Chapter – 2

Basic Drawing & Editing Commands

Dr. SUKUMAR
Associate Professor
 2D and 3D Computer Graphic Concepts

 Computer graphics deals with the subject of

depicting figures and diagrams on the computer.

 Figures may be classified as 2D (two dimensional)

or 3D (three dimensional) based on the number of
dimensions used to portray them.
 Although we deal with 3D objects, showing the
same on the computer is difficult as the monitor is in
2D.
 However modern computers are able to do 3D
modeling in a realistic manner.
 Coordinate System
 The coordinate system is a method of locating
points in the drawing area. It enables you to locate
points by specifying distances from a fixed
reference point.
 You can locate a point by giving its distance in the
horizontal direction, vertical direction, measuring
along an angle, etc.
 It is available when a function requires data input in
the form of point locations. You may use it while
drawing, editing or any time you need to locate a
point.
 Types of coordinate system

The most common coordinate systems are as follows:

1.Cartesian coordinates

2.Polar coordinates
 Note: The method of entering coordinates varies
from one program to another.
 For example, in AutoCAD, the coordinates can be
entered directly in the command window with the
keyboard. In MicroStation and Cadkey, special
dialog boxes let you enter the coordinates.
 Cartesian Coordinates
 It is a rectangular system of measurement that
enables to locate points with the help of horizontal
and vertical coordinates.
 The horizontal values, called X-coordinates, are
measured along the X-axis. The vertical values,
called Y-coordinates, are measured along the Y-axis.
 The intersection of the X- and Y-axes is called the
origin point, which represents the (0, 0) location of
the coordinate system.
 Positive X values are measured to the right and the
positive Y values are measured above the origin
point.
 Negative X and Y values are measured to the left and
below. To enter a coordinate, you need to enter both
the X and Y values separated by a comma (X, Y).
 Format to Enter Coordinates

Cartesian or polar coordinate values can be entered in

two formats:

1.Absolute

2.Relative
 Absolute format

 It is a way of measuring distances from a fixed

reference location (origin point), which is the (0,
0) location of the coordinate system.
 Consider this point to be stationary at all times. In
some CAD programs this point remains visible at
the left bottom corner of the drawing area, while in
others it is invisible.
 This point as a reference to measure any distance
in the drawing.
 It is primarily used to adjust the alignment of
diagrams in a drawing, to align one drawing with
another or to make plotting adjustments.
For instance, point A shown is 20 units in the X axis
and 20 units in the Y axis from datum (0, 0) whilst
point B shown is 70 units along the X axis and 50
units along the Y axis
 Relative format
• It is a way of measuring distances from the last
point entered.
• Relative co-ordinates are used in order to avoid
frequent reference to the origin. All measurements
are taken the same way as the absolute co-
ordinates, with the only difference being that the
relative coordinates are measured from the last
point entered instead of the origin point.
• When a point is entered, it becomes the reference
for entering the next point and so on.
 Example - Relative format
• Distance from Kombolcha to Mekele may be taken
as a straight line or from Kombolcha to Addis and
from Addis to Mekele.

• In the latter case Addis becomes the new origin

while calculating the distance to Mekele.

• This mode of measurement is frequently used for

drawing because it is always convenient to place
the drawing components relative to each other
rather than a fixed reference point.
 Polar Coordinates

 Polar coordinates allow you to define a point by

specifying the distance and the direction from a
given point.

 This mode of measurement is quite helpful in

working with angles.

 To draw a line at an angle, you need to specify how

long a line you want to draw and specify the angle.
The format is: @distance < angle
For instance: @30<280 where: @ Relative to
current position 30 - Specifies Polar Distance 280 -
Angle in Degrees. This would result in a line 30 units
long at an angle of 280 degrees.
 Applications of 2D Concepts
2D concepts find wide application in knitwear and
textile design as well as garment manufacture.
 A fabric can be thought of as being 2D because
the thickness is relatively minute compared to the
other two dimensions.
Hence designs may be modeled using this
concept. Further, modifications to patterns used for
garment manufacture can also be done based on
this concept.
 Applications of 3D Concepts
3D concepts are coming into wider use for their utility
in modeling garments, as they would appear when
worn.
The possibility of viewing an object from several
angles is useful here.
A key point to be noted is that the concept gives us
access to a model only. A real life sample is needed to
give a complete feel to the material under
consideration.
Textiles are touched and felt & this adds character to
the material. However some organizations have
accepted these concepts to the extent that they make
buying decisions based on them.
 The 5 main examples of computers
systems used in the Textile Industry:

Dr.N.SUKUMAR
 Computer Aided Fabric
Manufacture
Fabric manufacturing consists broadly of
three methods namely:

1. Non-woven
2. Knitting
3. Weaving

Dr.N.SUKUMAR
 Computer Aided Fabric
Manufacture – Non Woven

• In non-woven, CAD is used to model

special properties based on the end-use,
manufacturing method and constituent
fibers.
• CAM is used to control the machines,
especially to control the punch density.

Dr.N.SUKUMAR
 Computer Aided Fabric
Manufacture – Weaving
• In case of woven designs the main application of CAD is
in the generation of virtual color ways. Specialty yarn
effects can also be seen without creation of a full sample.
• CAD is also used for designing for computer-controlled
card cutting machines and weaving machines.
• CAD operator should have knowledge of textile structures
and his main function is to instruct the system on weaves
to use for the different areas of design.
• The system has tools for specifying the type of weave, the
repeat size, no. of repeats and yarn characteristics. The
operator applies his textile knowledge to select the
appropriate tools for converting the artwork into a structure
that can be woven. Dr.N.SUKUMAR
• CAM is used to control looms.
• Modern looms have a microprocessor that is
used to obtain data regarding production,
efficiency, stoppages, etc.
• They also have facility to control shedding
by means of electronic dobbies and
jacquards.
• The pattern is introduced using disks. The
advent of networks allows single point data
assimilation and control of looms.
Dr.N.SUKUMAR
Dr.N.SUKUMAR
Dr.N.SUKUMAR