Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researchers presented and discussed the results of the

conducted study. This chapter also show the informative maps made by the researchers

based on the gathered data. The researchers used the (GIS) Geographical Information

System. All the data were gathered by the researchers in Municipal Engineering Office in

Dujali and by visiting the area of Sitio Pawas at Braulio E. Dujali.

The Location and the

Total Number of
Households

From the table 3.2 the location where the current water distribution system exists

and the location that will be affected by the expansion of the water distribution system

are the barangays of: New Casay, Sitio Bugtong Talisay, and Barangay Dujali. The total

number of households (HH) are three hundred and sixty (360), in which the thirty-six

(36) households belong to the Barangay New Casay, sixty-three (63) households are from

the Sitio Bugtong Talisay, and Barangay Dujali holds the largest number of households

consisting of two hundred and sixty-one (261) houses. As the population of the region

grows in the future, the right present and past population data must be taken from the

census office in order to assess the population of the area. An average of five (5) person

lives in each household and the location has a 2.84% annual population growth rate.

The household is a social unit consisting of an individual living alone or a group

of persons sleeping in the same housing unit and having a shared arrangement for the

provision and consumption of food. The basic criterion for assessing household

membership is the regular place of residence or the place where the individual usually
resides. This could be the same or different from the location where it was found at the

time of the census (PSA, 2015). This actively demonstrates that households don’t really

mean a person living in a house, it can also mean a person living either in a different type

of buildings, a barn, a hut, etc. This needs to be emphasized, and the particular reason

for the circumstance is that one of the considered households in the table 3.1 is a pigpen.

It is considered as a household because one of the residents of the location lives, eat, and

sleep in there.

The projected/future population in table 3.1 is relatively connected to the number

of present populations, population growth, and the design year. The design year of this

project is ten (10). The get the projected/future population we use the exponential

growth formula which is x(t)=x0 [1+(r/100)t].

Where:

x(t) = projected population

x0 = present population

r = population annual growth rate/ rate of change

t = elapsed time

From one thousand eight hundred (1800) total present population to two

thousand three hundred and eighty-two (2382) total projected population the percentage

change between the two population is 32.33%.

Name of Barangay/s Household/s Present Projected

Population Population

Barangay New Casay 36 180 238

Sitio Bugtong Talisay 63 315 417

Barangay Dujali 261 1305 1727

Total 360 1800 2382

Table 3.1 Population and Population Growth in the affected area

of the Expansion of Water Distribution System

The Data on the Factors Affecting
the Result of the Hydraulic
Network Solver

Indicators for the design using EPANET:

2.1 Nodal Demands

Designing of water systems involves calculation of the expected water

requirements applicable to the size of pumping equipment, transmission and

distribution lines and storage facilities. System water demand is the quantity of water

that needs to be generated to satisfy all water needs in the city. The estimation of water

needs for a given area depends on the number of the population to be provided, their

standard of living and lifestyles, the cost of water supplies, the availability of wastewater

facilities and the purpose of demand. It varies according to the needs of the domestic

population, the institutional, industrial and social institutions, etc.

Water demand includes water delivered to the system to meet the needs of

consumers, water supply for firefighting and system flushing, and water required to

properly operate the treatment facilities (CWESI, 2015). Additionally, virtually all

systems have a certain amount of leakage that cannot be economically removed and thus

total demand typically includes some leakage. The difference between the amount of

water sold and the amount delivered to the system is referred to as unaccounted water.

Unaccounted water can result from system flushing, leakage, firefighting, meter

inaccuracies, and other non-metered usage.

The percentage of the unaccounted water or also known as Nonrevenue Water

(NRW) is 15%. Average Daily Demand (ADD) is the cumulative amount of water

supplied to the system over a year separated by 365 days. Average daily use expressed in
 gallons/liters per day, it is the product of the projected population and consumption rate

that is divide by the quantity of 1 minus the NRW. Maximum Day Demand (MDD) is the

highest amount of water supplied to the system in a single day expressed in gallons/liters

per day. The supply of water, the treatment plant, and the transmission lines should be

built to meet the full day demand. The Maximum Daily Demand (MDD) is the product of

ADD multiplied by 1.3. Peak Hourly Demand (PHD) is the cumulative amount of water

supplied to the system in a single hour expressed in gallons per day. Distribution

networks should be configured to provide adequate control of peak hourly demand or

full day-to-day demand plus fire flows, whichever is greater. Storage reservoirs provide

demand in excess of the full day demand at peak hourly flows. Peak Hourly Demand

(PHD) is the product of ADD multiplied by 2.5.

ADD = [ Projected Population x Consumption Rate ]/ ( 1 – NRW )

MDD = 1.3 x ADD

PHD = 2.5 x ADD

Conversion of liters per day (LPD) to liters per second (LPS):

1 L/D ( 1 D / 86400 s )

1 LPD = 0.00001157 LPS

Projected Average Daily Average Daily Maximum Daily Peak Hour

Population Demand (ADD) Demand (ADD) in Demand (MDD) Demand (PHD) in
in LPD LPS in LPS LPS

238 28020 0.32 0.42 0.81

417 49036 0.57 0.74 1.42

Table 3.2 Population and Population Growth in the affected area

of the Expansion of Water Distribution System

 A node is point spatial object which is used to represent the connectivity between

two different waterway links, or between a waterway link and a watercourse link, in the

water transport network. There are two categories of nodes, these are the junction nodes

and fixed-grade nodes. The nodes in which the inflow or outflow is identified are referred

to as junction nodes. These nodes have lumped demand, in which might vary over time.

On the other hand, the nodes to which the reservoir is connected are referred to as fixed

grade nodes. These nodes may take the form of tanks or long constant pressure lines

(Clark, 2015).

The table 3.3 contains twenty-two (22) nodal ID with its corresponding demand

and base demand. Demand pattern is a multiplier of base demand at a given junction at

a certain time of day. The demand pattern reflects the peak and non-peak hour of a day.

The highest demand goes to junction 21 and junction 22 that is equal to 0.30 liters per

second. Most of the nodes that contains the highest demand are the nodes in the end of

the network. The base demand is not applicable in the junction 1 and 2 because that is

the tank and the pump.

Different approaches are presently available for the analysis of water distribution

systems, called Node Head Analysis (NHA) techniques, evaluate distribution systems,

assuming that nodal requirements can be met by having additional source heads or

increasing pressures, if required. When such additional heads or pressures are not

present, some of the collecting nodes struggle, partially or entirely, to meet the nodal

requirements. The method referred to as the Node Flow Analysis (NFA) is built to locate

such nodes and estimate the real nodal supplies.

Node ID Base Demand (LPS) Demand (LPS)
Junc 3 0.05 0.05
Junc 4 0.05 0.05
Junc 5 0.06 0.06
Junc 6 0.00 0.00
Junc 7 0.09 0.09
Junc 8 0.04 0.04
Junc 9 0.02 0.02
Junc 10 0.05 0.05
Junc 11 0.00 0.00
Junc 12 0.2 0.02
Junc 13 0.09 0.09
Junc 14 0.03 0.03
Junc 15 0.02 0.02
Junc 16 0.03 0.03
Junc 17 0.18 0.18
Junc 18 0.2 0.02
Junc 19 0.08 0.08
Junc 20 0.16 0.16
Junc 21 0.30 0.30
Junc 22 0.30 0.30
Junc 1 N/A -1.9
Junc 2 N/A -0.13

Table 3.3 Node IDs and its Corresponding Demand

and Base Demand
2.2 Network Links Information

The network link is one of the links between the objects of the network.  We refer

to objects as nodes or vertices, and typically draw them as dots. Links can be guided,

meaning that they point from one node to the next, and links can also be undirected,

where such case they are bidirectional (Nykamp, 2020).

Considerations for pipe material selection were often based on economic

considerations, but other factors such as environmental effects, physical and ambient

device conditions, hydraulic and water quality properties, and design, installation and

operating parameters should be also taken into consideration. Pipes are supplied and

referred to as single random, double random, and cut lengths. Single random pipe length

is usually 5.49 to 7.62 meter plain end or 5.49 to 6.71-meter threaded and coupled pipes.

Double random length pipes are made between 11.58 to 12.19 meter. On the other hand,

the cut length pipes are made in fixed lengths within +/- 1/8 inch. Some pipes are

available in about 24.38-meter lengths.

The table 3.1 presents all of the link ID and its corresponding length in meters.

The longest pipe length is 451.75 meter which belongs to pipe 6 that connects between

the junction 6 and junction 7 and the shortest pipe length belongs to the link ID Pipe 19.

We, the researchers, use pump in our design in order to deliver treated water to the

consumer’s tap with pressure and boost the line pressure. The pumping hours of the

design is only twelve (12) hours per day. The pumping rate is MDD (Lpd)/Pumping

Hours/3600, which results to 8.43 liters per day. The pump efficiency if 70% with the

total dynamic of 15.

 Link ID Length (m)
Pipe 19 16.36
Pipe 17 23.11
Pipe 15 27.12
Pipe 18 31.87
Pipe 2 33.9
Pipe 21 47.69
Pipe 7 53.89
Pipe 8 56.49
Pipe 24 66.63
Pipe 11 69.35
Pipe 12 75.4
Pipe 16 76.46
Pipe 4 86.7
Pipe 10 90.7
Pipe 3 101.94
Pipe 14 120.11
Pipe 5 174.24
Pipe 9 190.28
Pipe 13 233.38
Pipe 20 272.99
Pipe 6 451.75
Pump #N/A

Table 3.4 Link ID and Length

2.3 Topographic Elevations of the Proposed Nodes (Junctions, Reservoir,
and Tank)

Elevation is at a distance above sea level. Elevations are typically measured in

meters or in feet. They can be seen on maps by contour lines connecting points with the

same elevation; by color bands; or by numbers providing the exact elevations of specific

points on the Earth's surface. Maps displaying elevations are called topographic maps

(NG, 2018).

The elevation of each node in the network model must be allocated because the

elevation values affect the computation of the pressure at each node, particularly at the

point where the water pressure gauge is mounted. These elevations have been used to

recalibrate the model. As a result, the propsed design of the network model has increased

accuracy.

As you can see in the figure 3.1 the reservoir has the lowest elevation at negative

nineteen (-19) meters and the highest elevation among all of the node is the tank that has

an elevation of twenty-five (25) meters. The rest of the nodes, which are the junctions

has an elevation of six (6) to eleven (11) meters. The tank has the highest elevation

because the design method we use is the combined gravity and pumping system. It is one

of the most common system that is used in water networks. This system works in the way

of supplying water to consumer by the use of gravity, storing excess water in the

reservoir during low demand and it can get supplied during high demand period. Most of

all, we use this method in our design because it is economical, efficient, and a reliable

system.
Figure 3.1 Proposed Path from Reservoir to Junctions and its

Corresponding Elevation
2.4 Proposed Reservoir and Tank Information

Storage tanks and reservoirs are used to create storage space to meet fluctuations

in demand, to provide backup supplies for fire-fighting and emergency use, to regulate

pressures in the distribution network, to improve operational convenience and provide

flexibility in pumping, to provide water through source or pump failure, and to combine

various sources of water (Ahmedabad, 2015). The suggested location of the storage tank

is just outside the demand center in the service area. Elevated or overhead tanks are

most widely used, it is required at distribution areas in which the topography of the town

is not suitable for under gravity. Furthermore, other types of tanks and reservoirs

include in-ground tanks and open or closed reservoirs. Popular tank materials are made

of concrete and steel.

The water consumption rate of the project is at level three that is equivalent to

the system pressure seven (7). The storage requirement volume or the storage capacity is

71 cubic meters, it is the result of 25% ADD. The proposed storage height is five (5) meter

and the result for Square base is 3.77m while the diameter base is 4.25 meter.

The reservoir is located in the 9929.557 x-coordinate and 9746.894 y-coordinate

with an elevation of 19 meter below the ground. While the tank is located in the

coordinate of 9931.836 on x-axis and 9690.366 on y-axis and that is designed not to

overflow with and elevation of 25 meters, initial level of 0.03 meters, minimum level of

0.01 meters, maximum level of 4.5 meters and a diameter of 5.2 meters. The mixing

model, which is identifies the model that governs mixing within storage tanks, is mixed

in which means it has a single compartment with complete mix model.

2.5 Assumed Diameters

Selection of pipe diameters from a set of commercially available diameters to

form a water distribution network of least capital cost has been shown to be a hard

problem. Therefore, selecting the diameters needs to carried out with scrupulous

attention to detail because increase in pipe diameter would be equivalent to a decrease in

the flow velocity inside the pipe. From the figure below (figure 3.2), most of the pipe

diameter ranges form 61-75mm that is why the color of the links are red because it is

more than 36mm, while there are two yellow colors in the figure, those two pipes have a

diameter of 32mm.

For pumping a precise fixed water discharge, it can be pumped through a larger

pipe diameter at a low speed or through a smaller pipe diameter at a very high speed.

But, if the diameter of the pipe is increased, the expense of the pie line would be higher.

On the other hand, if the pipe diameter is decreased, the increased velocity will lead to a

higher frictional head loss and will need more horsepower for the necessary pumping,

thus increasing the cost of pumping. In order to achieve the optimum conditions, it is at

the most important to design the diameter of the main pump, which will be the most

economical overall in the initial cost, as well as the maintenance cost of pumping the

required quantity of water.

Figure 3.2 Pipe Diameters
2.5 Proposed Water Source

The water needed to supply an irrigation scheme is taken from a water source.

The most common sources of water for irrigation include rivers, reservoirs and lakes,

and groundwater. The researchers use the branch system in designing, the branch

system is where the water can take only one pathway from the source to the consumer

and in which smaller pipes branch off larger parts throughout the service area. The

proposed water source that is use in this design is a deep well. We decided to use deep

wells as water source because the availability of groundwater is less irregular than that of

small rivers and the current water distribution system in the Braulio E. Dujali is also

using deep wells as their water source. The way of tapping the water from the deep well

is by using a pump in order to lift the water above ground level and then let it flow to the

network.

The figure 3.4, is the deep well pump detail. The final depth of the well shall

depend on actual condition. Due to the large design requirement which will be supplied

by deepwells, it is recommended that the well be completed, tested and the results

evaluated prior to the drilling and construction of succeeding well. It would be best if

groundwater modelling can be done to determine the aquifer’s response to the planned

withdrawal. Moreover, it is strongly recommended that a qualified and experienced

hydrogeologist be hired to supervise the drilling and testing of the wells. The

submersible pumps were designed based from assumed parameters. The actual sizing of

pumps will depend on the final pumping results of the completed wells. The same

applies to the pump and mmotor controls. All of the casings and screen joints are welded

and all lengths are approximates.

Figure 3.3 Proposed Deep Well Pump Detail
Proposed Map Design of The New and Current Water Distribution
System in Braulio E. Dujali using the Quantum
Geographic Information System

Figure 1 shows the path of the water in Brgy. Cabayangan, Dujali, New Casay, and

Magupising. The red color represents the pumphouse where pumps and other pumping

equipment have been installed. The blue color represents the water source that is

potentially useful. The dark red color represents the tapstand that is installed in a safe

area where people can easily access the water and the light blue color represents the

water tank where water was stored.

The water source and pumphouse are located towards Cabayangan and the water

tank alongside Tapstand 1 which has an elevation of 900 mm and sta. 3 0+954.31. Line 2

has a Tapstand 6 which is elevation is 800 mm and sta. 1+228.42 and Tapstand 2 have

an elevation of 800 and sta. 2+294.26 going to Lamshed. In line 3 the Tapstand 3 has an

elevation of 700 mm and sta. 4+1799.32 going to New Casay. In Tapstand 4 the elevation

is 700mm and sta. 5 0+4812.35 and Tapstand 5 has an elevation of 600 mm and sta. 6

0+5564.17.

We used GIS software in showing the area because according to (D V Andreev,

2020), the GIS software product is a tool for users to create interactive queries, explore

spatial information, edit map information, and present the outcomes of all these

operations. 

Figure 2 is connected to figure 1, where the water source, pumphouse, and water

tank are located in the center of Sitio Pawas and Mag Creek. In Line 1 going to Prk. 11

Tipolo has a Tapstand 2 where the elevation is 700 mm and sta. 4 0+1179.04, Tapstand 3

has an elevation of 900 mm and sta. 4 0+1208.60, and the Tapstand 4 has an elevation
of 1100 mm and sta. 4 0+1433.90. In Line 2 the Tapstand 1 has an elevation of 900 mm

and sta. 4 0+1148.89 going to Dujali and Tagum City.

From Sitio Pawas going to Prk. Mahayahay, there will be also a water source,

pumphouse, and water tank. In Line 1 the Tapstand 1 has an elevation of 700 mm and

sta. 4 0+1229.6. To Dujali and Tagum City there will be Tapstand 2 which has an

elevation of 1100 mm and sta. 4 0+1599.08. Going to Palayan the Tapstand 3 has an

elevation of 900 mm and sta. 4 0+1717.25.

The concept of expansion design came from the idea of our research adviser since

it has already a water source designed by him. With this concept in mind, the researchers

can help in developing adequate water pressure. This can also allow the residents of Sitio

Pawas to have a sufficient water. Along with this idea, the proponents’ design will create

a big help in the community. According to (Katko and Hukka, 2015), the provision of

water to the community as the most significant reason of our societies for water use plays

a fundamental role in community and societal development.

(Katko and Rajala, 2005) studied the priorities in Water Use Purposes (WUPs)

using a two-phase questionnaire in 11 countries/regions on five continents with different

water supplies and use, socio-economic and cultural conditions. On average, the

availability of community water was ranked first, nature conversation second, and third

is hydropower, but the priorities differed less than originally planned. In all countries

except Lithuania, supplying water for urban and rural areas was ranked first and

Lithuania placed second.

Figure 3.4 Location Map of the Water Distribution System in the

Municipality of Braulio E. Dujali Davao del Norte