COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS

funded by ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

Date: March 1, 2019

Resource Speaker: PASTOR G. PADRE, JR., CE, MEnM
Topic: ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER
SUPERVISION AND COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE,
PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)

Objective:
 Differentiate various Types of Road Maintenance
 Discuss Road Maintenance Management System in the Philippines
 Identify Road Maintenance Defects
 Enumerate Defects Rectification Works

Outline
 Background
 Types of Maintenance (Routine, Periodic and Preventive)
 Philippine Highway Maintenance Management
 Performance Based Maintenance
 Monitoring and Evaluation
 Maintenance Operation

1. BACKGROUND

A. Introduction

Roads serve as the blood line of the country’s economic development and growth, and it bring
important social benefits. It carries all the nation’s resources, goods, services, products and mobility of
the people. Well design roads signify nation’s infrastructure capability in propelling the country to move
forward. However, usage over time through daily traffic, weather condition, geographical locations,
diastrophic characteristics, etc. create damaged to the pavement and start to deteriorate. A study by the
World Bank, showed that $ 45 billion invested in main roads has been eroded over the last 20 years
through lack of maintenance in 85 countries. This loss could have been averted at a cost of less than
$12 billion. In order to preserved the nation’s infrastructure asset integrity and maintain its good
functional condition, Road Maintenance is necessary.

Road Maintenance refers to the process and resources that are combined to manage road
condition and longevity of the road assets. It also keeps a road network and transport services
operating. Increasing demand from traffic will require continued construction and improvement of
roads. (2013 ADB Annual Evaluation Review).

Maintaining Road requirement defer from one country to country and from place to place. There
is no standard formula and program that will cater road problems experience by all Road
Administrator throughout the globe. In enhancing road maintenance, it requires overcoming the
reluctance to change most especially in leaving the conventional way in preserving road asset.

Executive order 124, 1987 state that the State shall maintain an engineering and construction
arm and continuously develop its technology, for the purpose of ensuring the safety of all
infrastructure facilities and securing for all public works and highways the highest efficiency and the
most appropriate quality in construction. The planning, design, construction and maintenance of
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
Page 2 of 12

infrastructure facilities, especially national highways, flood control and water resource development
systems, and other public works in accordance with national development objectives, shall be the
responsibility of such an engineering and construction arm.

Bureau of Maintenance - The Bureau of Maintenance is hereby reorganized to provide

technical services on the maintenance and repair of infrastructure projects and facilities. For this
purpose, it shall have the following duties and responsibilities.

(a) Formulate policies relating to maintenance of infrastructure projects and facilities

(b) Review and evaluate maintenance programs, estimates, and tender and contract
documents;
(c) Inspect, check, and monitor maintenance activities of implementing field offices for the
purpose of ensuring that such activities are being conducted in accordance with the current
standards and policies of the Ministry;
(d) Provide specialist support to implementing field offices on the maintenance of
infrastructure projects and facilities;
(e) Perform such other related duties and responsibilities as may be assigned or delegated by
the Minister or as may be required by law.

B. Bureau’s Objectives:

 To reduce the rate of deterioration of government infrastructure and prolong their

service life
 To provide a safe and convenient road network to all road users
 To reduce structure utilization cost by providing high standards of serviceability

2. TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

A. Routine Maintenance - refers to maintenance activity regularly performed throughout the

year and includes carriageway maintenance and roadside maintenance.
It is the day-to-day work that is necessary to preserve and keep a pavement close to an as-
constructed condition as possible.

Routine Maintenance consist of carriageway maintenance and roadside maintenance. The

works typically involved localized repair – less than 150m in continuous length of pavement
and shoulder defects, and regular maintenance of road drainage, side slopes and roadside.
(DPWH Road in the Philippines, 2009)

B. Periodic Maintenance - refers to works more extensive than routine maintenance and
helps prevent: (a) undue roadway deterioration (b) increased routine maintenance and (C)
vehicular accidents.

C. Preventive Maintenance – it is the work which is done to prevent deterioration of a

pavement to restore a pavement to its as-constructed condition, thus reducing the need for
more substantial work (Construction and Improvement).

Preventive Maintenance essentially consist of asphalt overlays, usually with thickness of 50

– 100mm. Preventive maintenance may also include selective concrete reblocking or
replacement of damaged slabs not exceeding four continuous blocks. Preventive
maintenance is done mainly by MBC (Maintenance By Contract) (DPWH Road in the
Philippines, 2009).
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
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3. PHILIPPINPHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

A. Pavement Life Cycle

The figure describe the standard curve for pavement. The thin line represents the curve of
pavement life without road maintenance. It clearly shows the deterioration rate of the
pavement from the construction time with excellent condition thru time. However, with
the presence of road maintenance the curve (bold line) shows that the pavement life regain
from fair condition to good condition. It is the result of maintenance intervention. Thus,
timely maintenance of the highway pavement is essential. Because, once pavements start
to deteriorate; they deteriorate rapidly beyond the point where maintenance is effective.
(Agarwal 2013)

B. Funding Source

Over the years, maintenance of national roads is solely funded through the DPWH
capital outlay program included in the General Appropriations Act (GAA). Maintenance
funding ranges from less than Php 2 billion in the 80’s to Php 4 billion in the 90’s. In 1999, a
study conducted by Better Road Philippines estimated that the maintenance needs for the
national road network amounts to Php 18.9 billion. Considering these needs, the government
has enacted Republic Act 8794 otherwise known as the Motor Vehicle User’s Charge (MVUC)
to augment the maintenance allocation.

On July 29, 1999 by virtue of Republic Act No. 8794, an Act imposing a Motor Vehicle
User’s Charge on owners of all types of motor vehicles and for other purpose, the state is
mandated to provide for and ensure the adequate maintenance of national and provincial roads
as well as minimizing air pollution from motor vehicles through sufficient funding for the
purpose.
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
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Pursuant to Section 7 of this act, four (4) separate Special Trust Accounts were
established in the National Treasury, wherein all monies collected under this Act will be
deposited and distributed as follows.

Special Trust Accounts % Distribution

A. Special Road Support Fund (SRSuf) 80%
B. Special Road Safety Fund (SRSaF) 7.5%
C. Special Local Road Fund (SLRF) 5.0%
D. Special Vehicle Pollution Control Fund (SVPCF) 7.5%

In the recent years, from 2010 to 2018 Road Maintenance Fund have increased from
Php 2 Billion to 11 Php Billion respectively.

Performance Budget
12 11
10
10
Allocation in Billion

8.3
8
6.6 6.7
6
4 4 4
4
2
2

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Fiscal Year

C. Routine Maintenance

DPWH road routine maintenance is anchor on two manuals:

 Philippine Highway Maintenance Management Manual 2014
 Pocketbook on Routine Maintenance 2014

Philippine Highway Maintenance Management Manual (PHMM) 2014

The DPWH in collaboration with the JICA come up with the updated PHMM with the latest
highway management methods and procedures that will serve as official DPWH guidebook on
the preparation of annual maintenance work program and performance budget, as well as
scheduling, directing, control, monitoring and evaluation of highway maintenance activities.
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
Page 5 of 12

Figure 1.1 Management System Components

Functional Relationship

a. Planning serves to estimate the annual work quantities, resource

requirements and standard costs needed to meet Department’s objectives for
roadway maintenance. The Annual Maintenance Work
Program/Performance Budget documents and communicates these
objectives.

Ten Steps in the preparation of Annual Maintenance Work Program / Performance

Budget (AMWP/PB)

 Update Maintenance Features Inventory

 Identification and Prioritization of Maintenance Needs
 Update Unit Cost of Labor, Materials & Equipment
 Update Planning Vallues
 Compute Maintenance Budget Allocation
 Prepare District AMWP/PB
 Forward District AMWP/PB to Regional Offices
 Forward Regional AMWP/PB to BOM
 Forward Regional AMWP/PB to Central Office for Approval
 Return AMWP/PB Regional Offices
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
Page 6 of 12

The AMWP/PB is activity based with specific activity number, description, purpose,
authorization, work control, typical crew, typical equipment, typical materials, typical
work method and daily production range for easy understanding. Figure below are the
road maintenance activity with description.

Under the Revised Philippine Highway Act of 1972 amended by Presidential Decree
No. 17. (Article IV, Section 7.)

“The National Highway Maintenance Fund shall be apportioned to all

districts and cities in the Philippines to be determined on the basis of the
sum of the total equivalent maintenance kilometers of national highways
supplied by the basic maintenance cost per kilometer, of standard
equivalent maintenance kilometer, at current prices or wages”

b. Scheduling functions in the short term to identify maintenance needs and

plan and assign work.

Scheduling is composed of the following:

 Identification and prioritization of maintenance needs;
 preparation of prioritized quincenal schedules; and
 work assignment
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
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c. Directing consists of the actions necessary to produce acceptable work

results after the work assignment is received. A work assignment does not
detail every aspects of the work. Numerous decisions must be made at the
work site to produce acceptable results.

d. Reporting serves to document work results and to provide information to

managers in form suitable for comparing actual with planned performance.

 provides a source document that records:

o type of work (activity number and name),
o date and work location,
o responsibility of work directing and reporting,
o types and quantities of resources used,
o quantity of work accomplishment, and
o can be filed by activity and date for easy retrieval;
 provides a simple format for summarizing data;
 provides reports of data summaries; and
 provide performance reports based on analysis of the summarized data

System of Reporting

First, the reporting forms are coded for easy identification and referral.
The code has three letters followed by a two digit number consisting of
a whole number and decimal.

The first two letters – TA – refers to the Technical Assistance under

which the forms were developed and differentiates them from other
forms in use.

The third letter refers to the office in which the forms originate:
D = District
R = Region
N = National (represented by BOM)

The first digit identifies the frequency of the report.

1 = Daily
2 = Monthly
3 = Quarterly
4 = Annually
5 = Special Event

e. Control procedures help identify significant deviations from the plans and
standards and provide guidelines needed to make corrections or adjustment
required to improve performance.
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
Page 8 of 12

Control involves both operational and system control.

 Operational control is continuous to ensure intelligent decisions about

scheduling, directing and reporting.
 System control usually occurs annually to correct system procedures and
plans and standards. Both types of control employ the same procedure.

4. Performance Based Maintenance

A. Performance Based Maintenance - is a new Performance-Based contracting

methodology that will encompass the whole asset management. It is otherwise known
as Design, Build, Operate, Maintain and Transfer (DBOMT)

Long Term Performance-Based Maintenance contracting of road network is a new

concept designed to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of road maintenance
operations. It should ensure that the physical condition of roads under contract is
adequate for the need of the road users, over the entire period of the contract which is
normally several years. This type of contract significantly expands the role of the
private sector, from the simple execution of work to the management and conservation
of road assets.

Performance-based maintenance contracting (PBMC) for road infrastructure is a

method under which the selected contractor has to plan, design and implement
maintenance activities in order to achieve short and long term road condition standards
for a fixed price, subject to specified risk allocation . In PBMC, contractors have to
take the high risk and obligation of the road maintenance work as they are responsible
for the design and implementation of the project using their workforce.

When PBMC is developed carefully, it may motivate the contractors to implement

better-quality maintenance practices to improve the overall condition of road assets
during the contract period. Payments are made after checking that the contractor is
meeting the performance standards properly as defined in the contract. PBMC reduces
the time and costs for road maintenance by applying well-organized and time saving
work methods and technologies.
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
Page 9 of 12

In the Philippines, Performance based maintenance have been piloted on different road
sections/segment implemented by the Unified Project Management Office (UPMO).

Package Project Name and Location Stationing Length

No. (Km)
PBM-1 Manila North Road (Aringay – K0243+063 to 145.937
1
Section -1 Santa, Vigan City) K0389+000
PBM-1 Manila North Road (Santa, Vigan K0389+000 to 96.123
2
Section -2 City to Laoag City) K0485+123
PBM-2 Daang Maharlika (Sta. Rita to K0387+732 to 73.768
3
Section -1 Cabanatuan City) K0112+500
PBM-2 Daang Maharlika (Cabanatuan City K0112+500 to 95.500
4
Section -2 to Nueva Ecija/Nueva Vizacaya) K0208+000
PBM-3 Daang Maharlika (Sipocot-Baao K0370+700 to 109.480
5
Section, Camarines Sur) K0480+180
PBM-4 Daang Maharlika (Surigao-Davao K1113+500 to 123.500
6 Road, Lipata to Bdry, Agusan del K1237+000
Norte)
LM 2.1 Manila North Road (Monumento to K0009+000 to 234.062
7
Aringay Section, La Union) K0243+062
LM 2.2 Manila South Road (Tiaong-Sta. K0091+493 to 207.260
Elena, Camarines Norte and K0248+660;
8
Pagsanjan, Laguna to Tayabas- K0091+600 to
Lucena, Quezon0 K0142+143
LM 2.3 Mindoro East Road (Calapan to K0000+000 to 127.740
9
Dangay Port) K0127+740
LM 2.4 Caticlan National Road K0211+028 to 111.702
10
(Aklan/Capiz Boundary) K0322+730

5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

To further improve the service delivery of Road Maintenance program through the
archipelago in line with the Department objective to provide a safe and convenient travelling
experience for all the road user, the Bureau of Maintenance (BOM) developed a yardstick in the
form of Department Order 41, series 2016 “Amended Policy Guidelines on the Maintenance
of National Roads and Bridges” for the purpose of evaluating and monitoring the District
Engineering Offices’ performance for the said undertaking.

A. Inspection/Validation Procedure

a. One (1) technical personnel from the BOM accompanied by the District Maintenance
Engineer concerned, the Maintenance Point Persons (MPPs) assigned in the area and the
Regional Maintenance Division representative/s knowledgeable in the area to be inspected
(collectively called: “The Team”) shall conduct the actual field inspection.
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
Page 10 of 12

b. The Inspection/Validation frequency shall be at least four (4) times in the National Capital
Region (NCR) and at least twice for the rest of the Regional Offices.

B. Coded Defects and Prescribe Response Time

Code Defects/Deficiencies Response Time

01 Potholes 3 days
02 Alligator Cracks 3 days
03 Major Scaling 30 days
04 Shoving and Corrugation 10 days
05 Pumping and Depression 30 days
06 No/Faded Road Markings 15 days
07 Low/Inverted Shoulder 7 days
08 Lush Vegetation 3 days
09 Clogged Drains 3 days
10 Open Manhole 10 days
11 No/Inadequate Sealant in Joints 3 days
12 Cracks 3 days
13 Ravelling 7 days
14 Unmaintained Road Signages 3 days
15 Unmaintained Bridges 3 days

C. Point System of Grading

Degree / Level of Maintenance of National Roads 60%

Quantity and Quality of Completed Rectification Works

Adhering to Prescribed Response Time 25%

Submitted Justification on the Remaining Works 15% .

TOTAL: 100%

6. MAINTENANCE OPERATION

A. Operation

Highway maintenance is anchored with management function such as Planning, Scheduling,

Directing, Reporting and Control plus the activity standard with specific activity number,
description, purpose, scheduling, typical crew, typical equipment, typical materials, typical
work method and daily production rate.

For proper implementation of the maintenance activities, work control categories are assigned
to the activities, such as:

 Unlimited – control category that signifies that activity is a priority activity and
should be performed as needed, usually to repair hazardous defects.
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
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 Limited – indicates 2nd priority, activity should be performed approximately in the

quantity planned.

 Variable – signifies the lowest priority, the activity quantity should be reduced when
other activities overrun planned quantities.

 Project - Indicates an activity initially planned as lump sum and re-programmed as a

series of projects requiring approving authority or implementation

B. Road Maintenance Activity (Act. 111 – Premix Patching on Bituminous Pavement)

Requirements:

Typical Crew:
1 Foreman
1 Driver
1 Operator(for levelling)
6 Laborers

Typical Equipment:
1 Service Vehicle or Dump Truck
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
ROAD MAINTENANCE METHODS, EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, PROPER SUPERVISION AND
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY MEASURES (ROUTINE, PERIODIC AND PREVENTIVE)
Page 12 of 12

1 Vibratory Plate Compactor (for additional base)

1 Road Roller
1 Torch/Burner (if required)
Hand Tools
Safety Devices
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Typical Materials:
Hot Mix or Cold Mix Asphalt
Emulsified Asphalt or
Cut-back Asphalt
Base Course ( for additional base )

Typical Work Method:

1. Place the safety devices
2. Remove water or temporary patching materials
3. Mark the defective areas
4. Cut and break the defective areas
5. Dispose of excavated materials
6. Apply Tack or Prime coat
 Before applying tack coat, the surface must be swept or flushed. The rate of
application of either the rapid curing cutback or the emulsified asphalt is
within the range of 0.2 to 0.7 liter per sq.m.
 Rate of application for prime coat is 1 to 2 liters per sq.m

7. Place the mix

Things to consider:
 Materials to be used should be dense-graded asphalt mixture with maximum
grain size equal to or less than 19mm.
 Laying of asphalt mixture should be approx. 1cm higher than the adjacent
surroundings to give allowance for settlement.
 When the depth of hole is more than 7cm, compact mixtures in two layers.

8. Compact the mix

9. Clean the tools and area (House Keeping)
10. Remove the safety devices