Contents

Preface iv

Abbreviations vi

List of Symbols Used vii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Design Project-1: An Overview…………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Design Data Report of HP-42 MRTT……………………………………………………………………. 2
1.3 Design Process and Methodology………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.3.1 Aircraft Design Process……………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.3.2 Design Methodology……………………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.4 Aerial Refueling: An Overview……………………………………………………………………………. 9
1.4.1 List of Tanker Aircrafts…………………………………………………………………………….. 19
1.5 Conceptual Design……………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
2 V-n Diagram for the Design Study 23
2.1 Structural Loads………………..………………………………………………………………………………… 23
2.1.1 Load Factors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
2.2 V-n Diagram………………………….……………………………………………………………………………. 24
3 Gust and Manoeuvrability Envelopes 28
3.1 Gust Loads…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………. 28
3.2 V-n Diagram Gust Envelope…………………………………………………………………………………. 30
4 Critical Loading Performance and Final V-n Diagram 33
4.1 Design Load Factor……………………………………………………………………………………………... 33
4.2 Critical Loading Performance………………..……………………………………………………………. 33
4.3 Final V-n Diagram……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
5 Structural Design Study – Theory Approach 39
5.1 Major Components of Aircraft……………………………………………………………………………. 39
5.1.1 Fuselage……………………………….………………………………………………………………….. 39
5.1.2 Wings………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
5.1.3 Empennage…………………..…………………………………………………………………………. 42

5.1.4 Powerplant………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
5.1.5 Landing Gear……………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
5.2 Types of Constructions………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
5.2.1 Truss Structure……………………………………………………………………….………………… 48
5.2.2 Geodesic Construction…………………………………………………………….………………… 48
 5.2.3 Monocoque Shell……………………………………………………………………………………… 49
5.2.4 Semi-monocoque…………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
5.3 Loads Acting on the Aircraft Structure……………………………………………….………………. 50
5.3.1 Tensile Loading……………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
5.3.2 Compressive Loading………………………………………………………………………………. 52
6 Load Estimation of Wings 54
6.1 Wing Load Distribution………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
6.1.1 Spanwise Lift Distribution……..………………………………………………………………….. 54
6.1.2 Added Flap Loads……………………………………………………………………………………… 57
6.1.3 Spanwise Drag Distribution.…………………………………………………………………….. 57
6.1.4 Concentrated and Distributed Wing Weights…………………………………………… 57
6.2 Load Estimation of Wing by Schrenk’s Approximation Method………………………….. 58
6.3 Structural Weight Distribution………..………………………………………………………………….. 60
6.4 Shear Force and Bending Moment Analysis.………………………………………………………. 63
6.5 Spreadsheet Approach for Wing Load Distribution……………………………………………… 65
7 Load Estimation of Fuselage 78
7.1 Fuselage Load Distribution…………………………………………………………………………………. 78
7.2 Shear Force and Bending Moment Analysis……………………………………………………….. 80
7.3 Spreadsheet Approach for Fuselage Load Distribution……………………………………….. 82
8 Balancing and Maneuvering Loads on Tail plan, Aileron and Rudder loads 95
8.1 Maneuvering Loads………………..………………………………………………………………………….. 95
8.1.1 Symmetric Maneuvering Conditions………………………………………………………… 96
8.1.2 Maneuvering Balanced Conditions…………………………………………………………… 96
8.1.3 Pitch Maneuver Conditions……………………………………………………………………… 96
8.2 Balancing Loads…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 97
9 Detailed Structural Layouts 98
9.1 Wing Structural Layout..……………………………………………………………………………………… 98
9.1.1 Specific Roles of Wing (Main Wing) Structure………………………………………….. 98
9.1.2 Basic Functions of Wing Structural Members…………………………………………… 98
9.2 Structural Analysis of Wing..……………………………………………………………………………….. 100
9.3 Fuselage Structural Layout………………………………………………………………………………….. 106
9.4 Structural Analysis of Fuselage……………………………………………………………………………. 108
10 Design of Some Components of Wings and Fuselage 111
10.1 Design of Components of Wing………………………………………………………………………… 111
10.1.1 Fuel Tanks.……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
10.1.2 Rib Location and Direction.………………………………………………………………………. 112
10.1.3 Fixed Secondary Structure.……………………………………………………………………….. 112
10.1.4 Horizontal Stabilizer…………………………………………………………………………………. 113
 10.1.5 Vertical Stabilizer……………………………………………………………………………………… 113
10.1.6 Auxiliary Surfaces…………………………………………………………………………………….. 113
10.1.7 Hinged Control Surfaces…………………………………………………………………………… 113
10.1.8 Pivoted Control Surfaces………………………………………………………………………….. 114
10.1.9 High Lift Systems………………………………………………………………………………………. 114
10.1.10 Attachment of Lifting Surfaces………………………………………………………………. 114
10.1.11 Design of Structural Components of Wing…………………………………………….. 114
10.2 Design of Components of Fuselage………..…………………………………………………………. 117
10.2.1 Design of Landing Gear…………………………………………………………………………….. 117
10.2.2 Tire Selection……………………………………………………………………………………………. 119
10.2.3 Brake System……………………………………………………………………………………………. 122
10.2.4 Flight Controls…………………………………………………………………………………………… 124
10.2.5 Design of Structural Components of Fuselage…………………………………………… 127
10.3 Study of Airworthiness and Cabin……………………………………………………………………… 130
10.3.1 Airworthiness Requirements…………………………………………………………………….. 130
10.3.2 Cabin Design…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
11 Detailed Design Report 134
11.1 Detailed Design Report of HP-42 MRTT…………………………………………………………….. 134
11.2Three View Diagrams of HP-42 MRTT………………………………………………………………… 136
11.2.1 Front View………………………………………………………………………………………………… 136
11.2.2 Side View…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 137
11.2.3 Top View………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 137

Bibliography 138

APPENDICES

A. 1976 Standard Atmosphere Data 139

B. Standard Engineering Unit Conversions 140