Prepared by- GROUP -6

MEMBERS

NAME ID
1.MUHAMED ADEM WOUR/0448/09
DEPARTMENT OF 2.DANIEL SHAMBEL WOUR/0175/09
3.TEKLAY AYNALEM WOUR/0044/09
TEXTLE ENGINEERING 4.BEZUALEM KASAHUN WOUR/0783/09
5.AHMED AYALEW WOUR/0648/09
JANUARY 16, 2020 6.YONAS GERAWORK WOUR/1752/08
7.RABIA MOHAMMED WOUR/1335/08
8.ANSHA ALI WOUR/0557/08
SUBMITTED TO:AHMED M.
Dyeing of acrylic fiber
 Introduction
Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer
(polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of
~100,000, about 1900 monomer units.

Acrylic is lightweight, soft, and warm, with a wool‐like

feel.

It can also be made to mimic other fibers, such as

cotton, when spun on short staple equipment.

3
 continue……..
Acrylonitrile polymer has sulphate and
sulphonated end groups which give it an acidic
character.
Further acidic groups may be present due to
presence of acidic co-polymers such as acrylic acid
or allyl sulphuric acid.

4
 Acrylic vs Modacrylic
Acrylic fibers contain less than 15% co-
monomers.
Modacrylic fibers contain more than 15%
co-monomers.
Cationic dyes can be used to dye both acrylic
and modacrylic fibers.

5
 Dyeing of acrylic fiber


Pure acrylic is brittle, tough and un dye able with any dye due to
absence of reactive sites.


Pure PAN is very difficult to dye because:-

 its compacted

crystalline structure

no ionic groups

high Tg above 100 °C

So needs some modification to dye

6
The types of co-monomers that introduce may
1. Acidic monomer (Sulphonic, Carboxylic,
Phosphoric) which conferring substantivity for
cationic dyes
2. Basic monomers: Compounds which have amino or
pyridino groups which conferring substantivity for
acid and direct Dyes.
3.Polar non – ionisable monomers that lower Tg of the
fiber (e.g. acetate, methylacrylate).

7
 Modified acrylic fibers
Orlon 42 is a modified acrylic fiber having 10 -15% of the co-

monomer.
The presence of other types of monomer unit along the polymer

chain can :-

 destroys the regularity of the structure

 decreases the Crystallinity (increase amorphousness)

 reduce the Tg of the fiber

 impart ionic character to the fiber.

 Generally, the introduction of monomers improves the dye ability of

the fiber.
8
 An ionic groups are introduced Through catalyst

Since homo polymer is difficult to dye co- polymers are used

Fiber is –vely charged due to the presence of acid co-monomer

9
Generally acidic co-monomers are added due to
which all acrylic fibers are popularly dyed with
basic dyes.
Rapid opening of fiber throughout its Tg may be
handled by either adding retarding agent in bath
or controlling rate of heating.
The acid groups may be:-
1. Strong Acid group(So4,- So3- )

2. Weak acid group(Coo-)

10
 Suitable Dye Class
• The dyes used for acrylic fibers are ;

A. Disperse Dyes
– Low affinity
– Suitable only for pale to medium shades

B.Cationic or basic dyes

– Most suitable dye class Can produce deep shades
with good fastness properties Widely used.

11
Dyeing of acrylic with disperes
dye

Low dye affinity

Only pale to medium depth of shades can be produce
Used on limited scale
Dye x%
Acetic acid 1g/l
Non ionic wetting agent 1g/l
Ph 4.5-5.5
Start dyeing at 40 degre e Celsius.

12
 Continue…..
Dye at boil for 1 hour.
Rinse with cold water
Wash with hot water 60 c0 using non –ionic detergent.
Rinse with cold water
dry

13
 Dyeing of acrylic with basic dye
Basic dyes are invariably applied on acrylics. It has some

advantages over other dyeing methods.

(i) all deep shades can be developed with greater ease

(ii) shades are brighter

(iii) fastness properties are excellent when special cationic

dyes are used.
(iv) Maximum dye uptake is governed by number of acid
groups in fiber though a small amount of dye is also held
by dissolution process. 14
 Dyeing of acrylic with basic dye
Electro static interaction
Interaction with acid groups of co monomer and create dye im
mobilization

15
 Continue…..
Due to rapid day uptake above 85 c, chances of uneven
dyeing.
Uniform dyeing obtained by;
The use of retarder to prevent rapid dye uptake by fiber

Retarder
Cationic colourless auxiliary
Compete with anionic dye sits in fiber
Retard the dye exhaustion
Retard concentration 3-4%owf
16
 Properties of basic dyes
Compatibility
 The behavior of dyes in admixture is of great practical interest.
Level and repeatable dyeing are achieved more easily if dyes of almost
equal behavior in admixture can be selected.
 Compatibility of cationic dyes can be defined in level dyeing ratings after
assessing the dyeing from 5‐1 also known as Compatibility Value.
 This can be understand by example –A dye with a compatibility value five
is more leveling since it is adsorbed more gradually than a dye with
compatibility value of 1.

17
 dyeing phases
• Adsorption of the dye on the fabric surface
• Diffusion of the dye into the fiber
• Fixation of the dye
• By reaction between dye cations and fiber anions

18
 Dye bath preparation
• The dye powder is usually made into a pasted with acetic acid and
then mixed with boiling water.
• Cationic dyes with delocalized cationic charges are intensely
colored and it is essential to avoid dust escaping from the powders.
• Concentrated liquid dyes do not have this problem.
• Solid forms of these dyes are often not easy to dissolve because of
their tendency to form gummy material.

19
 Continue……
• Preparation of a paste with methanol and addition of
warm or hot water is sometimes a useful alternative.
• Some cationic dyes are not stable in boiling water.
• Many react with alkali to give colorless products such
as the free amine from neutralization of an
ammonium ion group, or a carbine by reaction of the
cationic group with hydroxide ion.
• Dyeing with cationic dyes therefore invariably takes
place in weakly acidic solution to avoid these
problems.
Mechanism of Dyeing
It consists of three steps ‐‐‐
 Colored cations of ionized dye are absorbed on acrylic
fiber surface.
 Absorbed dye cation diffuse in the interior of fiber at
particular temperature.
 Cations are attracted and retained by anionic sites in
the fiber substance by strong electrostatic attraction
forces.
 These steps gave fabric good washing fastness.
Process of Dyeing
Two ways of obtaining perfectly even distribution to dyestuff
in acrylic fiber ‐‐‐
 Migration properties of the dyestuff can be utilized to get
desired effect, provided the dyestuff is not immediately
fixed during adsorption on fiber surface and fiber sites
having affinity for dye stuffs are distributed evenly in fiber.
 The build up of dyestuff during first phase of dyeing can
be controlled so that no migration takes place after
absorption.
Effect of temperature on dyeing
of acrylic fibers

• Above the dyeing transition temperature (Tg) under

the actual dyeing conditions, cationic dyes tend to
exhaust very rapidly over a small range in temperature.
• Great care is needed at temperatures just above Tg to
avoid unlevel dyeing.
• The rate of diffusion of the cationic dyes into the
acrylic fiber is very slow below Tg because of the
absence of the required polymer chain mobility.
• The rate of dyeing increases rapidly above Tg.
 Continue……
 Once the acrylic fiber be comes accessible very careful
temperature control is required.
 For this reason, once the bath temperature reaches 70‐
75 C, the rate of heating Is usually significantly
decreased.
 The careful temperature control required when dyeing
acrylic fiber with cationic dyes is necessary to avoid
unlevel dyeings.
The End

THANKS
FOR YOUR
ATENTION
25