Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shown at the bottom is a PV diagram with two adiabatic lines 1 → 2 and 2 → 3, assumed to intersect at
point 2. A cycle is formed by an isothermal line from 3 → 1. An engine traversing this cycle would
produce work. For the cycle U = 0, and therefore by the first law, Q + W = 0. Since W is negative, Q
must be positive, indicating that heat is absorbed by the system. The net result is therefore a complete
conversion of heat taken in by a cyclic process into work, in violation of Statement 1a of the second law
(Pg. 160). The assumption of intersecting adiabatic lines is therefore false.
W QH
TC
1
TH
T 323 K
W 1 C QH 1 250 kJ s 148.8 kJ s
-1 -1
TH 798 K
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 1 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
TC 300 K
1 1 0.6
TH 750 K
QC TC 303
thermal 1 1 1 0.514
QH TH 623
TC 303
thermal 0.55 1 0.55 1 0.35
TH TH
Differentiate:
Since TC/TH is less unity, the efficiency changes more rapidly with TC than with TH. So in theory it is
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 2 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
more effective to decrease TC. In practice, however, TC is fixed by the environment, and is not subject
to control. The practical way to increase η is to increase TH. Of course, there are limits to this too.
TC 113.7 K
1 1 0.625
TH 303.15 K
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 3 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
T P
S C p ln R ln
T0 P0
T2
Q U n Cv dT
t
T1
Q U t nCv T
Q 15000 J
T 500 K
nCv 1.443 mol 2.5 8.31451J mol-1 K -1
T P 7 5
S C p ln R ln R ln 2 R ln 2 R ln 2 1.733R 14.4 J mol-1 K -1
T0 P0 2 2
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 4 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
For an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, and for the changes T1 → T2 and P1 → P2, Eq. (5.14)
can be rewritten as:
V2 = V1, then
Whence,
**********************
As an additional part of the problem, one could ask for the following proof, valid for constant heat
capacities. Return to the original equation and substitute dT/T = dP/P + dV/V:
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 6 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Whence, d ln TC = − d ln TH where ≡
For infinite time, TH =TC ≡T, and the answer of Part (a) becomes:
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 7 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
For infinite time, TC = TH, and the boxed equation above becomes:
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 8 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Hence
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 9 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
QC TC 300
thermal 1 1 1 0.5
QH TH 600
W Q T 300
H 1 H 1 1 0.2
QC QC TC 250
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
7 T P
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 3.5ln1.5 ln 5 1.58 J mol-1 K -1
2 T
1 P1
7 T P
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 3.5ln1.667 ln 5 1.48 J mol-1 K -1
2 T
1 P1
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 10 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
5 T P
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 2.5ln 0.667 ln 0.2 4.96 J mol-1 K -1
2 T
1 P1
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
9 T P
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 4.5ln 0.75 ln 0.2 2.62 J mol K
-1 -1
2 T
1 P1
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
T P
S R 3ln 2 ln 2 8.314 4ln 0.6 ln 0.2 3.61 J mol-1 K -1
T1 P1
This cycle is shown below. Assuming constant specific heats, the efficiency is given by:
Temperature T4 is not given and must be calculated. The following equations are used to derive
and expression for T4.
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 11 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 12 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Q= Ut = m CV T
A necessary condition for T to be zero when Q is non-zero is that m =∞. This is the reason that
natural bodies (air and water) that serve as heat reservoirs must be massive (oceans) or continually
renewed (rivers).
T P
Sad ,rev C p ln rev R ln 2 0
T1 P1
T P2
C p ln rev R ln
T1 P1
R
Trev P2 Cp
T1 P1
R 2
P Cp
7 7
Trev T1 2 298.15 426.46 K
P1 2
T P 471.4 7
S C p ln 2 R ln 2 7 / 2* R ln R ln 0.3506R
T1 P1 298.15 2
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 13 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
T P
Sad ,rev C p ln rev R ln 2 0
T1 P1
T P T P
S Sad ,rev S C p ln 2 R ln 2 C p ln rev R ln 2
T1 P1 T1 P1
T T T2
S C p ln 2 C p ln rev C p ln
T1 T1 Trev
If m1 = m2 = m,
Since
St is positive
Isentropic processes are not necessarily reversible and adiabatic. The term isentropic denotes a process
for which the system does not change in entropy. There are two causes for entropy changes in a
system: The process may be internally irreversible, causing the entropy to increase; heat may be
transferred between system and surroundings, causing the entropy of the system to increase or decrease.
For processes that are internally irreversible, it is possible for heat to be transferred out of the system
in an amount such that the entropy changes from the two causes exactly compensate each other. One
can imagine irreversible processes for which the state of the system is the same at the end as at the
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 14 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
beginning of the process. The process is then necessarily isentropic, but neither reversible nor adiabatic.
More generally, the system conditions may change in such a way that entropy changes resulting
from temperature and pressure changes compensate each other. Such a process is isentropic, but not
necessarily reversible. Expansion of gas in a piston/cylinder arrangement is a case in point. It may be
reversible and adiabatic, and hence isentropic. But the same change of state may be irreversible with
heat transfer to the surroundings. The process is still isentropic, but neither reversible nor adiabatic.
An isentropic process must be either reversible and adiabatic or irreversible and non-adiabatic.
By definition,
By inspection, one sees that for both T > T0 and T0 > T the numerators and denominators of the
above fractions have the same sign. Thus, for both cases <CP>H is positive. Similarly,
By inspection, one sees that for both T > T0 and T0 > T the numerators and denominators of the
above fractions have the same sign. Thus, for both cases <CP>S is positive. When T = T0, both the
numerators and denominators of the above fractions become zero, and the fractions are indeterminate.
Application of l’Hˆopital’s rule leads to the result: <CP>H = <CP>S = CP.
Step 1-2: Volume decreases at constant P. Heat flows out of the system. Work is done on the
system.
Step 2-3: Isothermal compression. Work is done on the system. Heat flows
out of the system.
Step 3-1: Expansion process that produces work. Heat flows into the system. Since the PT product
is constant,
Moreover
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 16 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
T
P
dT
S C p R ln
T P0
T0
T
S A D P
R
B CT 3 dT ln
T
T0
T P0
T P
S
R
A ln B T T0
T0
C 2
2
T T02
2
D 2
T T02 ln
P0
T2
T2
RT dT A ln T B T T 2 T
Cp C D 2
ICPS 2 1 2
2
T12 T2 T1 2
1 2
T1
T2
T
Cp C D 2
ICPS dT A ln 2 B T2 T1 T22 T12 T2 T1 2
RT 1
T 2 2
T1
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 17 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
dT
S C p
T
T0
T2
Q H n C p dTt
T1
T2
Q 800000 J Cp
9622 K= dT
nR 10 mol 8.314 J mol-1 K -1 R
473 K
T2
1 1
R dT AT T 2 T
Cp B C 3
ICPH 2 1 2
2
T12 T2 T13 D
3 T2 T1
T1
1374.5 K
S
C p dT
R R T
473.15 K
T2
T
Cp C 2 D 2
ICPS dT A ln 2 B T2 T1 T2 T12 T2 T12
RT 1
T 2 2
T1
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 18 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
1374.5 K
S
C p dT
10.835
R R T
473.15 K
T2
Q 2500000 J Cp
20045 K= dT
nR 15 mol 8.314 J mol-1 K -1 R
533.15 K
T2
1 1
R
Cp B 2 C 3
ICPH dT A T2 T1 T2 T12 T2 T13 D
2 3 T2 T1
T1
T2
T2
RT dT A ln T B T T 2 T
Cp C D 2
ICPS 2 1 2
2
T12 T2 T12
1 2
T1
1413.7 K
S
C p dT
21.307
R R T
533.15 K
T2
Q 1000000 Btu Cp
12588 R = 6993 K = dT
nR 40 lbmol 1.986 Btu lbmol-1 R -1 R
533.15 K
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 19 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
T2
1 1
R
Cp B 2 C 3
ICPH dT A T2 T1 T2 T12 T2 T13 D
2 3 T2 T1
T1
T2
T
Cp C 2 D 2
ICPS dT A ln 2 B T2 T1 T2 T12 T2 T12
RT T1 2 2
T1
1202.7 K
S
C p dT
8.244
R R T
533.15 K
248.15 K
298.15 K 1 bar
5 bar 348.15 K
1 bar
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 20 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
The process involves three heat reservoirs: the house, a heat source; the tank, a heat source; and the
surroundings, a heat sink. Notation is as follows:
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 21 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Shown to the right is a scheme designed to accomplish this result. A Carnot heat engine operates
with the furnace as heat source and the house as heat sink. The work produced by the engine drives a
Carnot refrigerator (reverse Carnot engine) which extracts heat from the surroundings and discharges heat
to the house. Thus the heat rejected by the Carnot engine (|Q1|) and by the Carnot refrigerator (|Q2|)
together provide the heat |Q| for the house. The energy balances for the engine and refrigerator are:
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 22 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
The process involves three heat reservoirs: the house, a heat source; the tank, a heat source; and the
surroundings, a heat sink. Notation is as follows:
Shown below is a scheme designed to accomplish this result. A Carnot heat engine operates with the tank
as heat source and the surroundings as heat sink. The work produced by the engine drives a Carnot
refrigerator (reverse Carnot engine) which extracts heat |Q_| from the house and discharges heat to the
surroundings. The energy balances for the engine and refrigerator are:
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 23 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 24 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Q
Sg
T
135 J s1
Sg 0.45 J K -1 s-1
300 K
Q
Sg
T
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 25 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
2500 J s1
Sg 8.33 J K -1 s-1
300 K
For a closed system the first term of Eq. (5.16) is zero, and it becomes:
Where j is here redefined to refer to the system rather than to the surroundings. Nevertheless, the second
term accounts for the entropy changes of the surroundings, and can be written simply as dStsurr/dt:
(a) : For a single stream flowing within the pipe and with a single heat
source in the surroundings, this becomes:
(b)
(c)
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 26 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
7 T P
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 3.5ln 0.742 ln 0.2 4.698 J mol-1 K -1
2 T
1 P1
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 27 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Qj
S Sg
j Tj
Wlost T S g
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
T P
S R 4ln 2 ln 2 8.314 4ln 0.8356 ln 0.4 1.643 J mol-1 K -1
T1 P1
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 28 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Qj
S Sg
j Tj
Wlost T S g
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
11 T P 11
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 ln 0.8724 ln 0.3 3.767 J mol-1 K -1
2 T 2
1 P1
Qj
S Sg
j Tj
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 29 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Wlost T S g
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
9 T P
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 4.5ln 0.7832 ln 0.2143 3.663 J mol K
-1 -1
2 T
1 P1
Qj
S Sg
j Tj
Wlost T S g
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 30 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
T2 P
S C p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
5 T P
S R ln 2 ln 2 8.314 2.5ln 0.7327 ln 0.3 3.546 J mol-1 K -1
2 T
1 P1
Qj
S Sg
j Tj
Wlost T S g
The figure below indicates the direct, irreversible transfer of heat |Q| from a reservoir at T1
to a reservoir at T2. The figure on the right depicts a completely reversible process to accomplish the
same changes in the heat reservoirs at T1 and T2.
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 31 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
For the completely reversible process the net work produced is Wideal:
This is the work that is lost, Wlost, in the direct, irreversible transfer of heat |Q|. Therefore,
Note that a Carnot engine operating between T1 and T2 would not give the correct Wideal or Wlost, because
the heat it transfers to the reservoir at T2 is not Q.
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 32 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
QH QC 1 0.55
Sg 6.7 105 kJ/K
TH TC 523.15 298.15
W TC 293.15
1 1 0.5016
QH TH 588.15
Equation (5.14) can be written for both the reversible and irreversible processes:
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 33 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Since Sirrev must be greater than zero, Tirrev must be greater than Trev.
T2
1
Cp B 2 C 3 1
dT A T2 T1
ICPH T2 T12 T2 T13 D
R 2 3 T2 T1
T1
T2
1
Cp B 2 C 3 1
dT A T2 T1
ICPH T2 T12 T2 T13 D
R 2 3 T2 T1
T1
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 34 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
T2
T
Cp C 2 D 2
ICPS
dT A ln 2 B T2 T1 T2 T12 T2 T1 2
RT T1 2 2
T1
T2
T
Cp C 2 D 2
ICPS
dT A ln 2 B T2 T1 T2 T12 T2 T1 2
RT T1 2 2
T1
pV 1*100000
n 258.6 lbmol hr 1
RT 0.7302*529.67
T2
1 1
R
Cp B 2 C
ICPH T0,T;A,B,C,D dT A T T0 T T02 T 3 T03 D
T1
2 3 T T0
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 35 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
T
T D T 2 T02
Cp
ICPS T0,T;A,B,C,D dT A ln B T T0 C 2 2
T T0 2
T0
RT T0
pV 101325*3000
n 122629 mol hr 1 34.06 mol s 1
RT 8.314*298.15
T2
1 1
R
Cp B 2 C 3
ICPH T0,T;A,B,C,D dT A T T0 T T02 T T03 D
T1
2 3 T T0
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 36 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Calculate the rate of entropy generation in the boiler. This is the sum of the entropy generation of
the steam and the gas.
(b)
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 37 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 5
Calculate the rate of entropy generation in the boiler. This is the sum of the entropy generation of
the steam and the gas.
(b)
Now place a heat engine between the ethylene and the surroundings. This would constitute a
reversible process, therefore, the total entropy generated must be zero. calculate the heat released
to the surroundings for ΔStotal = 0.
Now apply an energy balance around the heat engine to find the work produced. Note that the
heat gained by the heat engine is the heat lost by the ethylene.
The lost work is exactly equal to the work that could be produced by the heat engine.
Updated 4/5/2017 p. 39 of 39
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.