Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Engineering and Architecture

Saint Louis University

Title

Submitted by:
BADOL, FREDERICK N.
CALDEZ, LIMUEL DALE B.
MUNAR, CHRISTOPHER JOHN I.
REYES, DON JAYSON A.

Submitted to:
Engr. Joey C. Mallillin

Due date: April 26, 2021

Date Submitted: April ,2021
I. Introduction
 Electrical Transmission is a process of delivering generated
electricity from the power stations to the electrical substation
where huge amount of voltage is being transformed and distributed
to consumers or other substations. The medium that enables the
movement of electrical energy is known as transmission network or
commonly known as the power grid.

Some Electric power stations usually generates 11 kV, some

areas might have higher or lower output. However, if this value
is being transmit, due to the losses, the substations will not
have a sufficient amount of voltage to supply consumers. This is
why we use transformers to step up and step down the voltage
delivered.

Power lines or transmission lines transport electricity

from place to place. Usually, they carry an Alternating Current
(AC). This power lines has 2 types: Overhead lines and
Underground lines. Overhead lines are very high voltage, between
100 kV and 800 kV, and do the majority of long distance
transmission. They must be high voltage in order to minimize
power losses to resistance. Underground lines are used to
transport power through populated areas, underwater, or pretty
much anywhere that overhead lines can't be used. They are less
common than overhead lines due to heat-related losses and higher
cost.

For Electrical Transmission of an AC system, it is common to

use 3- phase, 3- wire AC system. However, there are still
different possible system that transmission can use, namely:

-Single-phase AC system:(a) Single phase two wire,(b) Singe phase

two wire with midpoint earthed and (c) Single phase three wire
-Two-phase AC system:(a) Two phase four wire and (b) Two phase
three wire

-Three-phase AC system :(a) Three phase three wire and (b) Three
phase four wire system

Aside from AC, there are also Transmission System under DC. We
have a DC 2 wire, DC two wire with midpoint earthed and DC three
wire.

The basic principle of transformer is that the power remains

constant. (P = V x I). The losses during transmission are usually
copper losses. Copper losses (I²R) are directly proportional to
current. Coper losses are directly proportional with currents. As
the current decreased, the amount of copper losses also decreased
which increases the amount of its efficiency. Another important
thing to remember is that AC circuits involve reactance, which
means that the magnetic and/or electric fields generated by the
components have a power component. A circuits average power
consumption will be the average of the instantaneous power over
one full cycle with the instantaneous power, p which will be
computed as the multiplication of the instantaneous voltage, v by
the instantaneous current, i.
So, over a fixed number of cycles, the average value of the
instantaneous power of the sinusoid can be calculated as:
P=VIcosθ and since we know the number of wires to be used in both
system, power loss can be calculated as: Ploss=nI² R=nI² ρL/A
 II. Calculation and Summary of Results

Summary of results:

Overhead AC Systems Weight of Al material

required, kg
Single-Phase AC System
1-phase, 2-wire 244,476.2973
1-phase, midpoint earthed 95,498.5553372
1-phase, 3-wire 173,731.9213
Three-phase, AC System
3-phase, 3-wire 91,678.61156
3-phase, 4-wire 106,958.3802

Analysis:

In the single-phase AC system, the 1-phase-2-wire has the highest

amount of aluminum required and it is almost twice as large
compared to the 1-phase, midpoint earthed. The 1-phase, 3-wire
has lower required material compared to the 1-phase.

In the three-phase AC system, both of them have lower required

material than the Single-phase AC system and 3-phase, 4-wire
having larger requirement than the 3-phase, 3-wire.
Calculations:
 III. Conclusion

Energy Transmission is the process of transmitting energy

from Generating Station to Distribution which can be done through
a AC or DC mode of transmission. A transmission line can be
installed overhead line or underground lines. Wherein we must
consider some aspects of power transmission such as power losses.
The transmission lines have different designs depending on
the material being use, power it carries, the distance it
travels, and the mode of its transport. The most commonly used
for transmission lines is the AC system where it can carry high
voltages that can be stepped down or up on the transformers to
minimizes the losses on the line. The AC systems may use
different types of distribution load such as single-phase, two-
phase and three-phase depending on the power its power design.

IV. References

J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2020). Energy Education - Electrical

transmission.:
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electrical_transmission.

K. Diware. (2014)- basic of Electrical Power Transmission

System.: https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/03/basics-of-
electrical-power-transmission.html.

L. James & E Granath (2020) Basic of an electrical power

transmission system: https://www.power-and-beyond.com/basics-of-
an-electrical-power-transmission-system-a-919739/

Electrucal4U. (2020) Power Transmission Systems: what are

they( AC vs DC): https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-power-
transmission-system-and-network/