ENGINEERING IDEA

“ CONNECTING NUCLEAR PHYSICS EXPECIALLY NUCLEAR RADIOISOTOP

OR NUCLEAR ENERGY WITH THE HELPING SOLUTION OF COVID 19
PROBLEM ”

Arranged By :
Name : Nia Audina Sitanggang
ID : 4173121033
Class : Bilingual Physics 2017
Course : Earth and Cosmics

BILLINGUAL PHYSICS EDUCATION’17

PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2020
 FOREWORD

We should thank God Almighty, because for His blessings, inclusion and guidance,
we were able to complete our paper entitled CONNECTING NUCLEAR PHYSICS
EXPECIALLY NUCLEAR RADIOISOTOP OR NUCLEAR ENERGY WITH THE
HELPING SOLUTION OF COVID 19 PROBLEM well. We also thank everyone, both
directly and indirectly for assisting us in completing our paper.
This paper contains and discusses one of the main trending topic this time. And here I
give some solution based on my opinion after learning Basic Nuclear in Physics. So here my
engineering Idea for solving the pandemic today.
Hopefully this paper can be useful and can be used as it should. Sorry if theres some
mistakes in wrinting this paper. I hope the correction come in the next time, so that I can
make the better one in the future. Thank you

Medan, May 19, 2020

Author
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Today, corona virus being the trending topic everywhere. Corona virus is a family of
viruses found in humans and animals. Some of the viruses can correct humans and cause
various diseases, ranging from general illnesses such as flu, to more fatal diseases, such as
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS).
Often this virus spreads between humans and humans through liquid droplets from the
mouth and nose when an infected person is coughing or sneezing, similar to the way the flu
transmits. Fluid drops from the patient's mouth and nose can fall and remain on the mouth
and nose of other people who are nearby, even inhaled and absorbed into the person's lungs
through his nose.
Symptoms include fever, coughing, and shortness of breath. The Center for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) believes that Corona Virus patients can experience these
symptoms 2 from 2 days to 14 days after exposure to the virus.Tthis virus has also make
about 16.000 death. So this virus is so dangerous. Based on that fact, I make some
engineering idea so solve this problem based on my opinion

B. Problem Formulation
1. How to overcome the problem of corona virus?

C. Purpose of the Problem

1. Knowing the solution to overcome the problem of corona virus
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. Gamma Rays
Gamma rays are one of the electromagnetic waves which are usually denoted by the Latin
letter γ. Gamma rays can be interpreted as an energized form of electromagnetic radiation
produced by radioactivity or other nuclear or subatomic processes such as the destruction of
electron-positrons. The term for high-energy electromagnetic radiation produced by energy
transitions due to electron acceleration.
The spectrum occupies the level with the largest frequency of 1020 Hz to 1025 Hz.
Gamma rays are so special compared to other radioactive rays that they have no mass and
charge. Gamma rays have the smallest wavelength and the greatest energy compared to other
elegtromagnetic wave spectrums, which are about 10,000 times greater than the wave energy
in the visible light spectrum, besides gamma rays have the greatest frequency, the lowest
ionisation power but the greater translucent range compared alpha and beta rays.

Gamma Rays Decay

Gamma rays are produced from the decay process of radioactive substances that occur in
the nucleus. Gamma rays emerge from atomic nuclei that are unstable because they have
energy that is incompatible with basic conditions (Groundstatte). The gamma energy that
arises between one radioisotope with another radioisotope is different because each
rradionuclide has a specific emission.
Gamma rays emitted from unstable (radioactive) atomic nuclei or exited states of the
nucleus (exitedstate) then gamma rays emanated to the ground state by emitting
elegtromagnetic radiation called the gamma rays. In other words if a nucleus is in an excited
state but in a state of instability from the terected state then the nucleus will move to a stable
state then the core will emit gamma rays. Gamma rays are the same as other elegtromagnetic
radiation are usually seen as energy packages called photons. The mass and core charge that
emits gamma rays do not change.
Gamma decay occurs because the nucleus has excess energy, namely when the atom is in
an excited state, and also the decay usually accompanies alpha and beta decay. Basically
gamma decay only reduces energy without changing the nucleus arrangement because
gamma rays do not have mass or charge therefore it can be said that the emission produced
by gamma rays is gamma radiation.
Nature of Gamma Rays
Gamma rays are electromagetic radiation waves, similar to X-rays, with short
wavelengths. Sifta - the nature of gamma rays namely:
 Has no mass
 Has a very strong translucency (can penetrate the lead plate as thick as 20 cm)
 The weakest ionisation power, no electric charge, therefore cannot be deflected by an
electric field
 Derived from radioactive activity or nuclear processes
 Has the highest frequency (1020 Hz to 1025 Hz) as well as the shortest wavelength
 Has a high redeeming power
 Gamma rays do not experience deflection, because when the electric field is given
gamma rays will remain straight without any deflection. This is due to gamma ray
particles having no mass and no charge. So it will not look for a cargo partner. There are
three main processes that can occur due to gamma ray radiation passing through the
material. The three processes release electrons which then ionize other atoms in the
material:
 Photoelectric effect is the event of the absorption of photon energy entirely by electrons
which are strongly bound by an atom so that the electron is separated from the bonds of
atoms. The released electrons are called photoelectrons. The photoelectric effect mainly
occurs between 0.01 MeV to 0.5 MeV. This photoelectric effect generally occurs in
materials with large Z, such as copper (Z = 29). The incoming photon energy mostly
moves to the photoelectric electron in the form of electron kinetic energy and some is
used to fight the electron binding energy (W0).
 Compton effect is the effect that occurs when gamma rays about free electrons or outer
electrons go through an atom which is considered to have very little binding capacity so
that it is the same as free electrons. When gamma rays radiate to these free electrons
there will be scattering, which is called compton scattering.
 Food production occurs because of interactions between photons and electric fields in
heavy atomic nuclei. If that interaction occurs, photons will disappear and instead a pair
of electrons and positrons will emerge.

Benefits of Gamma Rays

1. Cure Tumors, Cancer, and Other Abnormalities. Gamma rays can be used to kill cancer
cells and tumors and also other disorders known as gamma knife. Gamma knife is a gamma
ray therapy method that is used to treat tumors and other abnormalities in the brain without
opening the skull bones. This gamma ray radiation is used to destroy diseased cells while
maintaining other healthy cells. A series of gamma rays, emitted directly to cancer cells to be
killed or destroyed.

2. Killing Bacteria
Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves that can kill bacteria, so they are often
used to sterilize food, drink and doctor equipment when going to do surgery. The use of
gamma rays to kill organisms is known as irradiation. The dose of gamma rays used also does
not damage food cells, so food nutrition will not be reduced. Food becomes durable because
there are no bacteria that damage food and of course the taste of food will not change or still
be the same as the original taste. Irradiated foods are not harmful to human health.

2. Vaccines:
Vaccines are antigenic substances used to produce immunity to a disease. Vaccine
delivery (immunization) is done to prevent or reduce the influence of infections that cause
certain diseases. Vaccines usually contain agents that mimic disease-causing microorganisms
and are often made from weakened or dead microbes, from their toxins, or from one of their
surface proteins. Agents stimulate the immune system to recognize an agent as a threat,
destroy it, and to better recognize and destroy microorganisms associated with agents that
may be encountered in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (for example to prevent or
correct the effects of future infections by natural or "wild" pathogens) or therapeutic (for
example vaccines against cancer). Giving vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccination is the
most effective method for preventing infectious diseases.
Vaccines contain viruses or bacteria, both living and weakened. Vaccinations can be
given in the form of injections, drinking drops, or through steam (aerosols).

Benefits of Vaccines for the Body

The following are some of the benefits of vaccines that are important for the body:
 Prevents the spread of disease
 Not only does it protect the body from serious diseases, giving the vaccine can also help
prevent the spread of the disease. For example, cases of death in infants and children due
to outbreaks of measles and pertussis (whooping cough) which once shocked the world.
This happened because at that time no vaccine had been found for the two diseases.
 Protect from the risk of death and disability
Vaccine is proven to reduce a person's risk of various diseases that can result in death or
disability. For example, giving smallpox vaccine to children can help prevent them from
getting smallpox later in life. Likewise, the administration of measles and rubella
vaccines can help reduce the risk of transmission of the virus from pregnant women to
the fetus in the womb and to newborn babies.
 Save time and money
Giving vaccines is one of the cheapest health investments because it is proven to be able
to prevent and reduce morbidity, disability, and death due to an illness. Giving vaccines
can help a person avoid various diseases that can cause prolonged illness, which is not
only detrimental in terms of financial but also time.

Based on that explanation we can make an idea to overcome/solve the problem of covid
19 (Engineering Idea):
Vaccines are substances that contain dead or weakened bacteria or viruses that can be
used as triggers to increase the body's resistance to certain diseases. Giving vaccines is
considered as an effective way to avoid a disease, including tetanus, typhus, polio and others.
When vaccines are introduced into the body, the body's security system, called
lymphocyte cells, responds by producing antibodies. These antibodies eventually fight the
virus and protect the body from infection.
Nuclear technology can be used to make vaccines by utilizing gamma ray radiation.
"Technically gamma radiation facilities can be used to make vaccines. Including the covid-19
virus, vaccine can be made in the future by utilizing gamma ray radiation. However, given
the very rapid and dangerous spread of the covid-19 virus, vaccine manufacturing needs
supporting facilities such as a level 3 bio safety laboratory (BSL 3) and adequate personal
protective equipment (PPE) during preparation.
In principle, to make the vaccine can be done by several methods, namely by
administering chemicals such as formalin, heating, or with gamma ray radiation. The stages
of making a vaccine using gamma ray radiation starts from preparing the source of the virus,
conducting radiation, to testing the effectiveness.
This stage can be considered preclinical and takes 6 months to 1 year. Which must be
prepared of course available vaccine seed or the virus itself that is in the right host, then
carried out the irradiation process. Then purification is followed by testing the effectiveness
of both cell culture or experimental animals or volunteers.
With excess gamma ray radiation with a large penetrating power can lead directly to
nucleic acids without damaging the epitope on the cell surface, is used to weaken the virus so
that it is expected to inhibit its growth and development. Because of their very small size,
radiation intensities of up to 50 kilogray (kGy) are needed to damage nucleic acids so that
viruses cannot multiply. When a virus that is weak and unable to replicate or reproduce itself
and does not cause this infection is given, it will trigger an immune response by forming
antibodies to deal with the virus.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A.Conclusion
Corona virus being the trending topic everywhere. Corona virus is a family of viruses
found in humans and animals. Some of the viruses can correct humans and cause various
diseases, ranging from general illnesses such as flu, to more fatal diseases, such as Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). So
bassed on the explanation we can make the conclusion we must make the vaccine. In
principle, to make the vaccine can be done by several methods, namely by administering
chemicals such as formalin, heating, or with gamma ray radiation.