HYDRAULICS

BFC21103
GROUP PROJECT

Group Number: 4
Section: 3
Lecturer’s Name: Dr. Noor Aliza Ahmad
Group Member:
NAME MATRIC NUMBER

ABDUL MUTALIB BIN ABD HAMID AF180155

HANIM SOFEA BT HARMIYN SANY AF180221
MOHAMAD ISLAH AIDEL BIN MOHD HAIRODIN AF180187
MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN MOHD KAMARUZZAMAN AF180125
MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ AKID BIN SAIDIN AF180037

Submission Date: 15 June 2020

CONTENT

Content Page

Content 2

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

Chapter 2: Methodology 7

Chapter 3: Analysis and Calculation 14

Chapter 4: Discussion 28

Chapter 5: Conclusion 33

References 35

2
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

3
1.1 Background Of The Project

Drainage is the removal of excess water from the land to prevent crop damage and salt
accumulation, allow earlier planting of crops, increase the root zone, aerate the soil, favour
growth of soil bacteria, and reclaim arable low-lying or swamp areas. Practically every valley
where irrigation has been carried on for a considerable length of time has lands needing drainage.
A combination of field ditches and land levelling is most practical. It takes an unreasonably large
network of field ditches to do a good job of moving water from most fields without land
levelling. Deep channels to carry the final collection into an accepted area are often constructed
on field boundaries.

To protect roads, irrigation systems, buildings, and fields, maximum rate of runoff for all
drainage systems should be determined. Most structures can be flooded for a short time, but peak
rainfall intensities and runoff data should be determined so that the system (bridges, culverts,
etc.) can be designed to handle the runoff. It may be most economical to design the structures on
a 10- to 25-year recurrence expectancy; that is, the expected runoff would be exceeded only once
every 10 to 25 years.

There are some drainage also often use at the highway or road. For example, interceptors
drain. These drains normally place at the higher place. Meanwhile, bench drain used at the second
higher place. And the last one is roadside drain which is place besides the road.

There are some advantages of drainage system which is can avoid water accumulation. A
proper drainage system can prevent standing water that can lead to flooding by sending the water
away from your home. The excess water in your yard may kill plants. Next is no mosquito’s issue.
Drainage systems also stop the gathering of stagnant water, which can encourage mosquitoes to
breed. A perfect drainage system will drain away the still water and also eliminates many of the
problems people have with small rodents and pesky bugs.

Drainage system also can reduce soil erosion. If the still water stays there for long time it
can make soil muddy, which in turn can cause soil to erode. Drainage systems keep balanced
moisture in your garden to reduce soil erosion. It also can remove toxic resources and disease

4
organisms. A continuous heavy rain may cause the water to increase, which results in flash floods,
especially when you live near a pond or big water source. Drainage systems can remove these
toxic materials generated in flash floods by draining them away from your yard.

1.2 Location

Pahang River is the longest river in Peninsular Malaysia with the length of 459km and its
upstream is located at the Main Range of Titiwangsa. Pahang River which is located at Pahang
River Basin is the main channel responsible to drain the water from this basin to South China Sea.
Pahang River is divided into the Tembeling and Jelai Rivers and both rivers meet at a confluence
at Kuala Tembeling which is located 300 km away from the estuary of Pahang River (Kuala
Pahang). The river meanders through townships such as Jerantut, Temerloh, Maran, Bera, Pekan
and lastly flows into the South China Sea which was located at the East Coastal of Peninsular
Malaysia. Annual rainfall of the Pahang River Basin is ranged from 1609 mm (Temerloh) to
2132.36 mm (Lubuk Paku). Mostly, the high rainfall in this area was occurred at the end of the
year (November to March every year) and it influenced by the northeast monsoon season.

Pahang River is the main channel to drain off water from the inundated area of Pahang
Basin to the South China Sea during wet season which is caused by the northeast monsoon. Most
of the inundations of lower areas of Pahang River Basin were caused by overflowing of the Pahang
River. The statistics of rainfall and hydrological factors were calculated in terms of their means
for the period from 1980 to 2009. The highest water level recorded at Sg. Yap was 45.36 m and
the lowest was 43.49 m, whereas for Temerloh, the highest water level was 26.71m and the lowest
was 24.73 m. Besides that, the highest monthly total rainfall at Sg. Yap was 254.01 mm and the
lowest was 106.67 mm. At Temerloh, the highest monthly total rainfall was 219.83 mm and the
lowest was 93.75 mm. The mean discharge of Pahang River (1980-2009) at Sg. Yap was 845.78
m³/s and at Temerloh was 1008.50 m³/s. The water levels which beyond the danger level in recent
three decades had also been identified.

5
1.3 Problem Statement

 Analyses and sketch the direction of flow within the drain along the proposed 600
m-long road.
 Find the flow of water by using Manning’s equation.
 Find the flow of water by using Rational Method.
 Design the suitable drain for road with a specific flow rate of water.

6
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

7
1. The project is being carried out at Kg Sungai Yap, Pahang with reference to the drainage
plan from segment 1: CH0- CH600. The plan along profile divided by a few section.

Figure 2.1

2. The project required to use the Rational Method which we need to follow the procedure in
figure 2.2 to be done. By using this Rational Method, we found the Q rainfall which is the
Q for the peak discharge.

8
 Figure 2.2

3. Calculate the area.

The manual calculation method is used to obtain the area value of each drain from CH0-
CH600. The drains are determined by reference to the completion stage given in the
drainage plan.

1
Area of triangle: 2 × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
1
Area of trapezium: 2 × (𝐴 + 𝐵) × (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)

Area of rectangular: 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

9
4. Calculate Q rainfall.
𝐶. 𝑖. 𝐴
𝑄=
360
𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ( )
𝑠
𝐶 = 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑚𝑚
𝑖 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( )
ℎ𝑟
𝐴 = 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (ℎ𝑎)

5. The Rainfall intensity (i) is typically found from Intensity/Duration/Frequency curves for
rainfall events in the geographical region of interest. The duration is usually equivalent to
the time of concentration of the drainage area. Empirical equation can be used to minimize
error in estimating the rainfall intensity values from the IDF curves. It is expressed as

𝛾𝑇𝐾
𝑖=
(𝑑 + 𝜃)ᵑ

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,

𝑖 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟)

𝑇 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 − 𝐴𝑅𝐼 (0.5 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 ≤ 𝑇

≤ 100 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟);

𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠), 0.0833 ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 72; 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐾, ᵑ , 𝛾, 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

10
 Table 2.1

6. Calculate the 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑑 to get d for Empirical Equation.

Table 2.2

11
7. Calculate the Runoff Coefficient for mixed development, 𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑔 ,

∑𝑚𝑗=1 𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑚
∑𝑗=1 𝐴

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶 = 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 (ℎ𝑎)
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

Table 2.3

12
8. Calculate the Q design using Manning formula.

1 2 12
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆0
𝑛

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐴 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2 )

𝑅 = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑚)

𝑆𝑜 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

Table 2.4

13
 CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION

14
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2

i. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴1

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 1
(𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

= 1012.92 𝑚2 = 1002.33 𝑚2
= 0.1013 ℎ𝑎 = 0.1002 ℎ𝑎

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 2
(𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

= 537.88 𝑚2 = 515.36 𝑚2
= 0.0537 ℎ𝑎 = 0.0515 ℎ𝑎

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 3
(𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
(𝐶𝐻325 − 𝐶𝐻400): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 & 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

= 1543.10 𝑚2 = 832.26 𝑚2
= 0.1543 ℎ𝑎 = 0.0832 ℎ𝑎

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 4
(𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

15
 = 0.1129 ℎ𝑎 = 0.1164 ℎ𝑎

ii. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴2

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 1
(𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

= 937.05 𝑚2 = 943.86 𝑚2
= 0.0937 ℎ𝑎 = 0.0943 ℎ𝑎

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 2
(𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

= 954.61 𝑚2 = 937.83 𝑚2
= 0.0954 ℎ𝑎 = 0.0937 ℎ𝑎

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 3
(𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
(𝐶𝐻325 − 𝐶𝐻400): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 & 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

= 943.60 𝑚2 = 937.68 𝑚2
= 0.0943 ℎ𝑎 = 0.0937 ℎ𝑎

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 4
(𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

= 937.50 𝑚2 = 937.50 𝑚2
= 0.0937 ℎ𝑎 = 0.0937 ℎ𝑎

16
 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2: 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

𝐴1 𝐶1 + 𝐴2 𝐶2
∑𝐶 =
𝐴1 + 𝐴2

LEFT SIDE DRAIN

Sub- Land use Area (ha) Runoff Coefficient Area Total

catchment Weighted Area
Developed Undeveloped Developed Undeveloped
Id C (ha)
(𝑨𝟏 ) (𝑨𝟐 ) (𝑪𝟏 ) (𝑪𝟐 )
1 Condominium 0.1013 0.0937 0.80 0.40 0.61 0.195

2 Industry 0.0537 0.0954 0.95 0.50 0.67 0.149

3 Commercial 0.1543 0.0943 0.80 0.40 0.65 0.249

4 Apartment 0.1129 0.0937 0.85 0.50 0.69 0.207

RIGHT SIDE DRAIN

Sub- Land use Area (ha) Runoff Coefficient Area Total

catchment Weighted Area
Developed Undeveloped Developed Undeveloped
Id C
(𝑨𝟏 ) (𝑨𝟐 ) (𝑪𝟏 ) (𝑪𝟐 )
1 Condominium 0.1002 0.0943 0.80 0.40 0.60 0.195

2 Industry 0.0515 0.0937 0.95 0.50 0.66 0.145

3 Commercial 0.0832 0.0937 0.80 0.40 0.59 0.177

4 Apartment 0.1164 0.0937 0.85 0.50 0.69 0.210

17
 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝒏∗ . 𝑳𝟑
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 3: 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝒕𝟎 = 𝟏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝑺𝟓
𝒕𝟎 = Overland sheet flow travel time (minutes)

𝑳 = Overland sheet flow path length (m)

For Steep Slope (>10%), L≤ 50𝑚
For Moderate Slope (<5%), L≤ 100𝑚
For Mild Slope (<1%), L≤ 200𝑚
𝒏 = Horton′ s roughness value for the surface (Table 2.2)
∗

𝐒 = Slope of overland surface (%)

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 1
(𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

9.279 7.098
𝑆= × 100 𝑆= × 100
150 150

= 6.2 % = 4.73%

𝑛 = 0.045 𝑛 = 0.045
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
1 1
107(0.045)(150)3 107(0.045)(150)3
𝑡𝑜 = 1 𝑡𝑜 = 1
(6.2)5 (4.73)5

= 17.76 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 18.75 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 2
(𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

7.415 4.949
𝑆= × 100 𝑆= × 100
150 150

= 4.94% = 3.30%

18
𝑛 = 0.045 𝑛 = 0.045
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
1 1
107(0.045)(150)3 107(0.045)(150)3
𝑡𝑜 = 1 𝑡𝑜 = 1
(4.94)5 (3.30)5

= 18.59 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 20.15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 3
(𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

7.473 12.112
𝑆= × 100 𝑆= × 100
150 150

= 4.98% = 8.07%

𝑛 = 0.045 𝑛 = 0.045
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
1 1
107(0.045)(150)3 107(0.045)(150)3
𝑡𝑜 = 1 𝑡𝑜 = 1
(4.98)5 (8.07)5

= 18.56 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 16.85 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 4
(𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

6.242 3.975
𝑆= × 100 𝑆= × 100
150 150

= 4.16% = 2.65%

𝑛 = 0.045 𝑛 = 0.045
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
1 1
107(0.045)(150)3 107(0.045)(150)3
𝑡𝑜 = 1 𝑡𝑜 = 1
(4.16)5 (2.65)5

= 19.24 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 21.05 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

19
 𝒏. 𝑳
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4 ∶ 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑡𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝒕𝒅 =
𝟔𝟎𝑹𝟐/𝟑 𝑺𝟏/𝟐

𝒏 = 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 2.4)

𝑹 = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠(𝑚)
𝑚
𝑺 = 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ( )
𝑚
𝑳 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ (𝑚)
𝒕𝒅 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠)

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 1
(𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑛 = 0.015 𝑛 = 0.015
𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚 𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.10396 𝑆 = 0.10396
𝑚 𝑚
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
0.015 × 150 0.015 × 150
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1 𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
60(0.205)3 (0.10396)2 60(0.205)3 (0.10396)2
= 0.334 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 0.334 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

20
 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 2
(𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑛 = 0.015 𝑛 = 0.015
𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚 𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.0520 𝑆 = 0.0520
𝑚 𝑚
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
0.015 × 150 0.015 × 150
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1 𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
60(0.205)3 (0.0520)2 60(0.205)3 (0.0520)2
= 0.472 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 0.472 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 3
(𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
(𝐶𝐻325 − 𝐶𝐻400): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 & 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛: 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛:

𝑛 = 0.015 𝑛 = 0.015
𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚 𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.0850 𝑆 = 0.0850
𝑚 𝑚
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
0.015 × 150 0.015 × 150
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1 𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
60(0.205)3 (0.0850)2 60(0.205)3 (0.0850)2
= 0.340 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 0.340 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

21
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛:
𝑛 = 0.015 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛:
𝑅 = 0.0714 𝑚 𝑛 = 0.015
𝑚 𝑅 = 0.0714 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.0850
𝑚 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.0850
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝑚
0.015 × 150 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
60(0.0714)3 (0.0850)2 0.015 × 150
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
= 0.750 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 60(0.0714)3 (0.0850)2
= 0.750 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 4
(𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑛 = 0.015 𝑛 = 0.015
𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚 𝑅 = 0.2055 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.0330 𝑆 = 0.0330
𝑚 𝑚
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 𝐿 = 150 𝑚
0.015 × 150 0.015 × 150
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
60(0.205)3 (0.0330)2 60(0.205)3 (0.0330)2
= 0.19 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 0.19 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

22
 𝜆Τ𝑘
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 5: 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝔦 =
(𝑑 + 𝜃)𝜂

𝜆= 65.914,
𝑘= 0.195,
𝜂= 0.817,
𝜃= 0.252,
𝑇= 20 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟,
𝑑= 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)
= 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 1
(𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑 𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑
= 17.76 + 0.334 = 18.75 + 0.334
= 18.09 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 19.08 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
= 0.302 ℎ𝑟 = 0.318 ℎ𝑟

(65.914)(20)0.195 (65.914)(20)0.195
𝔦 = 𝔦 =
(0.302 + 0.252)0.817 (0.318 + 0.252)0.817
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
= 193.53 = 187.12
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 2
(𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑 𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑
= 18.59 + 0.472 = 20.15 + 0.472
= 19.06 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 20.62 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

23
 = 0.318 ℎ𝑟 = 0.344 ℎ𝑟

(65.914)(20)0.195 (65.914)(20)0.195
𝔦 = 𝔦 =
(0.318 + 0.252)0.817 (0.344 + 0.252)0.817
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
= 187.12 = 180.43
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 3
(𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
(𝐶𝐻325 − 𝐶𝐻400): 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 & 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛: 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛:

𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑 𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑
= 18.56 + 0.340 = 16.85 + 0.340
= 18.90 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 17.22 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
= 0.315 ℎ𝑟 = 0.287 ℎ𝑟

(65.914)(20)0.195 (65.914)(20)0.195
𝔦 = 𝔦 =
(0.315 + 0.252)0.817 (0.287 + 0.252)0.817
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
= 187.93 = 195.87
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛: 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛:

𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑 𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑
= 18.56 + 0.75 = 16.85 + 0.750
= 19.31 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 17.60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
= 0.322 ℎ𝑟 = 0.293 ℎ𝑟

24
 (65.914)(20)0.195 (65.914)(20)0.195
𝔦 = 𝔦 =
(0.322 + 0.252)0.817 (0.293 + 0.252)0.817
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
= 186.06 = 194.17
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 4
(𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600)
𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑 𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑
= 19.24 + 0.190 = 21.05 + 0.190
= 19.43 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 21.24 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
= 0.324 ℎ𝑟 = 0.354 ℎ𝑟

(65.914)(20)0.195 (65.914)(20)0.195
𝔦 = 𝔦 =
(0.324 + 0.252)0.817 (0.354 + 0.252)0.817
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
= 185.53 = 177.99
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

25
 𝐶. 𝑖. 𝐴
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 6: 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑄 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑄 =
360

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶, 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙.

i) Roadside Drainage.

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 1
(𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.0639 𝑄 = 0.0608
𝑠 𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 2
(𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.0519 𝑄 = 0.0480
𝑠 𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 3
(𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.0845 𝑄 = 0.0568
𝑠 𝑠

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 4
(𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.0736 𝑄 = 0.0716
𝑠 𝑠

26
 ii) Bench Drain

𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 3
(𝐶𝐻325 − 𝐶𝐻400)

LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.0836 𝑄 = 0.0563
𝑠 𝑠

1 2 1
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 7: 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑄 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑅 3 𝑆° 2
𝑛

𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐴 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2 )

𝑅 = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑚)

𝑆𝑜 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛, 𝐴, 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑄 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛.

i) Roadside Drain

Channel (CH) Channel Slope 𝑚3

Q Design ( )
𝑠
𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150 0.10396 1.8707
𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300 0.05200 1.3231
𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450 0.08500 1.6916
𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600 0.03300 1.0540

ii) Bench Drain

Channel (CH) Channel Slope 𝑚3

Q Design ( )
𝑠
𝐶𝐻325 − 𝐶𝐻400 0.08500 1.7975

27
CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION

28
1. There are drainage area needs to identify of the catchment area of Kg. Sungai Yap Jerantut,
Pahang as the study area. To choose the drainages patterns are based on the environmental
conditions, space viability, and site suitability. Two drainage patterns were chosen, which
are bench drains and roadside drain based on land type of study area. The Figure 3.1
showed that the typical road drainage arrangement for drainage construction.

Figure 3.1

i) Roadside Drain

This roadside drains located along the road edge to collect water that has flowed on
the carriage way and the borders of cuttings to direct to the edge of the formation.
There are many patterns of designs for the roadside drain which are roadside drain
Type 1 Earth Drain, roadside drain
Type 2 Cast In-Situ Concrete Drain
Type 3 Precast Concrete Block Drain
Type 4 Stone-Lined Drain
Type 5 Precast Concrete U Drain

For the roadside drain, we chose the roadside drain type 2 (RSD 2) as shown in
Figure 3.2

29
 The reason we choose the roadside drain type 2 is because it is cast in-situ concrete
drain. It is very suitable for the type of the soil in this area which is peat soil
compared to the others design. More than that, this type has a strong structure which
is this type using suitable backfill material that will hold the soil strongly. After
doing some calculation, the flow rate that we get is smaller than the flow rate of
rainfall and this is for 20 years.

ii) Bench Drain

Bench drain is located longitudinally along the bench of a cut section to collect
rainwater on the cut slope. There are two patterns of this drain based on the JKR
Standard Drawing which are,
Type 1 (BC1) Cast In-Situ Concrete V Drain
Type 2 Half Round Glazed Earthenware Drain

For the bench drain, we chose the bench drain type 1 (BC1) – Cast In-Situ Concrete
V Drain as shown in figure 3.2.

30
 Figure 3.2

The reason why we chose the bench drain type 1 (BC1) – Cast In-Situ Concrete V
Drain because the cost is cheaper than bench drain type 2 (BC2). Not only that, the
time to install it is shorter that type 2. Next, the flow rate of this type is smaller than
type 2, so the type 2 is not suitable for this area. Lastly, the type 2 is difficult to
install it compared to type 1.

2. Through discussion to complete this project, our group found the design drainage (open
channel) for drainage plan CH 0.0 until CH 600.0 in Kg Sungai Yap, Jerantut, Pahang
should consideration about drainage area, roadway reserves, and design. We must estimate
the design discharge base on the design minor ARI using suitable methods. This method is
the most common method used for sizing sewer system. The best hydraulic section of an
open channel is characterized by provision of maximum discharge with a given cross
sectional area. For our group, we found that Q design > Q rainfall which are,

i) Roadside Drain

Section Q rainfall Q design

(CH) (𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔) (𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔)
LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE
DRAIN DRAIN
𝐶𝐻0 − 𝐶𝐻150 0.0639 0.0608 1.8707
𝐶𝐻150 − 𝐶𝐻300 0.0519 0.0480 1.3231

31
 𝐶𝐻300 − 𝐶𝐻450 0.0845 0.0568 1.6916
𝐶𝐻450 − 𝐶𝐻600 0.0736 0.0716 1.0540

ii) Bench Drain

Section Q rainfall Q design

(CH) (𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔) (𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔)
LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE
DRAIN DRAIN
𝐶𝐻325 − 𝐶𝐻400 0.0836 0.0563 1.7975

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

33
For the conclusion, a proper drainage system is important because it can prevent erosion which is
occur because of uncontrolled water flows on the road. It also reduce bearing capacity in the
subgrades and road structures causing permanent deformation. So, in designing a drainage water
system many kind of important factors need to be considered before the construction works. The
value of proper road drainage design and its maintenance on road cannot be neglected. Therefore
proper planning and design of road drainage system is very important to prevent water from in-
filtering the road surface, remove it from driving lanes, and carry it away from the roadway. From
this project done and calculation implemented, the road drainage system at Kg. Sg. Yap has been
designed according to best practices. Since we found that Q design > Q rainfall for all of the drain
chosen, The suitable drain which are roadside drain type 2 and Bench Drain type 1 have been
chosen along CH0 – CH600.

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References

1. Dieter H. Lindner. (2013, January 23). Surface Water Drainage Design Considerations
and Practices. Retrieved from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4296/cwrj1203067?needAccess=true&

2. Engineering Feasability Study. Stormwater Management Objectives. Retrieved from:

http://www.gosnells.wa.gov.au/files/bb3b6e68-ad7f-4f7e-ba0e-
a14700a51185/3_stormwater_management.pdf

3. Archdeacon, W. (2005). Standard Guidelines for the Design, Installation, and Operation
\& Maintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage and Urban Stormwater Systems

4. Harremoves, P., & Rauch, W. (1996). Integrated design and analysis of drainage systems,
including sewers, treatment plant and receiving waters. Journal Of Hydraulic Research,
815–826.

5. Adams, B. J., & Papa, F. (2000). Urban Stormwater Management Planning With Analytical
Probabilistic Models. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

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