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    lenguaje lexico gramatica

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    134 views26 pages

    Himmelmann Lexical Categories and Voice in Tagalog

    Uploaded by

    Juan Meza
    lenguaje lexico gramatica

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    tera that longs tte apleathe, wheres the ere leit mara th valency ines vies, 7 References Aldea, Alex 1988 she ction ery ac fon lems Ati Al 58 Ther fam ran gm om Autin Por 157. Cacates so apps in Avan Abigal La th 0 pri ey fd fit Sth menial afro a meson Langue esi ie Mak 159A Ga of aan Bs Ga ay es No 10 Lexical Categories and Voice in Taga- log [NIKOLAUS P, HIMMELAEAN. 1 Abstract The mating and lsc ctegary of s-led vea ros ion aspect of fs eelved le ateton in he conrovesy suouning te sass of these ptm Its cmon f asm that thse oe camo cca witht to dstingsh dierent clases of ros bsed en morpilogic! fetes. Thee tos ae nt pected. Farhernore, rge jst) of he punve verbal row lows for unaind uae, Hower "vera rots ave noe verbal meanings whe ea without voice marking Ine Ream te shown tht oie mated forms ve lel ver sean Follows tt voice mking ideation among mary ee ngs) 246 oxaLasP Hams ‘The fst pa ofthe pape taken up by the discon of sme sk Ince resrog the nie af esa an sta emepores, whch 3 eeu soring out the Tagalog fat, Contra o saga assum ‘dons i is propos hata clearcut sinc sold be mde Ree level and symace (le. pve seuctira) eatgori allowing form maces tetwen tes two bids of caegorsons flees ems! 2 Introduetion ‘eoking trough sandal Tagnlog English coon sich as Pagani (0972, Sunes (198). ngs (1980), or Rubino (1998), one wil nae los mney hat arly ay Tagalog ot else with a English ‘ert Incas all estima vera rota gles wth English nuns oracine/partipes Type exams inca objec oun {git fer bg, ation nominates sucha "at ying er id, and allecvespcipes sich as ‘sare, defeated fe date. This ac” ‘ice slsing Taag ot with English owns or adves sin mae ‘cost with he pracice of glosiag voce marked formation isang the same 008 a5 Engish vert. For example, igs lsd to give someting 0 somene, 1 and in um c- and dai 1 ‘usd, to sures Taken at face Yl, these cence in he water of ‘ous in yoieeached fermions appear to imply tain Tagg al ver Tal esression ae somehow derive fom aoveral ots, "Targa hs page that hr some th the en atl Tago vert expressions at died fo sce degre. A proper test exp ‘ton of thi a, Poweve,reiles certain greiner crione of base srl spc of Tagloe movposyl and the nate of Vex and sync exegres. Secon 3. prove rt oven he poxt Ipanant structural sons na Tagg cine andthe rm us bee ‘elerthse postions In section 3.2 it propos tat here sno necessary coation be ween he lasieaton of lei tems bol om mompbosyact fetes nd tection of eka rs wi ei he ty) Ce iy ina pase src we. That thee erence fen er fal syiactie categories (he caegses o the termi nodes fn a pe Stacie re) and Tesla cepais proper (ete foal elepe ic fest items may belong. withthe excepon ofthe cep of Phase suc) and mismutces ewe thas wo Kinds of capris * Mny tw Gy Psi Ct ein, Haan Sa, itt a i Wa tra nda Linge carnontsavovores TAAL 25 ons tesa te my ss The props cosa wih wor {ening teed untooity pate @rsean 1984, Br 201 Ce gus at wht nly te oe fst oe ef Sr {Ge inex ry carp shal fat bea ihn {cat woe et hat econ eat sort the wove coespncens tee the fe My propa SpE BY SCulecaminton ee ct come Cenc pt oad ty Bren wich eles cn sats of dart! our of tos anping ts dle execs. Shcln 2. so nrc unr of einai dstactns co ilo oper landing of ie moore sd seman ec fc sg Hs tn pars, ater made ave te toe te mapy mips cms nw ater ce reve © ‘Tish se ome nay app he oroge, e orp a he ‘Youle seston ev) oe ao a al cornea a ke Talon. Seton tapes tinction htven (ermal yt aes and Jnl carpses poe fo apy WHR repr sya a> ‘stingy bed al Topcon rs (i an deed ‘onda cal Inte ey tay al cern sei te Sane se sen postr Geto). Wid ep eal ae Sie neve, te we dea el dsincsons (clon 42). Tht Sveploy tos es fost oma Gr pcr rpg) propel ieh we mt dey pede fey mang Hee, {Eilypesiomble wer Tago mec chanced a pe hy Slo en ine oth ie of wha nf meng ae dete by Talo ot shown ha a ind cn ee Wibot foe atom an th ey hve nscale te trning he ec ce In rir caret a Seale vt! as ema onto wo ae ato Tiny son poi an epcatn ohe ew a vte a= ‘agin Tapiog sata ia x mcfeatone nc he ha ‘tanger te mening aah cat oes wich sated That, ono he cho see mari wor a Tagg shares Some siento in Els, wou Be hong to tine he ‘Sr Lindt esa pope cases of ee ems 250/Nc4atsP Hn 3. Preliminaries {41 Base Syettic Functions ln Tagalog, “This secon tly inodues the Flowing four base moephoxynatc funeons In Tagalog causes psn, sue, onset Suet OF adn. and moder "The st tree Foo cll ned In Tag log by set of grammatical marks and word ere. TH dtinn ofthe moi fueton in aditon rues referee tthe emis of the ems involved “The elloning scsi scoala to the mst asc nd ple con- stron ype snd sould mete mistake for a conpecerive ine of ‘ste Tegatog cause seu. pric, the fat hat syat utons edie pinyin tems of overt grammatical kes and wo eer Suld ne be misonsiued athe cae tt hese race sta he foment ae he only ethene fr these fusions. nad, a soba ‘mantra yn ate sch a elative aie Torso, tel Stn, conte plenomens ete could he ed oppo ke sales of these funclows The pup of the preset sect, homeve ssp 1 [rovise ie eaer with eof xs dentate etre ach fantom dus fit the pursing ofthe examples ought hs ot, {Ass wellknown, comideable caaoveny suru the question of whether the grammatical Telaton subject exists in Tog. Flowing Sclucter (196) tit genrlly aro hat dg hss in ps pele poston (oe below stow many tac ll of the pesuasy iver Sujet popes proposed by Keenan (1976) Sls usu in detail by ‘DeWalt (1979.67 o, 1984-180 and Kroege (1983), agp ay ‘anatysed a subjects Resa they eat sus pre of pot tun ubjecs properties (ch as bag the ony argent ht an Ich ‘ating quai, contol secondary praise, be reaivsed and. be ‘mtd in coajuson redo) while oer abet gna ae map paleo aoc. The major ptf concerto Pera othe fale agenelaed properties of secs, in prt he properties of Sewing a the amcade i reeive conus, te set ia Eg-NP ‘elias and ihe aes in imperatives To some exten, Kroger rd Schachter dap hee abou the empl fase. Kreger 19:36, ‘T10? aad. Schicher 19962127, Mare grin, is dowd wheter these properties in fat provide rele posts or grammatical Iealons. Aria and Blake (199730), aniong eer, profes seins outs in diez and ape fore ality fe sje on in Bo lines, langue for tick the tase ats evan is ae ae ute similar tote Tagalog oes (ee ako Arka (his volume), Aa nd Mn ing tls vom) Hee fap te pon ht here ar subjects Tay ‘og wth the proviso ta the sujet Ia Tazo les some reads fro sujet note nganpes suchas Exch Pres in Tgaog ply occur clase poston, athe fotowing xa (1) damatng ane eso yt Gemdiibe scetNK awa a Avanial DISTLNK spouse 386.8085 ‘Rerbassnd sive” 1 aot const precede the rd, the marker ay ose in rt the pede: (2) sgmopint —aynang 1 sigmaging maul BPURChmaner PARLSTAT.lep tw Theme ae er auger fel ase Subjects gener flow the pret. They ae marked with he spi stan Gin tease of pope mates 2) masorp an pastin ‘masarip ‘ng fuetain Satawisicton SPEC GHeatag "Thefood nar god [Note tat the spect aiseang canbe epaced by a denon po- ou ach syn (1) above mac mre rely a pts roma nse of aan in (2) on cou als ong magn. thermore, the ele aril ang lest not subject marker sine apres mins ecu fer sc unto nthe fe Towing examples th fst ong phe (ang ang) Fons ste pe tate we he second amps Cane taal mg a) is the b= int 250) Nwouais Pans (8) ang langgdine rin ang tongs mg lenges Gin ang umslong st sec fis SPEC AVelp Loe mane n "The ants also helped the cide (ie The ces wh beled te cides were so he nts) Therefore, it sot posible 1 dls the subject simply as the phrase smu ang Instead he suet stn ste an pase Whih ‘ows the prete (and there canbe cel) ne an pie afer te prei- ee Athowgh a sc is alvays imple in 4 Tagsog bse clus, his subject des not hae fo be overt) expressed Compare te follwing ‘uence of tacts wher the thet othe sand pte nag), tle is eovterentl with he subject th fre pete nha) overtly express (3) et inahe nist ang Longin a ek mis ng ligase {nd RLUUNDR) geting 8G.POSS SPEC at cr inlay ‘yd sa pampng a Ingsy mye sang foi RLIUSDR)-CV-pston SSG.POSS LOC tier nk "Ande got the ana patito the rank I he prediae svice masked (as ln (1) and) above) a psi eaon| tists einen tbe subjet ad the peat that the ema oe ofthe frist appeaing in subject anton is evenly marked by he che fc on te predicate. Ite priate marked wih un maggot ‘nana he abject he str me shorn y (bd he lon ps (6) sumotiy ld sangha msakly lk an tg AV-pascaper WL LOC boat “Tey gar the boa? Tiga ape, pan Gu) wl ot oon Re tse see mar ih sri pe Th yo bere mae ol ©) sumigaoe yang an timsigéy oaLNK atk AVshon DISTINK eh “Tht hsb (8) magmachingun zag eroplana apmochinegin mang coplno RiAV.muchiaggin now SPEC silane "he pane machined In some instinct cece of one othe other of te te aor voce tines cones seri ferences persning to ellen the ines (ibe ston an thee In many insta, however, tbe eee of Te ‘Seo sce aie determin the oat erste seston 42). ‘Undergoer vole fe mare by one of the following hee fics the profi thesia andthe sli Une tether woe af Fen the tres argon voles fines conse ier With rel Yo the somatic the enderger, Hence cso) stn a est thee ude soles Tap ming several esis ad compl tons, Ie goer hdr tue haf the rele fs marked withthe ‘COMVIVARCE ORE eft hen he ube exreses sn agumet be Ing the semaie me of asc thems, Compa: 9) inate ne ang_— a’ iba me Sng CVRUUNDR)tum SPLPOSS SPEC chill “They eed the cil” Here the abet ang da stb spaced theme the ely ewes Froving othe event exqressed fy the pede Gal). The ator x= Prose y a possesive pronoun (ul) In an to the pets the Prat marked fo rl y the nxn which oly osu the underger vices, Traut ar lo viewed 8 moving ens an Rene make with the conveyance ec pei Spee “PS Peon (6 Str aC RII pt ne We pitts eer stn 10) pangropak bo na tang FpaneREDI-puol ko Tamang CVANSTR:REDI-c® ISGROSS mow ly ing eat, re kutaho PROXLNK knife jus cui wi sie (Wel eta 1991367) “The sian marks lcaive vo, In oie oie he bit ex pesses a loa argumet, uoferstod aa very bal Sm. Tit may be {helcetonw which something happen: (10) tein to ang bahay inion & fee ay RUUNDR)dweling-LY ISG.POSS SPEC howe mas io ENK PROX ste as hose” ‘Ortho octon wo which rom wich motion esis (12) pinta rman ll Ipntean tania ts KUUNDE rection ow alin SPLROSS amg at cea ‘Stec chile "Tey wen othe cl” ocuve yoie Isao used freien abies, and beneates (13) (3) en ys ahs REDIsisan ims SS REDLttverLY 2ALPOSS 186 "Wil you (ease set some aside fre ven more gene Hrave vice may be use for al dso undergo ‘shih ar no tafe by the acon dented by th edie: Lncavcaris An cc Tact 25 (18) inde! ting — mo a Maia inten to Mara NEG fookLY256.r088 PN Mars Do pnt ok at Mar 3) angen nin ahs fwlonpan fins ak “Un yubapae." (23a (15) eset the Fst person singular pronoun a, m4) iiss proper aun (Mari) wih caked th he proper sou al ‘ater tha nth he speci rl ag. sales (19)(1) als laste Underger voce pede in cereals mood whic ak the els mak Inga ns ‘The sf -n marks patent oe Ii the var member of the undergo oiceuting afta i sed fora ted vary of under fers ncang propia pte, Le. ens dey allt o Fete ye event deny he pre (16) a pain nese ng atowong peutyin ain hong wing Hapin apn Sapa Le ll testo Japon! ‘he sin ferro te oer two underger sues ina it only cers in on-eals mood (as inthe reseing example). nels mood te rod esp mare bythe ls uergoor ok ie ie binary is lidag Insp atin ng RL{UNDR)dead_—TPLINPOSS —PROKLNK. Along Mapén Glawsng apn imolNk. apa "We lle hese wo apes Recall ht he eis infix nce nl and ny, he ucerger vies (eh evar (22) above. 256 Nocuns Pana “This review of voce marking concludes ou ier das sion fhe wo base syntactic nto sujet nd pret. Tuning 90% tothe third syte fiction mentioned atthe begining o is secon, osbject argument or ajc test tha tate a oma ‘keri dion tetneennonsubjct rgurents ard nc In Tape Tog ince te acon baween thse two synace Fenctos Is of mo relcvanoet he sus of pinay concer in ths pope, il be gna tere. Nose rzumens ad adjncs ae marked with ier the gene snuar ng oF he geen active marker sa (nthe ease of prope nous, ‘he makers nan Lay, espectvel), Neglecting ome mim em ‘imaily aks possessrs a a (17) and aaesajet agus a (Gs) and (17) ang hart gto ‘ng hat ng amok SPEC King GEN mosquito "The ing a he mesg 118) pipunuin mo yin ng to REDIpins'in mo yao ng ku REDLIuLPY. 2SGFOSS MED GEN lou ‘oil hat ca) with ce” (9) ina ng mee langgim ang rma insagat ‘ng —maingé ange ang) uma RUUNDR)Ste GEN PL am SPEC an “Tho ants ie man” ‘Te loctve maker sa moss are Vavty f tempo a cal Juss (20) and recipes as well as (se) dite patents an {thes en they 0 ot ocr in subject fant (5a mga bt Ln (8) above “raptor nbeune tae acne seal pete at lee ‘reg an sn, Theta pes cs os whee en 20) dae mt tla tan St Solna REDIon in ted ISTLOC bow SPL REDI compe. cover LV a a Toc place INK Dist "Ambre hey wer covered wth enh a hat ae” 20) magpuna sili sa simbakon mppaut Sig. St Siatan ReAVsdrecion 39L LOC church “They weno hich [A ier ference between ng prases ae spss pers fo the fet {ha he postion spre este (ey may cece In presse well arn pose picte potions whe the pst of rapa: fai etd (general inmate. Turning filly © ates, all modiing constuction: involve the linker na nga vowel gta sop tween the wo consis of main consacton 22) on mat ma hasop ne ati har SPEC STAT-maliess USK — imal ‘The rer athe ensues in 2 modisng ceostion tm Fixed Che snl animal” oul sb be ened by ag hap na mal Semanal {Us genera ulcer which const wc dents the (ep head ot the consracn and which he moi. Tht iin (22) Wi let fr speakers of Tapa twat is ened isa smal specimen fhe ls of | Smal and not an asima-ike specimen of te as smal ings, re fades ofthe one of mali aed hyo. However, is occa wheter {his semandeastacton hs any tnd of formal (prosodic andor symebe) cone. ‘Consoqocy, whenever in he fllowing Sections its sad tata ven sword or root am fr can be wed asa mos, he om moe does ‘otter consitoent which defined exlesvely in sy ome ‘Satine satel in thatthe term mire aed oly fn reerence 0 onsen which rine the preceding following onsite wih {liner Which of he two inked contents i omsdred the air (and whieh oe the Bead), however, died co Soran erund 259 /Notats Pana “To sumac: the four tase speci functions ree, sj, oesiject argument of aul, and mir are eal Heil “Talg because tee Ia et of narkers which in combison wth fe piso resttons allows a seaiahurvand Weniicon of cach these fs (ih the exeson of he mar fancton which ese iy ivoleseeeace to he seats a he Wo tems ie yak) ‘Wat cf major importance forte flowing discs sth fac tha te (gamnatcl mutes ae earibatedin ach yt a principle, “Tagaig content word excapt couse predic, is preceded by one grams maker (or fucion wor. This porn consequences Foe Tgalog phrase act as wil Besen shorty ‘32 Lexical and Syntactic Categories ‘ie stro pati atepores (pars of pec a Talo is a mater of cvirveny. Spel, ther isang tition fas tht the ie ‘ion tetween nous and ves i inimal oe petaps even non-existent ‘Many of hse clams ster from couse ns rer of spect, rest- Ing tm the widesprad pace of at eferencag ley enough te teen Tesi caer, Lethe acon of eve ome accor Emmnateal (phonological, mephsogcl, morphosyaace) eter, snd Syaucde cactoies, Le he enegn lal tached fo tbe nos pase ctr ee. Although there i an inelaton betwen the to Kinds of steprston, ftlow fee the view set ou ie Sase (19934! tha these to kinds of caegrsaon should be lew dings nd tat there is no mecessry coat beeen et. The preset secon proves avery consemed version othe arpunt fe fit view. I ao Idee sad ecmplies he ea intone me Ia the tae of Tagalog inthe flowing secon To begin Wiha cer distinction shoud te made between oncogl and linguistic (wana) exerts. Ontos (eonepi, no ‘iol eaepves are he esl ofthe eategoraon of th ents popula. Ing te univee, specs and conceived by be Raman ogni p= rats, fr exam, ache 19838 passin), Insti th Tent tn ene rnd sheer ranean eae cmcwre Secon eee Sao eee cerca chacagtece cen eterate ee FF mean mom man cooitve apis iver sc ctgainton univer t- se ae Ia parce pee). Lexie al yntatccte {ies are he result of te caegrsaon of gus Hens oe th a srinmatel(phooolgicl, morpbolola, see) cress, That he fidence fo Tei and syce categorie vay ives at len ore formal pope othe tems in quston Ses 19839," Lexi and syniact cuegois are ths by defen langagespece a they te ‘heen lange spel fra eatues uel he dstbson af such fe: ‘ures fends to stow language losyecasis (at even among ‘tolled languages which share as nent of lec ters end {eummateal feats, the eteporstin ofthe leva tens bse n the {Farmaticalfatares wil nee produce clases of lexi em whieh se fly comes). "The vw tht leita syate eateries cannot be defined in prey otal ems does no ny tht here sno iteration between ‘nlgia and sya categorisation. General, there wl es stan {al ovedapbetwean te clases resin ro the wo differen caters on procedures A pect mach heteen an ontogeal eatery ad @ Siglesemamteally well motivated grammatical etre, Hower, sp ‘hou i tht mc th ue of whee the lass eat 5 realy formal gamma casey A spel example the we of perp ‘grave tu seperative consirtions Wo define the gamma ce ber) adc. no ther Fetes coma withthe Somos, th ‘isi eased in this way isthe cles of grdsble concepts which, 1 ‘ould fold san ontogial rahe: thn 2 iguse as. To languages where adie isa formally wel-detined class's typically ne case at ‘otal adjecves ae gate (eg. dead ed). Os th ct ha xed its which clearly remot adjectives on foal grounds eat be use a conaratve censtnctns simpy besa thy ce oneoglygradae (eg Mere wad you fad more beau aU as pla? “To pts nore genera ters nga ference to cng (wot egos eaough oideniy the cls f tems which pra a 1 vengrmmaticl crstrstion or show a ven rama etre, Shere no need employ a seond lpr of gamma aegis ino ‘ert dtm he clas fies te queson. Such gamut cages ‘oul te simply copies ef the onli ves On if theres some m= ‘ne a at" mri propo a ae | Ion ron er wh tri ot 28 /oouas Pan mc boneen game nd oetclogcal classes is it pos an ef "define grammatical asso excl ems. “Tere smo dot tha onlogial capone eof fandamentl poe tance the cosine staly of lene! at sant elegans ‘ly by eating the formals deine lea aad sya capers ih no eaeores ta it bane posite 9 make a cosas ‘comparison tween syntactic andr eel expres. Tat in eet ‘ola that wo languages, 1 and 12, bath ate a catgory nnn ths be shown th ls Ac ea es in Lt and elas of eal tes in 12 each of whch dtioed in tems set of anguage spec ets (sin LI lass As tice te eto formative occurs While in L2 ass Ais ined by cooserence witha copl)ae sin Jar in wo repards a they ae of soupy eqs: td) proto eal iments of oh ches dele onclogaly‘iiar ene, Issn hint beings and peep on tine things. ‘And gis for reasons ef esslnausi compara, wil sc sionaly te ncesry fe To make reference to number o¢ olga ‘ekeyres hn particular THINGS, HASONS, ACHONS, STATES, al Prorsies The te OMECT in smal ag) fs sed 0 refer al es stable ens (in paicular ANATE BEINGS and THINGS), Ii ess ‘witout ter csCusion that Tagalog orgy i very smi, ot ea tia to English onlogy so at for example,» Taplog wot which de ‘ns ‘to issued to bes iN dentin “Turning nw tote grammatical cera af lec es and very teste dsntan generally mace Been cata ond at ion wors (rfl wont and partes)” Sacha dsincton as to be posite inal guages (Suse 19934:6520, Furthermore gate eerlyaped ta the inven of fui word shel langage Speci: Whenever her isacontoveny regatng he manera in of ‘Sate expres na piven lngue, pein tenis cla ‘ation of coca woes And with regard te elsfcton of coment ord the dsntonttween fx and sys exer sf cea rlcvace Se ahmae 9 mg at apn ww ae eis ‘nang to nage a ay ct ‘tee toe gma aes, Pos we st (Gu fa ct oop i om gr he "race stn pal ee Le edn fond age Linen careone 0 SIN TAAL / 26 “The er ial catego, wed inch of he eure tue snplie owo, only pal overapyingctegorison proces In oe age, whichis widespread among Syiscican,c efes wo the tia tes of pase sate te, also Kao efx Inserion pt I the tsa tation Ba Boo widely assed ta the so Imes eateries wiversly const he flavin our ener cor, Vie, Aetna Peposon or, expesied by way of Fenoe mi hn al content word cor Bech exhaust with he help ofthe two fenures [nominal and fever the long he ‘enegres Tound te terminal noes of pra Sacre te ae eld termina ya categvies. The em sac eatgory mers teria ‘tu on termi(rpvaa ayaa eaten ogee, Te term sel ‘atgory only edn eon esa, which dete in he Tllowing Te socond wap, lial category ttt othe casseaon oes ‘aliens secon ranma cote, ie the ctepe information ‘acd each xi entry ina dtonay.Alnegh the ctegoy ls foam verb alecive an prepoion ae gery als arto ti nen toy, the catego Infrmaion piven na ona Is usually sch mre Fine gnined and snpie norman concerning phoncogel, mer lop and spate proper of he em a question In anguages ith ‘complet lfeioealorpelog. for example, swell ot sce Simply o say ta given tem noun ver stead as en ate that on es lied as «oun Belongs te second delerson| ‘ne ott an em casi aka ver i nent snd sj oa Iu one Forman. Ano on Tappan to be obvious tht total space categorise ea enegvc inthe ste hat ey ae a anes pr of each eval ety. “That leah ei Hen hast be mark for ea yt esp In 1dr be inser ther place fot pase marr, No dvi tthe se inthe very peer wa tou be et agree eth is ‘ew However, i sonar to sume ten sya ees Sn eel eases are cenensue In hat lexical ealegois ae at Ther sutateonsatons ofthe mre general minal space eer “hat ly, deveesion lasses are Ba fer sleepin of he spe sls of nouns, verb cases just a Torr subeatepoiston te sap tla of vet, ee. Sieh nea oration ence eit Wee ca fee and lex extegre In fat appear nest im nar fl ‘i ta i omg nam an ‘Saline gue sans rom Src ne = ‘Sistas pm se a. 29 cave noe mes (lig, in pala, he T-Bar lng), bu tively Corser the following hypoxic example: Tee most bse phrasal ceegores ia langage L alvayn const of an vert anton Wont X an 8 ‘net word Yad practically al comtent words may -crir with each ‘uetion Word That I the simplest and st salgfoneard nay to de scribe the phe trict of hs language is 2 boot Iwbee X represen function word, and Y canent words, Phrases would ‘ent distinguished ply bythe fanion words sein ashe bea of | the prase (le. deere phrases cont of deem a oem ‘word auiiny pcs fenestra sone wd nt So cn Consequray a eka tems representing comers words woh Sinly ie mare as ¥ (content word ite lesion Fr the aie of pba Stace no futher subcapaston of the content word i ‘re ‘Assume fe th language allows the plaistion sore bt et a comet words Moreover, there ae two vey ferent pl making Sates, one avoling sti the ter ones pei. That with regu opal making, the comunt word of tnguage Lalit the classe: oe wich uke plural sulin hoe wc take lal peices and hse Which ot alow plualson Seat onolopcly) thee clases Tough’ coespend to English count nouns, English ven snd English Imus sous, epee, anguge L then would Fe comet cam "it soune ad verb ar lexi esegres Bu hat feel egos ‘re ely spatng, leant forte analyse pase markers la es ‘t plase stu Bath pours nd verbs simply coment word ‘Woe ray be eal es) an sealord ace he clam tha here may be ack of comsaonttwoee terial saeco ‘tl lexealeaegorie wit ear morphology the colon ma easing with gard stnbanal, ie syoctitria. This owsh- iy aes, once psn, simply because the lea egos proce tenis wo te puch more fine gaied than the one eoacered Withering sti ners. Assume a language Ltn which the terminal syctic ‘ogre of content words ae nn n the same wy a ngage L Shove. Avsime forte Ua In thre ae wo fron wore ng negation, ai that one f these Fantom wor consisted with ‘os clas of conte words an the ter one wi al othe remain cv tent onde Thats, the rpaion wor provioe async envionment Ich ney cases theca of comer words iat to lasses which, esd om tli rer, could te tera moans a ets. Agi LI ‘woud te an example os angnge where nou ae ver are xia eae- ‘exbul where ti diincon plas nore with gre o tema sate egies Te peut etn. it wil be argued that Tagalog ebb some f the opens ofthese pote languages. To conlude his secton, it may etd that he proposed sinc oo ferent levels a he nai ‘the penal popes of lexical ems Siar in pan ln | ‘hess of detent eves or tes inthe aml ase suture tnade le a vary of nontmatsormona syntactic tee, lng ER nine wit these hore the caret props jes be cea tniormity hype (reean 19:72) wit rep 10 esc! Hens of ‘wo coun se does sey withthe ssumgion hat tere simple ‘ivr rid secrng a whch he level tems of langues cam [ematical lene Seca prone hat thee are fo Feast (8 ‘Ese loves an which level lems hve to be graramatlysnalsed ad ‘Ope level isthe eel of tein sync etegois whee lee le ae eepriee according Wo tir pse socal popes (his let! corespondef the evel of esta sac in TFG) The see- ‘on level shelved tenia categories groper where lex ers ae ‘Meri scsading wo hse grammaialfaaer wich are nt dey ‘slevot for pane stctre. Thi eve perf sto psslly very Tetegencou fens (pools, morpolgialanlSyrcfea- tare) is wot likely tht ea mere deed analyst wl tars 0 that far than dealing with one esl here ny be wt oak 2 ree tdci between xo or more level ch ls ef eres can be equate deat with For the purposes of this pape, however, wil be tsmed fat the to levels sung stove ae salen: accom forall he relevant poeromers. ‘The disincn between vo ves nthe rama ass flex salem implies the poss of diferent alignments Petmeen the 10 Tent nth tat goa eg, here ae to pnb. 3) the is 2 ‘cna en the css om bth evs 9 hee sn sack ol ‘hon. The former psig weaves In Earpeah langue, ‘ath ol ad mer. Te ar posal ound in Tagalog ad pos ‘yo Autonet Ings) and potty lo In Sls angages (ete elinck nd Demers (1998) fora dscsion). Inboth Tagalog nd Saison languages, bower the lack of cola en Bete thet levee edu to the fat Wate wd ae ae fsa indsins wih ep syntactic eateries. Logically, i would ao te psi o find no eorelaion du othe fac hat there ste Sof lca etegoies anda aie st of tral sy ceo in {give languages ad tha tere conlaton Reon he 0 set For ‘ermare,t'stgely pose tat he lei ems of phen language belong 1 distinct rin! spe enters xt re it wih etd ‘oleveal eazponis, Tale I ummarns thee posites ‘Table I: Possible lgnments betwen leial and syntactic categories tt edie I iit ‘dint Matt Stine Mm distin inate Nisin inant “Types In and Th are disinglsod by the fit hatin a there is 99 cea ton feten exe al sae ctgoies whl ia the wo case ae "This mot the ple fora dale dscwsion of whether ll the por ‘ses vided for in Tale ae actual tested a nua anges However, we may note hat Type Tis exemplified by lndo-Euopet an ‘ngs, Type Il by Tagalog, Susan anuaaes an lo Cay tan Ince ty Stse (1990). Type II maybe attested aang By ing tngunges Several muck cussed agslatinaing lange sch we Turkle ‘orl may’ be eppeacing Type a salar mpg oan ‘eos diferent space categories and hence mmephaopaly task ‘nee may Be ofogonl fo clases ted on pases! pstons As for ye 1V, Ian not mre of ngage which ks ikea promis andi forte comple sseace ofa Kind of raat Gnas trong les Kos (spite the fat tt mh of te Ker 09 te vil susie tends to gory languages in sich a way tt comple hence of gamma stbetoas inp). Sawn Sones eae sed re ee aan ‘el nosis Ha ee ee ‘BS ets Sas (an) Deh (097) tl Al 0 he se dan tart ea es reser 4 Lexical and Syntactic Categories n Tagalog “This seton pons more died cscs of the im thin Tag fog heres oor oly a mina, sine tween uta Verbs AS already enone in the greene ection th cam ees othe at ht Tagalog cone words do nt have to he sibcagiie wih epider mit synactie ctegaries. However, the way this cm ie generally p= Seen te erate Isat config fa this oe implied ht thee ae aloo Fes categories Tagalog Thi secon clam s wre 4s will be shown in ston 42 Buco beala with, ston. T ml teil peat se of the arguments fo the fst la, hth Tagalog ent words do tot have to be catered wit pa rial ticeatepris in Teglog 41The Lack of Terminal Syntactic Categories in Tagalog Tagalog exemplifies the hype Innate icssed in section 3.2 st esd 10 ovo esenilFeates. Fis al pas entepres, with be "epi ofthe peice (vhen clase), are eorponed of 9 ston ‘ord which laeats the esegory anda ctat wond, Th Toslog tases gency allow a Very ample pater in which hea ‘lla between ingle Yencon wot ad sige conn wo 24) labs me manggagamot sa Hinabee ne mangetgamat Sa CVRLIUNDR) ach GEN doctor toc tundalo ange silo ang ido roider SPEC eee "The pian Paced thee othe soe: ‘Second conta words te not suas with regan wich ution words thy yoo with arhemore al content or yl be ‘sed in prec Fncion Tat itil Tal coment wor | ‘ecu in exe the same amber and Reds of trial pron int ase ratte: Ths. suing Kroeger’ (198311848) aay ‘Tagalog clause ttre, he srtine of (28) ca Be aly oe (P= gente phrase, CW = coment Woe: (25) HPAONFL oy int) (0 fone mf mangas {PP esto [DPT el ow Mo 7 Ric ems ly me sw yt sed potion ihe ciel Tye 26 Nita P.nomana That sas all Tagalog content wots may oxcur ia excl the sme pisse-nctrl positon hasbeen amply cemansbued Inthe erie Soe in foomote 3 above. Theo, Te’ examles wl fice op oc this ‘Ove prominent eae of Taglog prise sete te fc tht wo ‘nly onrc-eoting words may co-oeeur with he pei aie ang. AS ase by tmalng in 6) sve and dlogaon nthe flowing exam ie, itil posable (and ot wncmimon) ose fly inlet (eves {nd moe ura) ACTON worden conto wth ie spc ihe (25) wet a ans RED? ys ne CV-REDIewredtome ISGROSS SPEC “ilagean ‘o REDIaegs'an ni REDIcardiorLy — 3$G.r0ss "He wel en he once he at ing tee for.” Filly feed Acriow-nords also car wth he ter markers soil sess, Leg and: (21) tang pare ats ay ashy omg pe at ys yey fant SPBC pret and SSG PM LAY mg sdsabihin 1 sundalo 8 REDL-aben ini GEN. REDIaatemrery GEN Salen “A epee wale for whl he ler mold Bhonsle 17015) (3) nations syd ng bahay na chun yk a RLSTATinsion 380 GEN howe INK ‘maior plnatitnguen mmodiew SS. Ine RED tango STATigh LOC | RUUNDRE7-REDI Section LY ne halabde ne lain 4 GEN cao "He saw lhe nthe eto toward wich te eau as ging” Blootld 1917726) scat ene toes Tact 267 FPrtemore, fully nlesed AcTIN-Words my be in constuction with ‘quanti nclong he existe gsc may! : 29) mesroon ‘long nagdlaga ' mada flere map RED Ia EXISTDIST.LOC SSVLNK RLAV.REDI sue for oon sat ao ion DISTLOC Local at thre was edly Someone looking aft ths ik” (00) may tntpai ao bw fmayEREDI a ita ao st ko EXist CV-REDILCAUSwisile ISG Lc SS0AT “Thave somthing stow eu Inal ofthe peeling examples one coal insert cont words of any ‘er ong lexi eatgory in place of the ACTON weds sa here Changing th enepry of the conte word doesnot hanes conse oetces wiser fer he sat aed Sena ofthe oral pra Fer ‘tal, an extent unr pase expresses existential guticton ‘epidles of the ong! or lei eaepoy of is complement my “angen means ‘thre te ans" and may ipa sean thre hinge tbe show, Simla he formal propre of heise mie plas do ot ary with ie Kado erent word serving the omplenent ‘he function word Tee aera ike between ay sd comple tent al wo ets may neriene between teeta cnt Aisi come in ttwees mayroda aed is complement a tht ao 4 linker nthe mayan consrcton). A mayphmte may tt ony serve ws the peat of an existential ora poses const, bl may asd 7 athe complement inan ang ngs of se-prase An soft ‘Content appears to be pose and ui aay the phase ‘sre ofthis snd sili pase sip fenton word pls ete word and to ake no capil dsincons between contest weds th ‘Sgt terminal jac etegois Tit al content wens ay oe ‘a, without Farber dein or conversion, eth se hind of phe. ‘trac peslos- Ia he long his ay wl fe fee he spac uaormity hypothesis for content words. "5 pee coi ecw ner ey in whi chen on 26 Seas noe “Ther ae few leaves he set my ype fo cont words Is ot uncon os tha in exalt ek the receding ones, the hore were te somehow sonia byte a {ho wos wih wich ey cso at the eames ive Pads ‘the ches Whe am nt sar any tet pment ich ‘ect sh emaive ames allogter tre ae 2 suber op ‘et whch er tse alse ne tan he sation {iy hspabess or comen wot ist and pes nos tpn, no oma feces weaver exit bee capa doen sete Were fh ACTIN ‘rn ecn-wore, and Cnc when caring ine sane Pires! pon: Hen te eens can toner ‘emir pastor 2 uae phase sired as some Lind oman ean lative cae) hr 0 peed ran tessa these aly for om wor example ang Langan ‘ould be anand one och nan ec) Tope te teat anates inhi wep tal Kin of comet wos se ou at ote sala te ga mort apts fr ot ‘Tord ont secs ult acon nyo ter a tray slesndpenn evened bo ee esto fons wih Acro wore tind df om he cnn oe Binds coment wor Second he soma aye Is om in ht iy pnt sn aol finial) ler acre nt a fess Se clases) orator merpbologal posses (ae ce of ami tals Te sypacie wifi) ype or cote werd aes the mom gen aml economics the sya snd Semis of ‘Togaog pre srs, Hence iis he pened tala frre simpy TT oe a cseingsa pit of view, any aa of Taplog lose ste sl eae ees the et at tend an Be ‘sed nthe sae pose acti! poston sv ONC var tha ny ‘Se mona iy wl ef tah we a ae Conon Teanga ngage cheque natn the Sane famaon nor ace ns fond fle Te Scenery hype prensa sights asco th (Stesce sue how be sete wales Wl eae = ‘tori 42 LesialCatoores of Tagalog Roots “his econ sconce with he lm hat Taps oes show erent omal properties Which ae not dively peda from the mls Lea caooens aso Wee NTAGALD 20) category of tr dems, an tain thi ese they belong feet excl aegis. Its resent calenge the vita Tags te !e peat an ase be ken pt he nd ti secon ‘The major formal dstincions betwen Tealog fos perl he af fix St with wich they ey osu Tat he toy permet ee sine of dierent iil cnpotes in Tapio sa memphoogi! ome Tocrphsie the mopheogcal bass the csicain I il Kec speak th morpho ete classe of Tagalog oats Theft tn Taxsog ros belong to fer morphol cases ‘20 obvios (oerwise tere woud be no ned todas ths sue he). ‘hat is hee ae no easly Wentalepraigms Into which fo et rs thee smn ke 2 et fds! engin cr devenion ses 2 they ate wellknown fom the older Ind Furpean lenges This ot to tht so fr 0 morpholexil elsficons of Tioga Save ben proposed. Gut tte conay shana poner an lexical dsifestins of Tagalog ros exis mot of thom concen With ‘oie afations. However, the vrs chen ropa ers ‘idly tht ne wanders wheter thems re elie ih the same Eo lsat damn. This should Beconeebvioae simply by foking ste at Serf cles proposed by dierent ators, Her ay teteenav, at rot compreense ist fhe propos oud inthe iterate: ‘Blake (190538, who conus th work othe Spanish game ‘mains, operas wit 1 ase of active vert + Schuhe and Otnes (1072) werk wth he noon fan aT xe Fepondenc se ' tf vo armen ats whic, her wit th fe, om aor sine vert offering fees I= sols, NP ut ochre Kecalmesnig (1972298. Wh ‘his eto they ings 33 lee fro site Vert" (1972295206) and 10 clases for" nate verb (1972206:310), allowing he posit hat oslo to ore "han one cls On te hse of the sn meiaaony. Cr (1975) proposes 38 clses wile MeFasand (19763) fis 47 nee Som pate for verb, ntng that “mom ver ros ocean "a eal ma yt tet ee ote ply i ‘ecco apc a eho pe es ‘Sl sea ane a wen oman med "Ft cami hs lle nei ni os eres te yh ry ta a 2my/ Rotate Panza ‘+ Ramos (1974, 1975), wng Filmore “ep cass’ pots only 15 ‘dass. De Guzman, who wes a slr methodol hour ith the aditoral asumtions of tbe Lescae Tamer, ii ses 7 aor clases with 48 sutcuses fr “primary ver sem fc an addon 1 major cases with 32 sles or seo ry ver sums ISTEDAS 850. “The difeences beinceo thse lanier propane eI ptt tte dierem srammatictamewvoks i wich thee authors work What ‘more inporan howe ithe fax taal thse castcons make ‘Sse reference othe English Wansatons of the Tagalog da, a c= fully providing a eres sition of Tagalog at Engh ver ex resions "The major obstacle an easy an sptforward morphea ls siteaton of Tgalg ros the fat a theres pervasive olen (hd peti aao homonyms) with pa the aie which mye wed for ‘Ls cots Tt dentiyng a mops clas mt spy Iter of demining wich vot ocarwith whch formats sine is Tormaves my cca with mst oes The, fr erp iy o dctne prefs mafia glossed a a STATE marker, which may’ cur With te lage mot of al Tagilog coetest wor! rots. However i posite and wel distinguish evo afleer Sind of formation int {ng ma! ope kd of formation ma+ 8001 mean “have hoo, be che ceed by wha te rat dens Leslie HAVE-ormation, Ex Soles ince he ellowing (G1) mabahay “having many foes oni? = Seto Tagalog rots exists ich cold te characterised ws eatepil this sens for he spe eon th tee ae no Bound wl. Ths wil ‘demonsatedin etal fr ACTIN os in the lowing mon The ex ples in section 3.1 amply lsat the fc that i ao ot ke ete for ‘basco (onan, ba’ sa, Bahay, seams TH22). ‘Ore euler raorER roo the following oe 5) singron mo ng gandé meng {inginae mo ig fnih ag foakLV 2sG.oss Spec Rely now GEN bitay "Marie balay Marie Mite” GENEN May "Look how tal Maya’ ies AitTook athe Beau a Maras ie new!) na scondierrettion,precetgoria may fet te tha rots, hough not necessaly ou ae cago Indice with rogue ‘rma! eae. Tht al Minds derivations ae pose fon al nds of rots The escenoue product atplycny of Tagaogfoe- ‘ves ay pie be fo he Inpesen that hi sade the case Howes, sham nis scons a misconception: Tag rt ng wo = {ero morpho etic! ces nd ence we eter inc and do at allo ast ny dean dt semantically sppropie “Tealog te may be deta fo be etl ini with repant orm symaceeaegres Bua argued ip Sion 1, us feature they share with all Tagalog content werd, rot as wel as ceived Won Ard to call Tagalog rots precaegral wth regard © terminal sy ‘exegovics someting fa misnomer since thr ae (Serv) ae oi stage wh whch he rectegai sage coud be conse, ‘spina aot Arete 5 Uses and Meanings of Tagalog Action Roots Alms al Tagalog roots can be wd and ae wed wither te ase "on: OFparetar concer er ae tone rns which Soe ACTIONS, ed the present ection wil deal ony with hese roo, When ACTON ro te ‘se with frtieraffivation they may convey one ofthe allowing hinds ‘et meaning (a) the state whic etues fom te eases performance the ston (srt a pst prep in Engl) (the role or the typical or cognate objet of the acto (mao objetve) aos tons in agtls:o (the mate af the ation iar oan scion wo ‘alsin in Engh) Ae the following examples wll show, meanings) ‘(are found pinay wi eden transi or dat.) ‘ACTON, while meaning (0) Fud with ets denoting waive an Many roots convey more than one of the tee meanings Just men ine fast Tew rots ay cone al ace ofthe, Furthermore. Is ‘always posible cel t dsinguish between the diferent kinds of Incas opis beneen mung (2) and (Ha wel tween tmeaing (an (Sil the semantic and space Content generally provider emugh last determin which meaning Is inde in vet ‘ramp “his seston, then, makes vo pons: Fins it empirically soppons be ai hae Tasiog ACTON rots car be wed thot fore axon “Tis oats proved by allo th wel formed exiles in thi section Fur ‘heee ae end Ofte section i qt ome ds fro the corps ‘sey by MeFiland (1976) which stows tt wafined we snot oxy 2 ‘anata posit bt actly occur in made eaten 1 ata ‘Sand thle ait of eveydy language we "Te second poi isthe ha ued reconvene i fereot kins of Meatrgs. In ode osbow thi Ws weceay eine ‘comets (st fae im which aly rous with ane Mad of meting ea ‘xcur Wille the others cannot Throughout he dcuson of the te Tames Ws important wo erp ina hat wht tee or seman wellfrmedsess Irs comesng april mening ano eed i ‘iexX ths is esase lr ean nt compa wth he meng ‘tthe etree nthe consrocton Grama, ts behave ite ‘the one words That sn pel thy iit very poston open ‘ien mons Hone the ference In song beeen fats ome ‘anormal do to Uitte str ee, ‘meaning a) and ross conveying easing stow not be misconsri {Sa feece in sya distibaon (oe exam, that cn ree con- ‘eying meaning (a) ca occur ia pedctepsiton while tose convs)ng mening (©) ead, Root deocig stats can be tinguished fr roo denoting the re si object or mame ofan acto by the fact that ony the ke ening ‘oat can be wed as odie sn he lloing ewe examples: (96) ang tate na proloma ‘mets taro SPEC sohed LAK problem ‘the sted (7) ang mane ma taba se akaw mat SPEC ten, INK bane “ie stoen hoe” Roots desing the sui, bt or nae ofan ato cannot cain hs function, Thus for example, the ot pla cut a ce eto cnn ie sein the flowing se a expres the indaed esting 38) fang pul na halve SPEC Gu LNK srt "ecto Le. ind Suet The symbol fs used Hee to ndcte Wat a given rece is il-ormed with gad the iced meaning. As js se, ese exams ae oo Ungrammnial since they conform to the bse morphonte rls of “Talog. As shown a secon 42, Tagalog comet word lang rss) are gel aot suheatgoised fr pete rye facon. Tha Foot suchas put yap, osu nay stati eno, ‘ht ae in ihn te ra emaneti,Th p y linker sonstcton. pron ied tht dos ot have br be ner rues ar Compre lowing ep 09) ang bak utd ma pwet fag, uae Shc mica INK Sie GEN fair nt "ui "dah were ip ew? [Noe als hat pt dae in 38) could be sven an apostona mesn- Ing (7th ct ff pce the strest) b tain all Hed s thing one would ever inhi way, “The fo that puto cant te wed a moe the oly eine forthe chim that his oot doa te ul the ACTON of eating (2 aa lee cu) rater han a tee eal of). Another ie Aznce cont ofthe fact tht thre sah ove tation fm te sine root which deste ssi, Le. put wih tess onthe imate sale ‘hl ean cu, severe The sis ited put an ely fonction ssa mae Compare (38) wi (40) ang putt na tae Stic a ENR eee the cat ind) sect ‘The change in meaning Hout about ty the fret res ptr ako shown hy theft at putea no one co-ocanite nather meiing enn (40) Bang bak nad ma pling ba SPEC uneven INK cut GEN air ” at PNGEN Jon “o's aneven hai ct (a posse fut nom sens nterpreton woul be he un ‘steno cit of) ‘Tete isan sumer of ACTON rot n Tagalog which ae sir {to pol int they doe terest bj of he ston when sessed fon he pul but a sae when sessed on he alms, Examples nce: a= ba rfp ‘cd, cncason’ ap she, one’, all break, fact” bal? “broken, boy “payment, fee ‘harge’—boad “yl, (oe also (38) end Schocter and Ores 19721961, Wolf ei 191374. Tha 5 the fo eat Kd meine ibd i to lent ct re at ly clean oe Ing the ieences in distribu berween two pes eC ACTON wot The 274 Nicest Hsamaa ame tition as alo Be ne inode o explain te fo ieeok Suess pater show by Substantial numer ef ACTION os “Ting now tres dening the ae of an stn, thee are o80 {nso wt anes forte Tet. Ps thse P08 maybe wed asthe ‘bje of pects which dente th mane In which an eencton took place. Forex (42) Digi — ang hang a, iekan ang kang a suilen’” SPEC SSGDATANK depute "Ws depart (at of evn) was sen (Eg 1986) (3) Sabltt ttyeutiy part ang ale sabolt REDStuliy ain ang) Kan fut REDScominve sil alo SPEC eating = ‘Mette nm ‘mang {POSS Smalmonkey athe monkey's eating sominied evr.” (Wot eta 198525) Root eta stato the subject of an stony ot xe this cote! sine he esting clases would be senate ome (her Stolen on ws salen’ 7h ad was son, ‘Second, rots denon he ae a a aon cata be aed as pre catesin clases ith paso ponous as subject 4) lis. “ihe eis envng (shee dept) G45) Haina ‘Lam engin ete (Lam consunptnot foe’) “Ws cost abo for ots dentin revels (46) fol svi “She was cuit sh (ve) Bui does at ld fo 0 nig te: (57) nak snd “db wasn se summarises the ingnosiccomext wed hereto sings he taco tere neanings which an Be Sonne by ACTION EEEEEEEEII=SS:S ee Leen carson AN CES TAGALOG 278 ‘Table: Dingnontc context for dlstngushng the ditfernt meanings ‘AcTioN oot ier subject predate wit mer pecate poten te ox ete ste ws mes foot denis eto NO to el ‘pel object tion root denotes % ws 5 ame of action ‘As they mean in he Itson ths eo, wt he cepts on hme ean al wh oct ate oa ett se mein a ad ays bch ners ‘oe, argent so wel pes eo Bese “it and en boven fl a al de fet dat td argon ee geen set ye oe ‘me, aed by’, hngs let, oval and “eine, sed. The flowing Ho examples iuset the to manings of (8) ag dala naming ala ste lt amin NK a SPEC caricd TPLEXPOSSLNK bale “The bet eed y 9) pie Hoa ang Cintas = van ang CV-RUUNDR) spacctslow —PNFOSS John SPEC teyang ‘lls kanye aa SSGDATANK ad “Sua dropped his burden." (Blom 191710816) seco Ss se corer 70 targa i Yo and ar ‘ae “e Fem Sarath wear ewes meting ™ 280 Raunt aes Ant teraretwe examples forthe wo meanings bes 60) P30 every ovement — ang Bit 50 me bey 350, SPEC gen song ded ma hook. kone hayek ISG.POSSINK payment LOC “The spent given by ete schol 350 Pes every (31) Panang ‘eds ns tamg—— natin rene Neo te iming tn SsihoughLNK git” tow aly TPLIN OSS so kendo, Sania Toc 3MLDAT Bist “That sie cr gift hem Ge sone it gi othe) (Wolff ea. 199121080), ‘Te cvertap borne the se andthe ilo esanings sould nak ce a6 a stapese singe even on an oatlgia level the difeence te- tween THDG al a POFERIYASTATE at alas ey scr (ls See 1950h202). Thus, the THN “pi” may aso Be vewod as someting sch sin the Stating ves, Lhe even onting’ the THN ea, cargo” she cred ne and so oth ‘sini, plysenyiveving the wo meanings “esl o a ae- ‘od "mame a offend In an language, opr a resid to nminalons(. Kopestaj-Tanen 1988-2) English ling or example, ray refer to the actus o manne of filing (a With campleon of filing nevtke anastomoses were nated) and ence ben ‘sen sonst be mane an ato). Or a reer te copate ‘object as in mami tings were prepared) and ence be ierrete ‘bjestve nomination, Not soprsinly, then, many Tagalog actON "ool allow bah eos, state by aad walk he flo: Ing examples: (52) aon ay mahabang dated, ince ay mmbeong aka DIST. FM. STAT-engthLNK walk “That wassaong walk (Esai 1986) (53) Malisos ng faked ng ing aay img tod ng aki STAToreiness SPEC alk GEN machine “The walking Cunning conn} ofthe machine is go” (Ents 1680) ‘Thus, hee is not ony an ovelap between rots deating r= sults and those denen ses, bt dso one betwee as deg reslsobjectsand ase dentine te name of naon 1 pasting sy he mtd that fo each id of nang he cal set of sytict fanton in which it most commonly ca. For i Stace ot deaing ses pial our n rate ce mie fun tion, Sx ehmples (36 and (37) above nd the ollonng evap: (54) ntigaw ma, eth na pers mea CVRLIUNDR) grt how cooked tw "che rc) has aeay bees mae Ino ponds, Ieisaleady cooked” oot dencting tbe result objet of an ston piel ecu in nina xeon (55) ange nega in cgokey SPEC fia GEN PL ow 38G,ROSS = ae ein! thing ‘kat Loc TSGDATINK — shoe Hom pif he Bows he gave te ony shoulders!" Engish 1986) Rocts desing the name of an sen a alo pil found in nominal "expression, in pariclar tose anctolng as he abet of manner pro 210) Rous Ptaneases A SE peal coe eee ae ems em “And wc he cure fhe water got fs.” Homeve, the fo that her ar typical ones fw foreach pe oF mening does nt mea ht the earings) conned by a glen ot ae Simply a proiuc of he ces fue That ts ot he as that ok oe sv means act fring, ra” imply Beste i typi ‘wed in nominal expesons factoning as the sujet of manner pr ‘cues. Ifthe meulas of oot Seended spy Hs een ft, it ‘oud pot be expec why soe men of ot ae peste Cr exe Pie why fo posse sty dang tatng baby te ning Pa Faron, that fe mearing conveyed by a lven roti independent from te spate futon a which its sed sas show te fat “deni menings ae conveyed by hare roti at eat Wo fern tactic comets. For example, rots denoting the mame of an ston do aot elsively occur i nomial expressions. nse we npc poston Isalsopostic (57) tytk ang sagt it saab Wik ag Spot Skin cy SPEC aver ISGpOSS LOC TSGDAT “Hisansnertome was capac (hice) (58) dating ns amg ind bo ing np ae fess rival 3SGROSS SPEC NEG 18G.POSS ‘den ‘ioe on knw (out er anv (tes) ‘To conclude tidacusin of he meaning of bce ACTION tobe potted out hat some uained TION rcs sso oc ea vey ff ues and Tuncons ia which hey do nt convey the thee sng ds ‘ese ofr The dala 0a these Tarte wes and fucose soe Finite ans highly ely tha tey ean beso to be deed ater hon ase uses and fiom?” Peaps the oe pnt ote fr thor sess the we a inperaves laste byte lowing exits (99) Hampds mead, mg. ba’, 3g hoops) tka manasa”) kang blow now 2PL ald LOCAL tenga. lanes "Whip athe as, boy" dloolé 117.228) (6) Ura saz wyo, Dash Uw? mae me wt |AV-etumed ome gow LIN ‘ned nome rm eyo! = ye fom TPLIN "Ts go ome Dad! Let's go howe As ely showa in parcel by the second exp tafe mots sed 8 impertvesconespond to ater vice Toem (theses I the a ‘ssc ofthe comand}. Note ht th std form of impraes n| “Tagalog involves vote arte fom ud at actor vice at wel a ergocr voice inpertines are posible (eC Selucher” and. Orns (197210240), Obvious, the mpeiive meaning ass be frome ‘overall constration (ad he stuoalesta contest) a eno nay ‘a diel inked the bers faneng a rss, aren, scoring 10 the alive speakers T have cnsled (ough gerry nt ‘ted te Hate), the ay to se a are ot as an pera ite 16 those wots whieh frm tinal ole wih the an Hinman 1987166. Tha i no gone chat of ACHE Temay alto be noted that coding to some conare,sal ber af ACTON eos never ecear Withee. Examples from Exch (0986 ince routs as apow (with vole affixes: to sath, to Bah) bail (vith vie fies" sce, 1 py aetna" (hoe ise: to gle someone aH), ao oth ve fit conse se UP), bia (98K) gies 3 namin natin for os, Pangan 2a eats Hoan (497) gives ove for apa nd suo" (bu 2 for a, while Santos (4985 ves an fora fr ots These diferncs in leccograpic practice shoud ia my view, beim seed a reecng te fot at ACTON rot er staal ith ‘Rain the requeney ad atroes of waned ares Foe «mbar of "0, lcuding the tre os Just meiane,seh ee pot highly nus nd heece not corded in some he lconare Tas, ower ‘oes not min htt campy Impose owe sch ros witout ats, vena appropriate eet, ‘Most importa, shoul be lary understood tin gener a Fixed wes of ACTON Yous aren any way excep, stead they ae reac comin bot aterm of fps Ce i frat fr whch Sch se ates in mt ds) x wel a a ems often (hem ter of times a Bre ACTON roa canbe foun in cops). Mean (G76, fr expe as ound tied ses in mtr oeuing (vt tetas for 36 ofthe 106 tot cen NETION tin eps ‘NP, For one roots sich as dal ead ea’, wie Int the single mos frequen ws Le ic is ore eget than te eof 3a ‘ice marked form) In sha, though thew te differences with ed ow frequen a auras for a gen ACTON rot to ccc ito Aes itis eeary the case that Tagalog ACTON rote generally ow | ‘or watied us, {6 Root Meaning and the Derivational Nature of Voice ing in Tagalog is devauonl in ai ts manifestations. Whe the deriv tional nate ef vice making is widely accepted in the ce of OCT roa tis conroersil mith gad Acriew rn (se de Guan 1997) fora cen srvey of his comtoves). This secon presents a extn the deraton nate oF Tagalog vole marking aslo he a sed 0 a, “To tla with, we may ates thre is wiped hough usally Imp, sumption tht Tego voice kg Is dratoa na est some fis uses. nal approaches which ake a dsnton tween nos fn verbs sya o escalating aston is ‘te mate when aed #9 "notin rots te denting TINGS ot ‘AtaTE ING) vie making hs 180 funtion. Firs derives 2 ve fom x noun nd second, it regis the eligamet teen eran re sd stl fnciog with regu othe satet argent. For eng dng to and form ian sv bith omen’ convents te pie tne noon an chi lato a verb to give bi unermoe, he pe ‘epithe fc ht he sujet agumet a paced heme. Oth ‘cumple sind inte thefolining: (61) aay ose" -maghakoy eo bl one's owe boas’ snd hil naga 1 ee tke chi! Drader "te, eke” ugha ak wats" mapwair" sep “Thus, vole marking appears fave devas! fren a ests of | is manfesations?¥ Here however, the mach moe general cm ae that voce marking i dein is lf mafenations The diesen ll te tne othe poetly most comoversl Ise, Le te ue of ‘oe making mpg on A108 rot te ots Wc na mules ae considered vera ro) Is lied ta he eae | ‘bse ro ee marking om ACTON rot also al unto Fi browever, we have bly to esalh th fat ht lf ce marked words In Tagalog, reguiess of tr te, ar members of singe tne sla al ht ths mores cas diferent rom al other r= lel clases, Ths css alle ertheless "V= “The major formal citron fr Vis smb sie making Alta oly word tering vice afte remembers this cls. The ct tht vice marted words consti pei orp eal las shown bys ube offer formal and semanc proper shown only ty th embers of his cs. Formally only Veni ae inlet er asp ad em ne ag he a tt te pega ae mai asa se rages tecraees Scie iets at thats orate at et a anced gmgeigaat atic aay Mv Sree sony ‘iy oertterar aon oeienlpge tee eee SET aateaimeanieigicntirens ete pe nto ple a ty 26 /NoAatN Pane ‘mood. fat, aspecmoad making and voce making ae forall n= Spare, Hence each whoo rtd frm slo aspect mood marked. 2 shown thease mood parade Tate “Tablet Aspect moo paraign for Bey? (veils, r= oneal) aa Tw rv or fpetesive — [ums |W [iba — [a erinpeecive_[ wir — [thai ae — | Fpertecive [unit [int | in-than [ns Finperecive [un iT [bsenit [sb [n ‘Tee forms ound in he irs ow of Tale a nelly coed the anaes forms with regard to asecemood making (Schacter and (ates (197265) cal tem base orm. These are ein pertives in ‘iol const and at noe retest chase cai, Note {hat aspect-nood Ileaion Is fly peice (like voice marking) From etch base form the ter the ors are dese ttl gear sa oerlyexcepiones es Schone afd Otaes 197236171) Aspect-mood fection Is ot the cal formats af V wor Furr morphol characte include the fact ht uber ‘ter driven ae pect on he as of he cto oie Fa. Fot xampl, gerund are formed by ping pag tothe ots wich ake a Ss the aco vole at (eg pmol" cat" paget “eating oP) wil ros aking maa th acta ee pe fot gerund by pets ‘or + unstressed rlpicaion of the foot or seminal sae (eg ‘ogi oconk'= popula ‘cooking, For Tre Bscsson 2d t= ences se Setter (19954416. ‘Sematealy, Vous fer fom al ter comet words in Tagalog in sh ey ae systematically amiguous. Tht al Vers ate to ad Ings depending en the sy ome Used sprites, hey dense & sec intine of heaton dent ty ther it (62) samigiw yung anak Uist GeLNK ak AAV-shost DISTINK hid Used as motion inal constration, hey fave he ame eng: (69) yung atm sami IyoRLNK Sask t_RED igh DISTLNK hid EXK —AV-REDI shut thesia eb? Used in nomial exesions. over Vsroris dete oe te pai uns volved te ACTON dented thee (64) yung ath ag mide Honk ange ng tig DISDLNK ile SPEC AV-shot "The one who shout sous th cit” Note tht inthis we it is ao a specific instance ofthe oe denned by ‘he rot hat is being rere bythe vole marked fon siggy Tat |S sui may sea te one who shutter is pra ‘ezsin" 1 cnmit man “2 profesional shouersomecne who always sou ying thas sable te fact ht Vos elo pci moe oer as thei own filme almost stomata at ves ‘arkng is derivations, Atleast i exeporyshanlng lo tht ives ‘Yvon fom aon-V-wonts Stil, W ACTION rns early mer Bound root it could be argued ht stot iflererce ete been atfaion of voice af 0 ORT routs an the affnaton of we a Tes to ACTION ros. Only inthe ce of OMECT os eee aking ‘wove a caepey Sh wien te caseof ACTION rots cl te ‘ave tate fc of vce mertng was my to ele te lip ‘et tencen emacs sync Funton with reg 1 thes Jestargmen However. as demonstatd in scons 32 ua 5, ACTION ot af no some kind found fom which So not have spicing a a note wed ty themselves Ine nth uli wet dot sites snr resutobjes ct mane fan ato, Hence, aig oie | fa ACTION wot doesnot simply ester changin alipment etween Sema role and syne funtion derives a ifn lexi item A ‘oot denoting sto the ral of an atone trod loam actoro aergeroiened acon expression. Mare special, tis derivation 3s Tn V nor ie ink a ia agi gh sr wa as ee io ae dpe eo a ae Spe rg ome Hs aay 258 /NgoLats Hanes lnvlies wo aspects Fs, te deste frm denotes the ctl and pi rforange of an ain. Send the pci prfermance of in cn fo eno in some neural way beter evoke marked fre i | xed omar oe othe paras an aor oie for denotes the ak ‘tthe ato, hence ta pretest suet ha fo be an get A Pate oie fxm denotes the leno the action and int predatve we Fees he subject be patent, And 0 on. Tete eo subaldi- ference hee bene oat and ACTON denoting ot. aspect are Ipesent weaver voce marin f edo any Kind ote cing ‘OMECT ROOTS and ACTON rt “Apa fem accouaing or th fasts sas in th per, this deve ional lew ef vice marie fn Taga lo supped by ute of Dlenoena which renin anspor which hard to expan i ‘ter accounts. Fr exampe the detol view rode mney ahd Stapiervard expnaton for he ubiguity of voce rig In Tago Most rot (nage numb of darned sy) all teat fa est ne voice fx witht an fret devvaton voce marking were roti if deatonl ad eau only beached ret ove, tis ‘bigaty could only te accouned or by poling pers exons ‘nthe rot evel ry assuming euenne ue of rer conversion Tht ‘incpeneat erence 1 suppor ese serve analyses. Moreover, he proposed vie also vids sahara ‘in forthe eval eal and seman ny cain of Taal ke ‘artng, which are tpt of dsvatonlpronases Here the flowing Spl examples wal suc oust thee Kosyocasis formal thee are unpeicate ogres sch af deleon oot vowels Inderper vice Toms ee the veel Ais dlted in th pet vce form “amino eat seething’ which Servs fom fain ‘cosmo of foe ‘he regu form aii i also pol) Oe examples of unpedie Ford llsyactats ae te spre ins ff In pate o ave ‘vas forms such a tomar gh tea” (ctw ag, ugh ‘er, luphing) and comply meg fonas sich asthe pte! vole: form tame ge senting els “geting. sping), ee oe also Blooneld 1917213215) ‘Semumially, th aig of V-wcrs is broadly pedal o he sso the meaning che reo nd the esning ote vee aise Ts, forevample ticle tht he sujet an actor oe for age ‘ome in ta the ation denoted by th oie marke form sn ome SS Se el rs tn an ca exssoaus me vaceneTAestes! 29 ay eld wo the NG o ACTON denote 0 Bt here te ai Fo spares wih rept at the ton of ape athe on ‘oF ation ome Byun scr vole form. THs mapa rm ond ‘ak doesnot mean "Wo ve Wi lasted, tans tec. have 8 ‘ld and mas comment aso farms he ae vc orm for" ple it's manson) The rot lo means eet, pase, Dae bate crv form magilo des ot ean eet teat (bat the eating fal) Ine, magato means cote. toque de age’ Sin magiald whe is eve fom al ‘surpae surpea ‘doesnot ean "osu someone BtoB sips Inshor test considerable numberof farts which strongly suggest ha ce marting in Tagalog Is eration. This inh a ah tu ebservation (ae de Garman (1997) at Rai (198) or eres) The presen account. onever, ile fam ta oun i the ese In lta provides amore revise and exp seme wat his desation lnvlve in parca wih ear to ACTION ots. This ahlvel by pro riding estabeexpicaton of te dteent meanings conveyed by vos {nda flan fhe eating an the morphea aso Vener 7 Conclusion ‘An important spect ofthe oie ster ia Tago be ft tat vie marked words (V-nord a well tb ot am wich hey are dered, felon oles crgois which ee very fleet from he lea exe foes foun in more amir languages sch as English It has en pet aly sugested tht he diference eras tothe fc th Talo ras ae ‘recat andr tht thee sm station betwee nos sn ver in ‘Tagalog The receding sctns preset a sonst ifeet expesion ihe diferente tetwen the vo stems flee elo at te fecsslons forthe yelee systems. Spel eis land tht Taplog ‘0G are generally not tend anor pect roo. lsd, Talos ‘at bong to difret morphea caso. That exe be p= Se sly on the bass of et eating with WHE tes en Tt bay occur Further. all Kinds of ro icing rote densting NCHORS, allow fr unaficed uses I heir nine wes, rots may Se ose THINGS, ANDAATE BENGS, FROME, STATES RESULTS OF ACTOS, NAMES OF ACTIN, ee, Le. concepts which in English ae gene re fered ty nuns or adecdves, What ets can det the ata and ‘puilic perfomance ofan action. Only V-ors may dente the ata ‘fa aeon MIMS vege, Tagalog Von re mr English vere They ler, however Engh vrei seer of Ingo respects ond bom, While Tagalog Vena ceatytseng t their own morpbo-esel

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