THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Review of related literature

This chapter is a presentation of the review of materials having similarities or contain vital
information to the present case study. The Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework and
Definition of Terms are likewise presented.

In Command Memorandum Circular Number 16-2016 [1] entitled “PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs
Campaign Plan Project “Double Barrel” will be conducted in a two-prolonged approach, namely:
PROJECT TOKHANG and PROJECT HVT. The lower barrel approach will be the conduct of
PROJECT TOKHANG in all drug-affected barangays throughout the country in coordination
with the Local Government Units (LGUs) particularly the Provincial/City/Municipal/Barangay
Anti-Drug Abuse Councils (ADACs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), stakeholders,
and other law enforcement agencies. The PROJECT TOKHANG is a practical and realistic
means of accelerating the drive against illegal drugs in affected barangays. This concept involves
the conduct of house to house visitations to persuade suspected illegal drug personalities to stop
their illegal drug activities.

A memorandum circular was also issued to emphasize to local authorities, especially barangay
officials, their principal responsibilities in support of over-all government efforts to address
peace and order, particularly to curb illegal drugs and other substances.[2] Other legal mandates
such as Republic Act (R.A.) 9165 otherwise known as the “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs
Act of 2002 to develop and adopt a comprehensive, unified, integrated and balanced national
drug abuse and prevention control strategy and formulation of the National Anti-Drug Plan of
Action which outlines the efforts of the government to strengthen its campaign against drugs and
contribute in international efforts to counter the world drug problem.
During the first 100 days of implementation, a total of 22,387 drug personalities have been
arrested in 23,474 operations under "Oplan Double Barrel" conducted from July 1,2016. Under
the "OplanTokhang", the police visited 1,601,691 house of drug users and pushers. This led to
the surrender of 732, 115 drug personalities, 52,812 pushers and 679,303 users. Meanwhile, 13
policemen have been killed while 38 were injured amid the bloody war against drugs. Three
members of the military also died while eight sustained injuries.
(http://www.notey.com/@balita_unofficial/external/12273629/pcci-praises-duterte-on-his-war-
on-drugs-in-first-100-days.html)

Effectiveness of School-Based Drug Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis of the

Research:

Effectiveness of different types of drug prevention programs was examined in a meta-analysis of

120 school-based programs (5th-12th) that evaluated success on self-reported drug use measures.
Hypothesis tests using Weighted Least Squares regressions were conducted of an a priori
classification scheme that was based on program content and its method of delivery. Two major
types of programs were identified: Interactive and Non-Interactive. Six factors related to
program effectiveness (sample size, targeted drug, type of control group, special populations,
type of leader, and attrition) were included as covariates. The superiority of the Interactive
programs was both clinically and statistically significant to the Non-Interactive programs for
tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and illicit drugs and for all adolescents including minority
populations. The larger Interactive programs were less effective, although still significantly
superior to the Non-Interactive programs, which suggests implementation failures.
(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024630205999)

Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: a review

We review drug abuse treatment as a means of preventing infection with HIV. Thirty-three
studies, with an aggregate of over seventeen thousand subjects, were published in peer-reviewed
journals from 1988–1998. Research on the utility of drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention
strategy has focused primarily on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) rather than other
modalities such as residential or outpatient drug-free treatment. Recent research provides clear
evidence that MMT reduces HIV risk behaviors, particularly needle-use, and strong evidence
that MMT prevents HIV infection. There is less definitive evidence that MMT reduces needle-
sharing and unsafe sexual behavior, or that other treatment modalities prevent HIV infection.
Future research should take into account patient self-selection processes and investigate other
treatment modalities for heroin and stimulant abuse to determine their effects on HIV risk
behaviors and HIV infection. (http://www.drugandalcoholdependence.com/article/S0376-
8716(99)00104-0/abstract)

Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early
adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention.

Hawkins, J. David; Catalano, Richard F.; Miller, Janet Y.

Suggests that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent
alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. This approach requires the
identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have
been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general
population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug
abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups,
and make recommendations for research and practice.

(http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64)

Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs: A systematic review

Drug prevention in schools is a top priority in most Western countries and several well-designed
studies have shown that prevention programs have the potential of reducing drug use in
adolescents. However, most prevention programs are not effective and there are no general
criteria available for deciding which program is effective and which is not. In this systematic
review of the literature, the current scientific knowledge about which characteristics determine
the effectiveness of drug prevention programs is examined. Three types of studies are reviewed:
meta-analyses (3 studies were included), studies examining mediating variables of interventions
(6 studies), and studies directly comparing prevention programs with or without specific
characteristics (4 studies on boosters, 12 on peer- versus adult-led programs, and 5 on adding
community interventions to school programs). Seven evidence-based quality criteria were
formulated: the effects of a program should have been proven; interactive delivery methods are
superior; the “social influence model” is the best we have; focus on norms, commitment not to
use, and intentions not to use; adding community interventions increases effects; the use of peer
leaders is better; and adding life skills to programs may strengthen effects.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460302002952)

School-Based Adolescent Drug Prevention Programs: 1998 Meta-Analysis

Nancy S. Tobler; Michael R. Roona; Peter Ochshorn; Diana G. Marshall; Andrei V. Streke;

Kimberly M. Stackpole

This paper reports on a meta-analysis of 207 universal school-based drug prevention programs
that compared the self-reported drug use of treatment to control or comparison youth. Programs
are classified into Interactive and Non-Interactive groups based on a combination of content and
delivery method. Weighted categorical and weighted regression methods have been used to
determine the attributes that most effectively reduce, delay, or prevent drug use, including
program size, type of control group and leader, attrition, target drug, intensity, grade, special
population and level of drug use. Program type and size are found to be significant predictors of
effectiveness. Non-interactive lecture-oriented prevention programs that stress drug knowledge
or affective development show small effects. Interactive programs that foster development of
interpersonal skills show significantly greater effects that decrease with large-scale
implementations. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021314704811)

Long-term Follow-up Results of a Randomized Drug Abuse Prevention Trial in a White

Middle-class Population

Gilbert J. Botvin, PhD; Eli Baker, PhD; Linda Dusenbury, PhD; et al Elizabeth M. Botvin, PhD;
Tracy Diaz

Objective. —To evaluate the long-term efficacy of a school-based approach to drug abuse
prevention.

Design. —Randomized trial involving 56 public schools that received the prevention program
with annual provider training workshops and ongoing consultation, the prevention program with
videotaped training and no consultation, or "treatment as usual" (ie, controls). Follow-up data
were collected 6 years after baseline using school, telephone, and mailed surveys.

Participants. —A total of 3597 predominantly white, 12th-grade students who represented

60.41% of the initial seventh-grade sample.

Intervention. —Consisted of 15 classes in seventh grade, 10 booster sessions in eighth grade,

and five booster sessions in ninth grade, and taught general "life skills" and skills for resisting
social influences to use drugs.

Measures. —Six tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use self-report scales were recoded to create
nine dichotomous drug use outcome variables and eight polydrug use variables.

Results. —Significant reductions in both drug and polydrug use were found for the two groups
that received the prevention program relative to controls. The strongest effects were produced for
individuals who received a reasonably complete version of the intervention—there were up to
44% fewer drug users and 66% fewer polydrug (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) users.

Conclusions. —Drug abuse prevention programs conducted during junior high school can
produce meaningful and durable reductions in tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use if they (1)
teach a combination of social resistance skills and general life skills, (2) are properly
implemented, and (3) include at least 2 years of booster sessions.(JAMA. 1995;273:1106-1112)

A Case Study on Project “Double Barrel” in the Municipality of Rosario, La Union by:
SPO4 MariaJesusa N. Pajarillo, PhD,  Unpublished Case Study

This case study is an analysis of the effectiveness of Project “Double Barrel” in the Municipality
of Rosario, La Union. The case study used the descriptive method of research with the use of a
self-made validated questionnaire and documentary analysis. The case study is limited to August
16-17, 2016.

The Eight Do’s and Don’ts in the Implementation of Oplan Tokhang by: Yna Sipelimo

The Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP), the mandatory association of lawyers in the country,
issued pointers on how Oplan Tokhang must be conducted by law enforcement officers. This
Oplan Tokhang was temporarily suspended in the wake of complaints from different sectors
regarding alleged abuse in its implementation. The last straw was the death of a South Korean
businessman in the hands of anti-drug operatives. After a hiatus of one month, Oplan Tokhang is
once again in full swing, thus prompting the IBP through its National President Rosario Setias-
Reyes to provide their insights and inputs. According to Reyes, “Oplan Tokhang is just as legal
as the police responding to a report about a neighbor playing very loud music deep in the night
by going to the house of the noisemaker and asking him to stop.” However, the IBP said that the
police must follow some basic do’s and don’ts such as the following: First, the police personnel
must be in uniform when conducting subject visitation so that they are readily identifiable as
police officers and it is advisable that the visitation be done in coordination with the local
barangay officials to ensure the safety and peace of mind of the subject as he will presumably
recognize the barangay officials from his own community. Second, visitation should be
conducted during daytime so as to minimize the danger of miscommunication, misapprehension
or misunderstanding between the subject and the police officers. Third, the police must approach
in a courteous and non-aggressive manner emphasizing the fact that the intention of the visit is
only to talk with the subject and not to arrest him or subject him to any coercive action. Fourth, if
the subject refuses to talk with the police, he cannot be compelled to do so nor can the police
enter the premises of his home without any search warrant or probable cause to justify a
warrantless entry. No aggressive or coercive actions or statements should be taken or made
against the subject at the time of the visitation. Fifth, if the subject who initially agreed to talk
with the police decides to stop the conversation, the police must abide by his decision and must
peacefully leave the premises of his home. Sixth, any subject who expresses a desire to
voluntarily surrender as a drug dependent or drug pusher shall be referred to the nearest local
police station for further interview and must be assisted by independent counsel, preferably of
his own choice, at all times during the said interview. Seventh, any statement, undertaking, form,
or any other document containing any admission or extra-judicial confession of any particularly
criminal activity to be executed by a subject who has expressed a desire to voluntarily surrender
must be executed with the assistance of counsel and only after the subject shall have been fully
apprised of his rights as a person under custodial investigation; Eighth, at all times during the
entire process, the safety and security of the subject and his rights under the law must be
protected and respected in full. Lastly, Reyes added that while this Oplan Tokhang is not illegal,
it could “become a fascistic nightmare of police abuse and human rights violations that will only
foster fear and hatred against our police officers instead of the respect and support that they
should earn and receive.” ( http://www.ikot.ph/2856-2/)