WATER DRIVE MATERIAL BALANCE : COLE & CAMPBHELL PLOT

F. Kevin, B. S. Pratama, A. Admaja, Rahmat, Aris

Petroleum Engineering, STT Migas Balikpapan

This paper was prepared for Task of Reservoir Engineering STT Migas Balikpapan

ABSTRACT
drives. Knowledge of the cumulative
In this paper oil and gas production
water influx is also important to the
needs energy, sufficient to drive the
reservoir engineer. This study also
produced hydrocarbon to the surface
goes ahead to add to aquifer detection
of the well. Usually some of this
and characterization, the cumulative
required energy is supplied by nature.
water influx of each reservoir.
The hydrocarbon fluids are under
The whole process entailed analyzing
pressure because of their depth. The
reservoirs using the method proposed
gas and water in petroleum reservoirs
by Cole and Campbell. The plots
under pressure are the two main
showed a weak water drive for all
sources that help move oil to the well
reservoirs.
bore and sometimes up to the surface.
The water influx for all the reservoirs
Depending on the original
were calculated and results obtained.
characteristics of hydrocarbon
The Cole and Campbell plots were
reservoirs, the type of drive energy is
proven to be more accurate method of
different. The material balance
detecting and characterizing aquifer
equation has been a very useful tool in
and water drive strength.
analyzing these mechanisms. If none
.
of the terms in the material balance
equation can be neglected, then the
INTRODUCTION
reservoir can be described as having a
Successful reservoir management
combination drive in which all possible
relies on the ability to
sources of energy contribute a
generate reliable reservoir
significant part in producing the
performance behavior. The
reservoir fluids, and determining the
primary questions that reservoir
primary recovery factor. For this to
engineers are expected to
happen, the water must be produced
answer are given in the following, in
from an aquifer.
order of priority:
The aquifer water expands slightly,
1. What are the expected quantities of
displacing the oil or gas from the
original oil and gas
reservoir towards the borehole as
in place (OOIP and OGIP)?
pressure drops around the borehole.
2. How much oil and gas can be
Most literatures have been able to call
economically recovered
attention to the analysis of strong and
given the associated probabilities and
partial water drive. This study was able
risks?
to bring to light the aquifer
characteristics based on weak water
3. How can a newly discovered field be production, expressed as an
developed, underground withdrawal to the
followed by implementation of the expansion of the fluids in the reservoir
reservoir management resulting from a finite
plan and monitoring and evaluation of pressure drop.6
reservoir performance? Evaluating the volume balance in
reservoir barrels, he
1.1. Natural Producing Mechanisms obtained;
There are natural sources of energy in Underground withdrawal (rb) =
oil reservoirs that Expansion of oil +
control reservoir performance. These originally dissolved gas (rb) +
include the following: Expansion of gascap gas (rb)
· Liquid and rock compressibility drive + Reduction in HCPV due to connate
· Solution gas or depletion drive water expansion and
· Gascap drive decrease in the pore volume (rb).
· Aquifer water drive
· Gravity segregation drive
· Combinations of above'
· Drive mechanisms in gas reservoirs
are as follows:
· Gas expansion or depletion drive
· Aquifer water drive
· Combinations of above Reserve Estimation
Many petroleum engineers spend a
1.2. Aquifer Water Drive major part of their
When an oil or gas reservoir is in professional lives developing
communication with a estimates of reserves and
surrounding (bottom or edge) active production capabilities, along with new
aquifer, production from methods and
the reservoir results in a pressure drop techniques for improving these
between the reservoir and the aquifer. estimates. To understand the
confidence levels and risks of the
1. 3. Material Balance Method estimates, a clear and
The material balance equation (MBE) consistent set of reserve classifications
has been used by must be used. The
reservoir engineers for a long time as confidence level and the techniques
the basic tool for implemented by the
interpreting and predicting petroleum engineer depend on the
performance. When properly quantity and the maturity
applied, the MBE can be used to; of the data available. The data quality,
Estimate initial hydrocarbon volumes therefore, establishes
in place. the classification assigned to the
Predict future reservoir performance. reserve estimates and
Predict ultimate hydrocarbon recovery indicates the confidence one should
under various types have in the reserve
of primary driving mechanisms.2 estimates.
Schilthuis in 1941 was the first to Reserves are classified as proved,
present the general form proved developed,
of the material balance equation. The proved underdeveloped, probable and
equation is derived as a possible reserves.
volume balance which equates the Reserve estimation is simply
cumulative observed evaluating or assessing a
particular reservoir.
One major reason for the estimates of hydrocarbon. Failure to account for a
reserves is for weak water drive can
management decisions which are seen result in significant material-balance
in the formation of errors. So the study will
policies for; show an acceptable method of
1. Exploration and development of oil identifying strong, moderate
and gas properties. and weak water drives.

1.4. Problem Statement The Cole Plot

The Cole plot is a useful tool for
For proper estimation of reserves, an distinguishing between
adequate approach is water drive and depletion drive gas
required so as to be able to gain reservoirs. We can derive
adequate information about the plot from the general gas reservoir
production and production histories. material balance.
Drive mechanisms are
important to the reservoir engineers as
well as their strength Where F= cumulative reservoir
and drive indices. voidage and
This leads us to detecting aquifers that
produce through
water drives and accurately
characterizing them to be able to
know the strength under which the Eg = Cumulative gas expansion and
reservoir is producing. Ef,w = cumulative formation and water
These include: expansion
Strong, moderate and weak water
drives. Reservoir
engineers have tried to do this but
most works have been less
accurate, accounting for mostly strong
Often in gas reservoirs, Efw is
and moderate water
negligible compared to Eg
drives. This work presents a more
and can therefore be ignored.
accurate way through
which it is done.

1.5. Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to detect and
characterize aquifers
using four reservoir case histories
around the world.
The objectives are to determine:
· Presence of water drive
· Strength of the water drive
· Cumulative water influx, and
· Drive indices Cole proposed plotting on the
Y-axis versus Gp,
1.6. Significance of the Study cumulative gas production, if the
This study will help the reservoir reservoir is depletion drive,
engineer to understand right-handed term goes to zero and the
the nature of the aquifer contributing to points plot in a
the production of the
horizontal line with the Y intercept
equal to G, the OGIP. If a
water drive exists, the right-handed
term is not zero and the
points will plot above the depletion
drive line with a type of
slope. So we can say that when a
sloping line exists with
respect to the horizontal line, it can be
used as a diagnostic
tool for distinguishing between
depletion drive and water
drive.

Methodology
This study will be carried out with
respect to gas and oil
reservoirs. The two types of reservoirs
therefore will involve
two different methods of approach to
detect and characterize
the aquifer.

Campbell Plot
For oil reservoirs, the Campbell plot is
the counterpart to
the modified Cole plot for gas. From
the generalized material
balance equation;

Result and Disussion

Data
In this paper, we use data :
Reservoir Thickness : 1000 ft
Reservoir radius : 1000 ft
OOIP : 70 MMSTB
There several data that unknown, so
we assume like
aquifer permeablity : 10 MD permeability and production history. in
Enroachment angle : 180 this paper we used Hurst-Van
Everdigen modified as aquifer model.
After we input all of the data, the next
step is history matching. In history
matching we will see the Campbel
Plot, but before get campbel plot we
must reggression the data in analitycal
method :

Figure 1 : analitycal method before

regression.

Figure 2 : analitycal method after

regression.
From figure 1 and figure 2 we can see
the different curve before regression
and after regression.

Figure 3 : energy plot after reggression

At figure above we can see there are
three kind of drive mechanism in this
reservoir model, and water influx is
smallest drive mechanism.

In this paper we used Almarhoun

correlation at Pb, Rs, Bo and Petrosky
Correlation at oil viscosity. After we
input the data in PVT, the next step is
input the data into the Input, tank data,
tank parameter, water influx, relatif Figure 4 : WD function plot
At figure 4, we use WD function we
can see the dimensionless water influx
for several value of re/rR.
Figure 5 : Campbel plot
From figure 5 we can see the aquifer
strength and aquifer strength in this
plot is weak water drive. From figure 5
also we can see the OOIP after
regression is 652 MMSTB.
Conclusion and Way Forward
In this study, the material balance
method has proven to be
a very useful tool to the reservoir
engineer with regards to
aquifer detection and characterization.
The general material
balance equation was re-arranged to
come up with an
equation which an equation that plots
a graph known as Cole
and Campbell plot used to
characterise the strength of the
water drive.
Applying this method to the reservoir
data, we were able
to come up with plots similar to the
modal proposed by Cole
using Microsoft excel to aid accurate
calculation.
These plots show the presence of a
water drive and from
the nature of the curves, the plots
show weak water drives.
The Cole plot (gas) and Campbell plot
(oil) diagnose the
presence of a weak waterdrive
unambiguously. Depletiondrive
plots, such as the p/z, are ambiguous
in the presence of
a weak water drive and can give OHIP
values that are
erroneously high by a significant
amount. As suggested by
previous authors, the weak waterdrive
signature on the Cole
and Campbell plots is shown to be a
negative slope. The
study was successful and desirable
results gotten.
Generally, the Cole and Campbell
method was successful
in determining weak water drives in
aquifer.
References
[1] Forest, A.G: “Oil and Gas Reserves
Classification, Estimation
and Evaluation”, paper 13946 received
in 1985 for SPE’s
Revision of Petroleum Engineering
Handbook, USA.
[2] Craft, B. C. and Hawkins, M. F.:
Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering. 1959, NJ, USA.: pp 70-
71. Prentice Hall.
[3] Tarek, A.: Reservoir Engineering
Handbook. 2006, 2nd
Edition, Houston, Texas, USA.: Gulf
Professional Publishing.
Pembagian Tugas
Fiktorius Kevin : Discussion, printing
Bagus Setya : Abstrak
Alizar Admaja : Methodology and
Theory, Editing
Rahmat : Introduction
Aris : Conclusion