1.

You sequence a genome and find two duplicated genes next to each other that have
the same sequence. This sequence differs by one base pair from a gene which existed
as a single copy in an ancestral species. Which process explains this observation?
a. Horizontal gene transfer
b. Neofunctionalization
c. Concerted evolution
d. Subfunctionalization
2. What is a major difference in the genomes of virus/bacteria vs. plants/animals?
a. The genomes of viruses/bacteria have great genetic diversity; those of plants/animals are
simpler and less diverse
b. The genomes of viruses/bacteria consist almost or entirely of coding sequences; in those of
plants/animals most DNA is non-protein coding
c. The genomes of viruses/bacteria are typically large; those of plants/animals are smaller
3. For two loci that are very close to each other on a chromosome, how might they show
signatures of selection?
a. A selective sweep would cause linkage disequilibrium between the gene selected for and
nearby loci, increasing variation in the area around the gene
b. Recombination erodes the linkage disequilibrium between loci that are next to each other,
increasing variation in the area around the gene
c. Recombination increases linkage equilibrium between loci that are next to each other,
decreasing variation in the area around the gene
d. A selective sweep would cause linkage disequilibrium between the gene selected for and
nearby loci, reducing variation in the area around the gene
4. The breeder’s equation shows that the rate of evolution depends on the strength of
heritability, and the strength of directional selection. Evolution can be expected when:
a. S is negative, and h^2 is 1
b. S is > 0 and h^2 < 0
c. S is equal to 0, and h^2 is > 0
d. S is not equal to 0, and h^2 is 0
5. Daphnia water fleas have evolved to have both sexual and asexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction is favored when the biology and chemistry of the lake is most
likely to change across generations, while sexual reproduction is favored when
conditions are most stable across generations.
a. True
b. False
6. Which of the following is an example of evidence for evolution based on
developmental homologies?
a. Bird-like dinosaur fossils have been discovered in China
b. Whale flippers have the same number of bones as human hands
c. Marsupials are common in Australia but not in North America
d. All vertebrate animals have pharyngeal slits early in development
e. Birds and crocodiles have more genes in common that birds and mice, because birds and
crocodiles have a more recent common ancestor
7. The definition of phenotypic plasticity is when a single genotype may produce
different phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli
a. True
b. False
8. Which of the following statements about asexual organisms is true?
a. Populations of asexual organisms suffer when the most fit individuals fail to reproduce,
causing the population’s mean fitness to fall
b. Asexual organisms can bring together two beneficial mutations that arise in different
individuals
c. Asexual organisms can unlink deleterious mutations from beneficial ones
9. What has new evidence suggested is the driving force of evolution in coding regions
(especially in species with a large effective population size)?
a. Positive selection on nonsynonymous mutations and drift
b. Purifying selection on synonymous mutations and drift
c. Purifying selection on synonymous mutations and positive selection on non-synonymous mutations
d. Purifying selection on non-synonymous mutations and positive selection on synonymous
mutations
10. Which of the following is an example of heterotopy?
a. During human postnatal growth, the head grows at a slower rate than the body while the legs
grow at a faster rate
b. Axolotls grow to full size but do not undergo metamorphosis, so that they retain many juvenile
characteristics
c. Teeth in a lizard’s head resemble each other in morphology
d. Entire young plants develop on the leaf margins of the Mother of Thousands
11. Which factors affect linkage disequilibrium between loci?
a. Being located close to each other on the same chromosome, or selection on a particular
combination of traits that are controlled by different loci
b. Selection on a particular combination of traits that are controlled by different loci
c. Being located close to each other on the same chromosome
d. Being in the same asexually reproducing organism
e. All answers are correct
12. A gene can appear to move from one spot in the genome to another, a phenomenon
called gene trafficking. How is this related to the death of a gene?
a. When a gene moves to another part of the genome, it can’t survive there so it “dies” (becomes
a pseudogene)
b. A deleterious gene might move to a different part of the genome so it does not “die” (undergo
purifying selection)
c. When a gene is copied to another part of the genome, the copy at the old location might “die”
(disappear)
13. Bat wings likely arose from:
a. Multiple simultaneous mutations in bone genes
b. Mutation that affects regulation of a single gene (Bmp)
c. Gradual increases in digit size over time, eventually leading to long wing bones
14. Cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory elements are important for evolutionary changes
to morphology because
a. Mutations to cis- and trans- regulatory elements can alter the genotype without affecting the
phenotype
b. Mutations in cis- and trans- regulatory elements can create novel proteins
c. Cis- and trans- regulatory elements evolve rapidly
d. Changes to the loci acted on by cis- and trans- regulatory elements affects which genes are
expressed, how much, and when
15. Which statement about phenotype is false?
a. Differences in environment can lead the same genotype to produce different phenotypes
b. Phenotypes are unlikely to be influenced by genes with pleiotropic effects
c. Phenotypes with continuous variation can be produced by the discrete variation in DNA
16. Which mode of chromosomal evolution can create new proteins and also changes
genome size?
a. Inversions
b. Single-nucleotide substitutions
c. Alternative splicing
d. None of these options change genome size
e. Allopolyploidy
17. A region of chromosome surrounding a selected-for gene has much lower
heterozygosity in domesticated maize than in its ancestor, teosinte. This is most likely
due to:
a. a selective sweep on a gene with a novel mutation
b. loss of genetic diversity due to background selection
c. purifying selection on a region of chromosome in linkage disequilibrium
d. A selective sweep on standing genetic variation
18. Which of these is not an advantage of asexual reproduction?
a. Alleles inherited from different organisms can create novel phenotypes
b. No need to find a mating partner
c. All individuals have the potential to reproduce
d. Lack of sexually transmitted diseases
19. Which of the graphs below depicts a genotype x environment interaction?

a. (A)
b. (B)
c. (C)
d. All graphs depict a genotype x environment interaction
20. “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” is a statement describing:
a. ultimate causes of the developmental changes in organism
b. proximate causes of the developmental changes in organism