average dy- L2 bi L2 ¼ D v b C1 þ VC2 Þ  ð1  DÞ v
bC1 þ dðV bC2 : (26)
namic behavior of the system; which is also known as the dt
large-signal or non-linear model of the converter.
d bg v
b L2 þ IL1 Þ þ ð1  DÞbi L1 þ v bC1 vbC2
C1 bC1 ¼ Dbi L2  dðI
v  þ : (27)
diL1 dt R R R
L1 ¼ vg  ð1  dÞvC1 : (17)
dt
d bg v
b L2  v bC1 vbC2
C2 bC2 ¼ ð1  DÞbi L2  dI
v þ  : (28)
diL2 dt R R R
L2 ¼ dvC1  ð1  dÞvC2 : (18)
dt Equations (25e28), are a set of linear differential equations
that can be expressed in state-space form as:
dvC1 vg  vC1 þ vC2
C1 ¼ diL2 þ ð1  dÞiL1 þ : (19)
dt R Kx_ ¼ Ax þ Bu; y ¼ Cx þ Eu; (29)

dvC2 vg  vC1 þ vC2 with

C2 ¼ ð1  dÞiL2  : (20)
dt R h iΤ h iΤ
x ¼ bi L1 bi L2 bC1
v bC2
v ; u¼ db bg
v ; (30)
In many applications that require operating the converter
in a nominal region, it is convenient to use linear models that 2 3
are able to predict the behavior of the converter around an L1 0 0 0
60 L2 0 0 7
operating point. In that cases, the small-signal model can be K¼6
40
7; (31)
0 C1 0 5
used. In order to obtain that model, first we need to substitute 0 0 0 C2
the state variables and input variables (the input voltage and
the duty cycle) for their DC component plus their AC compo- 2 3
0 0 ð1  DÞ 0
nent as follows 6 7
6 0 0 D ð1  DÞ 7
6 7
6 7
8 9 A¼6
6 ð1  DÞ
1 1 7;
7 (32)
< iL1 ¼ IL1 þ bi L1 : iL2 ¼ IL2 þ bi L2 : = 6 D 
R R 7
v ¼ VC1 þ v bC1 : vC2 ¼ VC2 þ v bC2 : : (21) 6 7
: C1 ; 4 1 1 5
d ¼ D þ d:b vg ¼ Vg þ v bg : 0 ð1  DÞ 
R R

Please cite this article in press as: Rosas-Caro JC, et al., Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive output voltage and continuous
input current for PEMFC systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079
6 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e7

Table 2 e Parameters of the experimental prototype.

MOSFETs (all) IRFP4668PBF, 200 V, On-Res 8 mU
Switching frequency 50 kHz
Drivers (two ICs) IR2184PBF
C1 (2 in parallel) B32524R3106K, 10 mF, 250 V DC
C2 (2 in parallel) B32794D3335K, 3.3 mF, 700 V DC
Inductor L1 1140-101K-RC, 100 mH, ESR 25 mU
Inductor L2 1140-331K-RC 330 mH, ESR 74 mU

2 3
VC1 1
6 7
6 ðVC1 þ VC2 Þ 0 7
6 7
6 7
B¼6
6 ðIL2 þ IL1 Þ
1 7:
7 (33)
6 R 7 Fig. 6 e Important waveforms when D ¼ 0.65.
6 7
4 15
IL2 
R
The matrices for the output equation y (defined in (29)) can
be expressed considering the output of the system as the
converters output voltage, see (5), or the circuit in Fig. 2(a).
2 3
bi L1

6 bi 7 b
d
vout ¼ ½ 0 0 1 1 6
4v
L2 7 þ ½ 0 1  : (34)
b 5 C1
b
v g
bC2
v

Experimental results

An experimental prototype was built to demonstrate the

principle of operation of the proposed topology, the topology
used in the prototype is the synchronous rectified or bidirec-
tional version shown in Fig. 2(d). An advantage of the bidi-
rectional version of the topology is that s1 and s1 are in series
and then, they can be driven with a half bridge driver such as
the IR2148 from international rectifier as well as s2 and s2 . Table 2
shows the list of components of the experiment.
In Fig. 5 the experimental waveforms of the current in both
inductors, the voltage across transistor s2 and the output
voltage are shown for an input voltage of 15 V and a duty cycle
of 0.6. As can be seen in the figure, all waveforms are consis-
tent with the theoretical analysis. In order to validate the
operation of the converter in different points, Figs. 6 and 7 and
show important waveforms when the duty cycle is 0.65 and
0.7 respectively.
Fig. 5 e Important waveforms when D ¼ 0.6.
Fig. 7 e Important waveforms when D ¼ 0.7.
The voltage across transistor s2 was included because it
has the same waveform of the switching function of the
converter, furthermore its peak value is equal to the voltage
across C2 and then two different signals can be captured with
one trace.
Conclusions
This paper introduced a new topology of a DCeDC converter
whose characteristics are highly desirable in applications of
PEMFC systems. It has a quadratic buckeboost voltage gain,
which allows a wide range of input voltage with a fixed output
voltage and without the use of transformers, coupled in-
ductors or extreme duty cycles. The absence of magnetic
coupling permits to build the converter with devices off-the-
shelves. The proposed converter topology presents several
advantages with respect to other recently proposed
buckeboost converters, in which the input current used to be
discontinuous, and then a filter would be required if used for a
PEMFC system. The input current of the proposed converter is
continuous and the ripple can be calculated during the design
process. Moreover, its output voltage is positive with respect
to the reference point. Simulation and experimental results
are provided to verify the theoretical analysis.

Please cite this article in press as: Rosas-Caro JC, et al., Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive output voltage and continuous
input current for PEMFC systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e7 7

inductor resonant switched capacitor voltage multiplier with

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Please cite this article in press as: Rosas-Caro JC, et al., Quadratic buckeboost converter with positive output voltage and continuous
input current for PEMFC systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.079