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Fluid Mechanics
Lab
Lab Report 3

Roll # 3462-Mech
SECTION E
CLASS # 166
Contents
 TITLE
 OBJECTIVES
 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
 PROCEDURE
 CALCULATIONS
 DATA ANALYSIS
 FIGURE/DIAGRAM/SNAPS

To study characteristics of flow over V-Notch.

Objectives
  To study characteristics of flow over V-Notch in an open channel.

Apparatus Description
1. HYDRAULIC BENCH
The Hydraulic Bench Apparatus comprises of a self-contained,
water re-circulating unit provided with a top tray and a sump tank
and is mounted on wheels. Various Hydraulic experiments can be
conducted on this setup. A Centrifugal Pump is fitted for water
circulation. Flow control valve and by-pass valve are fitted in
water line to conduct the experiment on different flow rates. Flow
rate of water is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop
watch. Water collected on the top tray from experimental setup,
drains and return to sump tank.
The Following Experiments Can Be Carried Out With Common
Basic Table with Separate Experimental Setup which Can Be
Connected To Hydraulic Bench with Flexible Pipe

 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

 Orifice and Mouth Piece Apparatus
 Flow measurement by Venturimeter and Orificemeter
 Losses due to Friction in Pipe Lines & Verification of Darcy’s law
 Losses in Pipe fitting and pipe bends
 Reynold’s Number study
 Flow over notches and weirs
 Impact of Jet on Vanes
 Pitot Static Tube

2. Notch
A notch can be defined as an opening in one side of a tank or a
reservoir, like a large orifice, with the upstream liquid level below
the top edge of the opening.
Since the top edge of the notch above the liquid level serves no
 purpose, therefore a notch may have only the bottom edge and
sides.
The bottom edge, over which the liquid flows, is known as sill or
crest of the notch and the sheet of liquid flowing over a notch (or a
weir) is known as nappe or vein. A notch is, usually made of a
metallic plate and is used to measure the discharge of liquids.

Types of Notches
There are many types of notches, depending upon their shapes. But
the following are important from the subject point of view.
 Square notch
 Triangular/V notch
 Trapezoidal notch
 Stepped notch

Characteristics of V-Notch
The V-notch weir is a triangular channel section, used to measure small
discharge values. The upper edge of the section is always above the
water level, and so the channel is always triangular simplifying
calculation of the cross-sectional area. V-notch weirs are preferred for
low discharges as the head above the weir crest is more sensitive to
changes in flow compared to rectangular weirs, for example, the
Rehbock weir. Under laboratory conditions, V-notch weirs typically
achieve accuracies of 2% to 5%, while field condition accuracies from
5% to 15% may be expected.
An expression for the discharge can be derived by considering a strip of
width band small thickness dh at a depth of h below the free surface. The
discharge through the strip is obtained by applying the orifice formula as
 dQ =Cd (bdh)√ 2 gh
where Cd is the coefficient of discharge, The discharge Q over the entire
V-notch is obtained by integration as
H

Qactual=Cd ∫ bdh √ 2 gh
0

8 θ 5
Qactual= 15 Cd√ 2 g tan 2 H2

where H is the head over crest, and θis the apex angle. Generally, a right
angle notch is used. Thus θ=90o, and
8 5
Qactual = 15 Cd√ 2 g H2

The value of Cd for a right-angled notch generally varies between 0.60

and 0.65.

Procedure
1. Measure the length of the notch.
2. Open the supply valve. When the water level just starts overflowing the
crest, note the crest level using the hook gauge.
3. Increase the discharge by regulating the supply valve, when the
discharge becomes steady, measure the head over the crest.
4. Take the initial water level of the measuring tank and start the stop
watch. Record the rise in water level for a suitable time period.
5. Further increase the discharge and repeat step 3 and 4.

Calculations
S.NO QACTUAL H Cd
1 0.3088 3.25 0.007
2 0.6030 4.25 0.0068
3 0.62 4.55 0.00594
Data Analysis
2.36

2.36

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2.36
1 2 3

Figures