Contraceptive Use in the Philippines

https://psa.gov.ph/content/contraceptive-use-philippines

Reasons for Nonuse of Contraception by Sexually Active Women Aged 15-19

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2134461?casa_token=QLesqUKR7b8AAAAA
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a9NfYnRYN0g_wqzmlojLC6hdXEPFLCemDn&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

Exploring the Reasons Behind Parental Refusal of Vaccines

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4869767/

Combating Vaccine Hesitancy: Teaching the Next Generation to Navigate Through the Post Truth Era
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6339919/

Hand hygiene: An evidence-based review for surgeons

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Risk-factors-for-noncompliance-to-hand-hygiene-
guidelines_tbl1_6367552

Hand hygiene: Back to the basics of infection control

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249958/

Title: Contraceptive Use in the Philippines

Discussion:

 The use of contraceptives is more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas.
 Cagayan Valley has the highest CPR, while the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) has the lowest
 This is mainly due to the higher prevalence of female sterilization in urban areas than in
rural areas
 Contraceptive use among married women peaks at ages 35 to 39 years and is lowest at ages 15
to 19 years. About one-third of those in the oldest age group report using a family planning
method.
 Married women with three children have the highest contraception prevalence rate, followed
closely by those with four children. And then, childless women have the lowest CPR.
 The pill is most preferred by women with one to two children; and female sterilization, by
women with three to six children. Women with seven or more children prefer calendar/rhythm
method over female sterilization and pill.
 Five out of 10 women in non-poor households use a family planning method as compared to
only four out of 10 women in poor households
 The most popular form of contraception in the Philippines is the pill, followed by female
sterilization, then the calendar method, followed by the withdrawal method, IUDs, Injection,
condoms, Lactation Amenorrhea Method, and Male sterilization

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2001). Contraceptive Use in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://psa.gov.ph/content/contraceptive-use-philippines
Title: Reasons for Nonuse of Contraception by Sexually Active Women Aged 15-19

Discussion:

 A significant portion of sexually active adolescent women have never used contraceptives or
have employed them sporadically.
 A recent analysis found that one-half of all initial premarital teenage pregnancies occur in the
first six months of sexual activity
 Based on the research, the reasons for nonuse include:
o Did not expect to have intercourse
o Wanted to use something but couldn’t under the circumstance
 may include some young women who didn't expect to have inter- course as well
as those who encountered barriers to access to contraception, in- cluding
psychological barriers.
o Partner objected
o Believed it was wrong or dangerous to use contraception
o Didn’t know about contraception or where to get it
o Sex wasn’t much fun with contraception, or contraception was too difficult to use
o Had intercourse at the time of month when couldn’t become pregnant
o Too young to become pregnant
o Had intercourse too infrequently to become pregnant
 New and imaginative approaches are needed that take into ac- count the increasingly early
sexual experience of young people, the un- planned and sporadic nature of their sexual
encounters and their ignorance about the risk of pregnancy.

Source: Zelnik, M., & Kantner, J. (1979). Reasons for Nonuse of Contraception by Sexually Active
Women Aged 15-19. Family Planning Perspectives, 11(5), 289-296. doi:10.2307/2134461

Title: Exploring the Reasons Behind Parental Refusal of Vaccines

Discussion:

 Parental refusal of vaccines is a growing a concern for the increased occurrence of vaccine
preventable diseases in children
 Vaccines play a vital role in preventing diseases in children, so it is crucial that pharmacists and
other healthcare professionals understand the reasons that parents are hesitant or refuse to
vaccinate their children.
 One of the most common reasons parents offer for choosing not to vaccinate their children
stems from their religious beliefs.
  Another common reason that parents give for refusing or delaying vaccinating their children is
personal or philosophical reasons.
 The fourth common thread is that parents want more information regarding vaccinations. They
want to be able to make informed decisions about their child's healthcare by knowing both the
benefits and risks associated with each vaccine
 If pharmacists and other healthcare providers can understand the main concerns parents have
about vaccinating their children, they can be better prepared to have informative conversations
about immunizations.
 Education and taking time with patients have been shown to result in modest improvement in
terms of affecting parents' attitudes about immunization, but the exact messages or tools for
healthcare providers should use have not been fully discovered.

Source: McKee, C., & Bohannon, K. (2016). Exploring the Reasons Behind Parental Refusal of
Vaccines. The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of
PPAG, 21(2), 104–109. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.2.104

Title: Combating Vaccine Hesitancy: Teaching the Next Generation to Navigate Through the Post Truth
Era

Discussion:

 Hesitancy to vaccinate has been linked to some vaccine preventable disease outbreaks in the
last two decades.
 In 1999, the anti-vaxxer movement, an organized body of people who refuse to vaccinate and
blaming vaccines for health problems, got boosted when the journal Lancet published a paper
claiming a correlation between the measles vaccine and autism 
 Messages to Communicate to the Target Group
o Immunization Also Protects Others. The idea that vaccines protect not just an individual,
but enable us to protect others that cannot be vaccinated, could improve willingness to
vaccinate
o Approved Vaccines Are Safe and Go Through Thorough Evaluations. The risk perception
for vaccination has to be improved by informing the target group in a simplified manner
about vaccine development and approval, about the vaccine's influence on the
frequency of outbreaks and about the probability of complications during an infection
compared to side effects of the vaccine.
o Herd Immunity Can Eliminate Diseases. It should also be emphasized that receiving all
necessary doses of a vaccine are required to reach high levels of immunity.
 Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes
immune to a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person
unlikely. As a result, the whole community becomes protected — not just those
who are immune.
  Employing all types of communication channels in combination, including interpersonal,
community-based, and mass media channels, is preferable as it has a better chance of changing
mindsets than a single channel approach
Source: Arede, M., Bravo-Araya, M., Bouchard, É., Singh Gill, G., Plajer, V., Shehraj, A., & Adam Shuaib,
Y. (2019). Combating Vaccine Hesitancy: Teaching the Next Generation to Navigate Through the Post
Truth Era. Frontiers in public health, 6, 381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00381

Title: Hand hygiene: An evidence-based review for surgeons

Discussion:

 Approximately 10% of hospital inpatients are suffering from an infection acquired following their
admission
 it is essential to implement changes to improve compliance.
 A substantial proportion of HAIs result from cross-infection, and transmission of microorganisms
by the hands of healthcare workers is recognized as the main route of spread
 Changing hand hygiene behaviour by educating patients, and involving them to ask all
healthcare workers who were going to have direct contact them ‘Did you wash your hands?’,
based on the American Partners in Your Care programme, empowers patients with responsibility
for their care and increased soap usage and hand washings.
 Improved hand hygiene compliance has been shown to significantly reduce the HAI rate.

Source: Nicolay, C.R (2006). Hand hygiene: An evidence-based review for surgeons.
International journal of surgery. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2005.06.002

Title: Hand hygiene: Back to the basics of infection control

Disussion:

 Hand hygiene is now regarded as one of the most important element of infection control
activities.
 The hands of HCWs are commonly colonized with pathogens like methicillin resistant S.
aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), MDR-Gram Negative bacteria (GNBs),
Candida spp. and Clostridium difficle, which can survive for as long as 150 h.
 Proper hand hygiene is the single most important, simplest, and least expensive means of
reducing the prevalence of HAIs and the spread of antimicrobial resistance
 An increase in handwashing compliance has been found to be accompanied by a fall in MRSA
rates
 The evidence suggests that adherence to hand hygiene practices has significantly reduced the
rates of acquisition of pathogens on hands and has ultimately reduced the rates of HAIs in a
hospital
 Other precautions in relation to hand sanitation include
o Avoiding unnecessary touching of surfaces in close proximity to the patient
o Avoid using artificial nails or extenders
o Avoid using jewelries such as rings

Source: Mathur P. (2011). Hand hygiene: back to the basics of infection control. The Indian journal of
medical research, 134(5), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.90985