RENALYN Z.

REYES

COMPILATION;

➢ CELL– Transport of Molecules Across Cell Membrane

There are several types of passive and active transport mechanisms across the cell
membranes depending on the requirements needed for the movement as well as the
direction of the molecule in relation to the cell.

Passive Transport

➢ Osmosis / Diffusion
➢ From higher to lower
➢ concentration
➢ Concentration
➢ Gradient
➢ Oxygen, Carbon
➢ dioxide, water
SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENT WAYS ON HOW MOLECULES MOVE ALONG THE CELL
MEMBRANE
➢ Facilitated Diffusion
➢ From higher to lower concentration
➢ Concentration
➢ Gradient and Carrier Protein
➢ Sugars and Amino Acids

➢ Endocytosis Phagocytosis
➢ From outside to inside of the cell
➢ Vacuoles
➢ Bacteria, other cells, sub cellular materials

➢ Exocytosis
➢ From inside to outside of the cell
➢ Vesicles
➢ Cell
➢ Macromolecules
(Cell Biology)
-The branch of biology that deals with the study of cells is “Cytology”

Matthias Schleiden – was a german botanist who proposed the results of his experiments that
plants are made up of cells.
• Theodor Schwann – proposed that animals are made up of cells
• Rudolf Virchow – was a German pathologist who concluded that cells reproduce by
forming new cells
THE CELL THEORY
• It all started with the invention of Microscope in the 1600s.
• - Because of the limitations of the human eye, scientists concentrated on developing
tools to examine small objects.

1.All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2.All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
THE CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
NOTABLE PEOPLE CEL HISTORY
• Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek (1632- 1723) was a Dutch naturalist and craftsman known to
have made over
• 500 microscopes throughout his lifetime. With his microscopes he became the first
biologist to discover bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, rotifers and other microorganism.

Robert Hooke – was an English botanist who coined the term Cells when he observed a cork
from a bark of an old tree. The honeycomb- like boxes reminded him of rooms in the
monastery.

Robert Brown – identified a very dark staining structure at the center of every cell he observed
(1830). He referred to the structures as Nucleus.
CELL MEMBRANE
• It is made up of two layers of phospholipids with proteins and carbohydrates scattered
outside, within, and inside the bilipid layer like a mosaic (fluid mosaic model)
• - Also known as the plasma membrane.
MITOCHONDRIA
• The energy produced by the mitochondria is vital in the cell’s growth and reproduction
• - Recent studies show that it contain its own DNA and RNA thus capable for division
making more Mitochondria.
• Additional boundary aside from the cell membrane
 • Wall
• Surrounds the cells of plant, bacteria, fungi, and some protozoans.
• The cell walls of plant cells are made up of cellulose. This protect the cells from injury
Cytoplasm
• Largest part of the cell where most processes occur

• some protozoans, and bacteria.

• - Involved in food manufacturing process (Photosynthesis)
• - Like the Mitochondria, plastids also contain their own DNA Plastids
• - Double membrane organelles found in plant cells, and RNA thus also capable of division.

BASIC OPERATION

THE FOUR BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATION

KEY TERMS
-TERM
-SUM
-COMMUTATIVE
-NEGATIVE
-DIFFERENCE
-FACTOR
-PRODUCT
-DIVIDEND
-DIVISOR QOUTIENT

OBJECTIVES:
REVIEW ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTPLICATION AND DIVISION
FOR POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS.
MAKE SURE NOTE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE OPERATIONS.
IDENTIFY WHICH OPERATIONS ARE COMMUTATIVE.
GEOMETRY IS A BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS THAT STUDIES THE
SIZES, SHAPES, POSTION ANGLES AND DIMENSION OF TTHINGS.
TABLE OF FORMULAS FOR GEOMETRY:
PYTHAGORIAN’S THEOREM: THE TWO SIDES A AND B OF A RIGHT
TRIANGLE AND THE HYPOTHENUSE C ARE RELATED BY a2 + b2+c2
PERIMETER=a+b+c. There are several formulas for the area.
PERIMETER=2L+2W. Area=L*W.
AREA=(1/2)(a+b)*h.
AREA=b*h
CIRCUMFERENCE=2*P*i*r2
ARCLENGHTS: s=r*t’,...
VOLUME=L*W*H

TABLE SYMBOLS IN GEOMETRY:

II PARALLEL PARALELL LINES
= CONGRUENT TO EQUIVALENCE OF
GEOMETRIC SHAPES AND SIZE
Addition
➢ Expressions that can be translated to addition, ( + ): sum, plus,
added to, in addition, increased by, and more than.
the sum of x and y x + y or y + x
x plus y x + y
x increased by y x + y
x added to y y + x

Subtraction
➢ Expressions that can be translated to subtraction, ( - ): difference,
minus, subtract, subtract from, less, less than, decreased by,
diminished by, lowered by, and exceed.
the difference between x and y |x - y| or |y - x|
x minus y x – y
x decreased by y x - y
x exceeds y x – y
subtract x from y y – x

Multiplication

➢ Expressions that can be translated to multiplication, ( × ): product,

times, and of. Expressions in multiple of a number are also worth
noting: double, twice, triple, thrice, quadruple, four times, etcetera.

the product of x and y xy

x times y xy
x of y xy
double a number x 2x

Division

➢ Expressions that can be translated to division, ( ÷ ): quotient of,

divided by, and over.

the quotient of x and y x/y

x divided by y x/y
x over y x/y
Equality

The words ‘is’ and ‘by’ denotes equality, ( = ).

the sum of x and y is z x + y = z
x exceeds y by z x - y = z