Fluid Mechanics

Lab
Lab Report 4

Roll # 3462-Mech
SECTION E
CLASS # 166
Contents
 TITLE
 OBJECTIVES
 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
 PROCEDURE
 CALCULATIONS
 DATA ANALYSIS
 FIGURE/DIAGRAM/SNAPS
 ATTACHEMENTS

To find the co-efficient of velocity for a small

orifice.
Objectives
 To find the co-efficient of velocity for a small orifice by measuring
the trajectory of a jet issued from the orifice in the side of a
reservoir under steady flow conditions

Apparatus Description
1. HYDRAULIC BENCH
The Hydraulic Bench Apparatus comprises of a self-contained,
water re-circulating unit provided with a top tray and a sump tank
and is mounted on wheels. Various Hydraulic experiments can be
conducted on this setup. A Centrifugal Pump is fitted for water
circulation. Flow control valve and by-pass valve are fitted in
water line to conduct the experiment on different flow rates. Flow
rate of water is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop
watch. Water collected on the top tray from experimental setup,
drains and return to sump tank.
The Following Experiments Can Be Carried Out With Common
Basic Table with Separate Experimental Setup which Can Be
Connected To Hydraulic Bench with Flexible Pipe

 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

 Orifice and Mouth Piece Apparatus
 Flow measurement by Venturimeter and Orificemeter
 Losses due to Friction in Pipe Lines & Verification of Darcy’s law
 Losses in Pipe fitting and pipe bends
 Reynold’s Number study
 Flow over notches and weirs
 Impact of Jet on Vanes
 Pitot Static Tube

2. Orifice and Jet Flow Theory

By applying principles of mass conservation and the Bernoulli equation,
it can be shown that the theoretical velocity of a jet at an orifice from a
static head height, h, is

v = √2 g h
To account for frictional losses through the orifice, the coefficient of
velocity Cv is used, rendering equation (1) into

v = Cv √2 g h
Knowing that x=vt
1 x2
y= g 2
and 2 v

Where x and y are the positions of the jet in the horizontal and vertical
directions respectively, equation (2) can be rearranged to yield the
coefficient of velocity by

x2
Cv =
√( 4 yh)=
x
2 √y h
Thus, by measuring the positions of the jet for a given head height, the
coefficient of velocity Cv can be determined.

Procedure
1. Measure the diameter of the orifice.
2. Bring the supply to tank to a constant head. Note that head, H.
3. Open the orifice and make water level constant.
4. Bring the hook gauge to vena-contracta. Note the readings of
horizontal and vertical scales.
5. Slide the hook to different points and note x and y.
 6. Also find the actual discharge.
7. Repeat the above steps for different heads.

Calculations
S.NO H x y Cv
cm cm cm
1 28 0 0 0
2 28 5 0.5 0.7
3 28 4.5 1.5 0.34
4 28 5.2 3 0.3
5 28 5.3 5 0.22
6 28 5.4 7 0.2

Data Analysis
 Graphical Method
8

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Figures