Principles of Communication Workbook p2

Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City
Module 2
Principles of Communication
CHAPTER 4
AMPLITUDE MODULATION TRANSMISSION
• Textbook & Referencel

• Text Book-Wayne Tomasi (2004), Electronic Communication Systems,
5th Ed., Prentice Hall ,Chapter 4 & 5
• Reference Book- Roy Blake (2002), Electronic Communication
Systems, 2nd Ed., Delmar.
• Reference Book- Louis Frenzel (2014), Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems, 4th Ed,. McGraw Hill
• online radio Electronics ,Reading 29, Ron Bertrand VK2DQ,
http://www.radioelectronicschool.com
• Leon W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 8th
edition, Pearson / Prentice, Chapter 5
Objective
The primary objective of this course appreciate basic Amplitude modulation
and its fundamental requirement for transmission
Learning Outcomes After this course, the students are expected

• Describe the amplitude modulation,
• Describe AM envelope
• Describe AM phasor representation of AM
• Explain the need for amplitude modulation in comm. Systems. AM
Frequency spectrum and Bandwidth
• Calculate Describe AM power and voltage distribution
• Describe and compute modulation index, over modulation , under
modulation and 100% modulation
• Describe low level and high level AM modulators
• Distinguish between DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBFC
1| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan
Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
• SSBSC, SSB
Topics for Chapter

• 1. Introduction to Amplitude modulation and its over view
• 2 principles of amplitude modulation
• 3. Amplitude modulation circuits
• 4. AM transmitter
• 5. DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBFC
• SSBSC, SSB
Topic 1

Introduction to AM and its overview







Discussion
WHAT IS MODULATION?
 Mixing of low frequency signals modulating signal) with high frequency
signals (carrier signal)
10 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

 Process by which some characteristic of a high frequency sine wave is

varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the signal
 Imposition of information on a given signal
 Modification of one signal by another signal
Review:
According to carrier used there are two types of wave
a.Continuous Wave :carrier is a sinusoid
b.Pulse:carrier is a train of pulses (discrete)

Analog Modulation: There are three type of Analog modulation

1 Amplitude
2 Angle modulation( frequency modulationand phase modulation)
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Angle Modulation

a. Frequency Modulation b. Phase Modulation
Consider any sinusoid

ѵ(t)= V sin (ωt + ѳ)
where:
ѵ = instantaneous amplitude
V = peak amplitude
ω = 2Πf; angular frequency
t = instantaneous time
ѳ = phase angle in radians

TOPIC 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
A system of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier is made
proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating voltage.
Carrier voltage is made proportional to the instantaneous modulating signal

General Equation of the AM wave

let the carrier voltage be given by
νc(t) = Vc sin ωc t
and the modulating voltage be given by
ν (t) = V sin
m m
ωm t
then the amplitude resulting from modulation is
A = Vc + νm (t) = Vc + Vm sin ωm t
Since
and Vm = Vc ma, then
Therefore A = Vc + Vc ma sin ωm t
A = Vc (1 + ma sin ωm t )
The voltage of the resulting AM wave envelope at any instant is
ν (t) = A sin ω t
AM c
where
Vc = carrier signal peak voltage
ωc = 2Π fc = carrier signal angular frequency
ωm = 2Π fm = modulating signal angular frequency
t = instantaneous time
ma = modulation index
or

Frequency Domain of Standard AM
Graph of relative amplitude of signal against frequency

Time Domain of Standard AM


AM Envelope
the curve produced by joining the tips of the individual RF cycles of the AM
waveform




Modulation index (modulation factor, modulation coefficient,

degree of modulation, depth of modulation)
Where:
; 0 < ma < 1; and

Percent
Modulation (Ma)
modulation index expressed as a percentage

Ma = ma x 100%

Degrees of Modulation
1. Ma < 100%
undermodulation
2. Ma = 100%
modulation

3. Ma > 100%
overmodulation
PT = PC + PUSB + PLSB
PT = PC
NOTE
PUSB = PLSB
where PUSB = PLSB =
PSBT =
NOTE

PC is constant value before and after modulation. PT is the total power

after modulation and is dependent on the modulation index. The higher the
modulation index, the higher the output power.
Current and Voltage Relationships
where
IC = unmodulated carrier
IT = total or modulated current
VC = unmodulated carrier voltage
VT = total or modulated voltage

ma = modulation index
Simultaneous Modulation
modulation by several carrier

where
VT = total modulated voltage
IT = total modulated current
maT = effective total modulation index
Bandwidth Formula for AM
BW = 2 x fm (single carrier modulation )

BW = 2 x fmhighest (simultaneous modulation)
Effiency
Percentage Power Saving
NOTE
Efficiency and power saving depends on the type of transmission but the total transmitted
power is computed on the basis of double sideband full carrier.

AM transmission

NOTE
a) Information is present only in the sidebands.
b) During 100% modulation, 2/3 of the total power is wasted in the carrier. The carrier power
percentage is 33.33% of the transmitted AM.

c) Information on the LSB is the same as the information on the USB.


Single Sideband Modulation

 single sideband suppressed carrier (J3E)
 a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier has been

cancelled out with the balanced modulator and one of the
sidebands has been removed by using one of the three
different methods.
1. Filter Method
 The simplest system

 The unwanted sideband is removed, actually heavily attenuated by a filter
 The filter maybe LC, crystal, ceramic or mechanical, depending on the carrier frequency
and other requirements

2. Phase – Shift Method
 avoids filters and some of their inherent disadvantages

 makes use of two balanced modulators and two – phase shifting networks


3. “Third” or Weaver Method
 Developed by Weaver
 Has the advantages of the phase- shift method, such as its ability to generate SSB at any
frequency and use low audio frequencies, without the associated disadvantage of
an AF phase shift network required to operate over a large range of audio frequencies.

Product Detector
 a means of single sideband detection

 mixing of high frequency component and an incoming modulated signal on a multiplier

circuit followed by a low pass filter
Advantages of SSB
1. power saving
2. less bandwidth
3. less noise
4. less fading
Independent Sideband (ISB) Systems

 Multiplex techniques used for high – density point – to – point communications
 Simultaneously convey a totally different transmission, to the extent that the upper
sideband could be used for telephony while the lower sideband carries telegraphy. It
consist of two SSB channels added together to form two sidebands around reduced
carrier.
TOPIC 3. Amplitude modulating circuits

Crystal Oscillator- It provides a stable carrier frequency at low power
Buffer Amplifier- A low gain, high input impedance amplifier that isolates the crystal
oscillator to improve its ability
Class C RF Power Amplifier (Driver) - Provide enough gain to sufficiently drive the
modulated amplifier
Class C RF Output Amplifier- Termed as the modulated amplifier or the RF output

amplifier. This is the output stage for high level systems.
Linear Power Amplifier - Amplifier which provides linear power amplification of the
amplitude – modulated output signal from the Class C modulated power amplifier (used for low
– level modulation ).
AF Processing and Filtering- AF is processed / filtered so as to occupy the correct

bandwidth and compressed somewhat to reduce the ratio of maximum to minimum amplitude.
AF Preamplifier -Boost the AF signal in order to provide enough gain sufficiently to drive the
modulator
Modulator- Output is mixed with the carrier to generate the AM signal.



TOPIC 4. AM transmitter





In a broadcast system, the transmitter is associated with a large number of low cost receivers.
The AM system is therefore preferred for this type of application.

Topic 4. AM transmitter
Transmitters that transmit AM signals are known as AM transmitters. These

transmitters are used in medium wave (MW) and short wave (SW) frequency
bands for AM broadcast. The MW band has frequencies between 550 KHz and
1650 KHz, and the SW band has frequencies ranging from 3 MHz to 30 MHz. The
two types of AM transmitters that are used based on their transmitting powers are:
 High Level
 Low Level
High level transmitters use high level modulation, and low level transmitters use
low level modulation. The choice between the two modulation schemes depends
on the transmitting power of the AM transmitter. In broadcast transmitters, where
the transmitting power may be of the order of kilowatts, high level modulation is
employed. In low power transmitters, where only a few watts of transmitting
power are required , low level modulation is used.
High-Level and Low-Level Transmitters Below figure's show the block diagram of
high-level and low-level transmitters. The basic difference between the two
transmitters is the power amplification of the carrier and modulating signals
Figure (a) shows the block diagram of high-level AM transmitter.

Figure (a) is drawn for audio transmission. In high-level transmission, the powers
of the carrier and modulating signals are amplified before applying them to the
modulator stage, as shown in figure (a). In low-level modulation, the powers of the
two input signals of the modulator stage are not amplified. The required
transmitting power is obtained from the last stage of the transmitter, the class C
power amplifier.
The various sections of the figure (a) are:

 Carrier oscillator
 Buffer amplifier
 Frequency multiplier
 Power amplifier
 Audio chain
 Modulated class C power amplifier

Carrier oscillator
The carrier oscillator generates the carrier signal, which lies in the RF range. The
frequency of the carrier is always very high. Because it is very difficult to generate
high frequencies with good frequency stability, the carrier oscillator generates a
sub multiple with the required carrier frequency. This sub multiple frequency is
multiplied by the frequency multiplier stage to get the required carrier frequency.
Further, a crystal oscillator can be used in this stage to generate a low frequency
carrier with the best frequency stability. The frequency multiplier stage then
increases the frequency of the carrier to its requirements.

Buffer Amplifier
The purpose of the buffer amplifier is twofold. It first matches the output
impedance of the carrier oscillator with the input impedance of the frequency
multiplier, the next stage of the carrier oscillator. It then isolates the carrier
oscillator and frequency multiplier.
This is required so that the multiplier does not draw a large current from the carrier
oscillator. If this occurs, the frequency of the carrier oscillator will not remain
stable.

Frequency Multiplier
The sub-multiple frequency of the carrier signal, generated by the carrier oscillator
, is now applied to the frequency multiplier through the buffer amplifier. This stage
is also known as harmonic generator. The frequency multiplier generates higher
harmonics of carrier oscillator frequency. The frequency multiplier is a tuned
circuit that can be tuned to the requisite carrier frequency that is to be transmitted.

Power Amplifier
The power of the carrier signal is then amplified in the power amplifier stage. This
is the basic requirement of a high-level transmitter. A class C power amplifier
gives high power current pulses of the carrier signal at its output.

Audio Chain
The audio signal to be transmitted is obtained from the microphone, as shown in
figure (a). The audio driver amplifier amplifies the voltage of this signal. This
amplification is necessary to drive the audio power amplifier. Next, a class A or a
class B power amplifier amplifies the power of the audio signal.

Modulated Class C Amplifier
This is the output stage of the transmitter. The modulating audio signal and the
carrier signal, after power amplification, are applied to this modulating stage. The
modulation takes place at this stage. The class C amplifier also amplifies the power
of the AM signal to the reacquired transmitting power. This signal is finally passed
to the antenna., which radiates the signal into space of transmission.
Figure (b) shows the block diagram of a low-level AM transmitter.
The low-level AM transmitter shown in the figure (b) is similar to a high-level

transmitter, except that the powers of the carrier and audio signals are not
amplified. These two signals are directly applied to the modulated class C power
amplifier.
Modulation takes place at the stage, and the power of the modulated signal is
amplified to the required transmitting power level. The transmitting antenna then
transmits the signal.

Coupling of Output Stage and Antenna
The output stage of the modulated class C power amplifier feeds the signal to the
transmitting antenna. To transfer maximum power from the output stage to the
antenna it is necessary that the impedance of the two sections match. For this , a
matching network is required. The matching between the two should be perfect at
all transmitting frequencies. As the matching is required at different frequencies,
inductors and capacitors offering different impedance at different frequencies are
used in the matching networks.
The matching network must be constructed using these passive components. This
is shown in figure ©
The matching network used for coupling the output stage of the transmitter and the
antenna is called double π-network. This network is shown in figure (c). It consists
of two inductors , L1 and L2 and two capacitors, C1 and C2. The values of these
components are chosen such that the input impedance of the network between 1
and 1'. Shown in figure (c) is matched with the output impedance of the output
stage of the transmitter. Further, the output impedance of the network is matched
with the impedance of the antenna.
The double π matching network also filters unwanted frequency components

appearing at the output of the last stage of the transmitter. The output of the
modulated class C power amplifier may contain higher harmonics, such as second
and third harmonics, that are highly undesirable. The frequency response of the
matching network is set such that these unwanted higher harmonics are totally
suppressed, and only the desired signal is coupled to the antenna.

in the view of Wayne Tomasi ,chapter 4
Am Transmitter
1. Low level Transmitter


High Level Transmitter
Block Diagram for High Level AM DSBFC transmitter
Enrichment Activities



Self-Assessment Questions
Supply the missing word(s) in each statement.
Choose the letter that best answers each question.
1. Modulation causes the information signal to be _____ to a higher frequency for more efficient
transmission.
2. During modulation, the information signal _____ the amplitude of a high frequency signal
called the_____.
3. The circuit used to produce modulation is called a _____. Its two inputs are _____.
4. In AM, the instantaneous _____ of the carrier varies in accordance with the information signal.
5. True or false. The carrier frequency is usually lower than the modulating frequency.
6. The outline of the peaks of the carrier signal is called the _____, and it has the same shape as
the _____.
7. Voltages varying over time are said to be _____ signals.
8. The trigonometric expression for the carrier is Vc = _____.
9. True or false. The carrier frequency remains constant during AM.
10. An amplitude modulator performs the mathematical operation of
a. Addition b. Subtraction c. Multiplication d. Division
11. Which of the following is the most correct?
a. Vm should be greater than Vc.
b. Vc should be greater than Vm
c. Vm should be equal to or less than Vc.
d. Vc must always equal Vm
12.Which of the following is not another name for modulation index?
a. Modulation reciprocal
b. Modulation factor
c. Degree of modulation
d. Modulation coefficient
13. The degree or depth of modulation occurring expressed as a percentage, is computed using
the expression
a. 2 Vm b. 100 / m c. m / 100 d. 100% x m
14. The modulation index is the ratio of the _____ peak voltage of the to the _____.
15.An AM wave displayed on an oscilloscope has values of Vmax= 3.8 and Vmin= 1.5 as read
from the graticule. The percentage of modulation is _____ percent.

16. The ideal percentage of modulation for maximum amplitude of Information transmission is
_____ percent.
17.To achieve 85 percent modulation of a carrier of Ve = 40 volts (V), a modulating signal of Vm
= _____ is needed.
18. The peak-to-peak value of an AM signal is 30 V. The peak-to-peak value of the modulating
signal is 12V. The percentage of modulation is _____ percent.
19. New signals generated by the modulation process that appear directly above and below the
Carrier frequency are called _____.
20. An AM radio station operating at 630 kHz is permitted to broadcast audio frequencies up to
5 kHz. The upper and lower side frequencies are
fUSB = _____ kHz

fLSB = _____ kHz
21. The total bandwidth of the signal in the above example is _____ kHz.
22. A signal whose amplitude is displayed with respect to time is called a _____ domain display.
The test instrument used to present such a display is the _____.
23. A signal whose amplitude is displayed with respect to frequency is called a _____ domain
display. The test instrument used to present such a display is the _____.
24. Complex modulating signals containing many frequencies produce multiple_____ thus
occupying more spectrum space.
25. The AM signal that occupies the greatest bandwidth is the one modulated by a
a. 1-kHz sine wave b. 5-kHz sine wave
c. 1-kHz square wave d. 5-kHz square wave
26. The composite AM signal can be recreated by algebraically adding which three signals?
27. The total sideband power is what percentage of the carrier power for 100 percent
modulation?
a. 25 ercent b. 50 percent c. 100 percent d. 150 percent
28. Information in an AM signal is conveyed in the
a. Carrier. b. Sidebands. c. Both together.
29. The load into which the AM signal Power is dissipated is a(n) _____.
30. The total transmitted power is the sum of the _____ and _____ powers.
31. A 5-kW carrier with 60 percent modulation produces _____ kW in each sideband.
32. In an AM signal with a carrier of 18W and a modulation percentage of 75 percent, the total
power in the sidebands is _____ W.
33. An AM signal with a carrier of 1 kW has 100W in each sideband. The percentage of
modulation is _____percent.
34. An AM transmitter has a carrier power of 200 W. The percentage of modulation is 60
percent. The total signal power is _____ W.
35. The total AM signal power is 2800W. The carrier power is 2000 W. The power in one
sideband is _____ W.The percentage of modulation is_____.

36. The unmodulated carrier current in an antenna is 1.5A. When the carrier is modulated by 95
percent,the total antenna current is _____ A.
37. An AM signal without a carrier is called a(n) _____ signal.
38. True or false. Two sidebands must be transmitted to retain all the information.
39. The acronym SSB means
a. Single sideband with carrier b. Single sideband with suppressed carrier
c. Double sideband with no carrier d. Double sideband with carrier
40. A major benefit of DSB and SSB is
a. Higher power can be put into the sideband(s). b. Greater power consumption.
c. More carrier power. d. Double the sideband power.
41. List four benefits of SSB over AM and DSB.
42. List two common uses of SSB.
43. A common use of DSB is
a. Two-way communication. b. Telephone systems.
c. FM/TV stereo d. Satellite communications.
44. True or false. In SSB, no signal is transmitted unless the information signal is present.
45. The type of AM signal that is used in TV broadcasting is called _____ transmission.
46.An SSB signal produces a peak-to-peak voltage of 720V on voice peaks across a 75- antenna.
The PEPoutput is _____ W.
47. An SSB transmitter has a 15O-V supply. Voice peaks produce a current of 2.3 A. The PEP
input is _____W.
48. The average output power of an SSB transmitter rated at 12W PEP is in the _____ to _____
range.
49. The process of translating a signal to a higher or lower frequency for more convenient
processing is called _____.
50. The circuit used for translating the frequency of a signal is referred to as a(n) _____ or
_____.
51.The input signals to a frequency translation circuit are fs = 3.7 MHz and fo = 4.155 MHz. The
output signals are _____.
52. In the example given in the text, what other local oscillator frequency could be used to
produce the
10.7-MHz output with a 107.1 = MHz input?
53. Unwanted mixer output signals are eliminated by a _____.
54. True or false. The local oscillator is modulated.
55. True or false. Any modulation on the input signal to be translated is retained.
56. The operation carried out by a mixer is known as _____.

Start Practice Exam Test Questions

Choose the letter of the best answer in each questions.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. AM stands for:
a. Audio Modulation b. Amplitude Modulation

c. Angle Modulation d. Antenna Modulation
2. The “envelope” of an AM signal is due to:

a. the baseband signal b. the carrier signal
c. the amplitude signal d. none of the above
3. If the audio Va sin(ωat) modulates the carrier Vc sin(ωct), then the modulation index, m, is:
a. m = ωa / ωc b. m = Va / Vc c. m = (Va / Vc)2 d. m = Va / ωa
4. The equation for full-carrier AM is:

a. v(t) = (Ec + Em) x sin(ωct)
b. v(t) = (Ec + Em) x sin(ωmt) + sin(ωct)
c. v(t) = (Ec x Em) x sin(ωmt) x sin(ωct)
d. v(t) = (Ec + Em sin(ωmt)) x sin(ωct)
5. Overmodulation causes:
a. distortion b. splatter c. both a and b d. none of the above
6. The peak voltage of an AM signal goes from Emax to Emin. The modulation index, m, is:
a. m = Emin / Emax b. m = Emax / Emin

c. m = (Emax – Emin) / (Emax + Emin) d. m = (Emax + Emin) / (Emax – Emin)
7. If Va sin(ωat) amplitude modulates the carrier Vc sin(ωct), it will produce the frequencies: a. ωc
+ ωa and ωc – ωa b. (ωc + ωa)/2 and (ωc – ωa)/2
c. ωc + ωa and 2ωc + 2ωa d. none of the above
8. At 100% modulation, the total sideband power is:
a. equal to the carrier power

b. twice the carrier power
c. half the carrier power
d. 1.414 x carrier power
9. If a 5-kHz signal modulates a 1-MHz carrier, the bandwidth of the AM signal will be:
a. 5 kHz b. 10 kHz c. 1.005 MHz d. none of the above
10. If an AM radio station increases its modulation index, you would expect:
a. the audio to get louder at the receiver b. the received RF signal to increase
c. the signal-to-noise ratio to increase d. all of the above
11. The modulation index can be derived from:
a. the time-domain signal b. the frequency-domain signal

c. both a and b d. none of the above
12. The main problem in using quadrature AM would be:
a. requires too much bandwidth b. requires too much power

c. incompatibility with ordinary AM radios d. all of the above
13. As compared to plain AM, SSB AM:
a. is more efficient b. requires a more complex demodulator circuit

c. requires less bandwidth d. all of the above
14. The SC in SSB SC stands for:
a. single-carrier b. suppressed-carrier
c. sideband-carrier d. none of the above
15. PEP stands for:
a. Peak Envelope Power b. Peak Efficiency Power

c. Peak Envelope Product d. none of the above
16. If an SSB transmitter radiates 1000 watts at peak modulation, what will it radiate with no
modulation?
a. 1000 watts b. 500 watts c. 250 watts d. 0 watts
17. Music on AM radio stations is “low-fidelity” because:
a. AM is susceptible to noise b. commercial AM stations use low power

c. commercial AM stations have a narrow bandwidth d. all of the above
18. The type of information that can be sent using AM is:
a. audio b. video c. digital data d. all of the above
19. Two tones modulate an AM carrier. One tone causes a modulation index of m1 and the
other tone causes a modulation index of m2. The total modulation index is:
a. m1 + m2 b. (m1 + m2) / 2 c. sqrt(m1 x m2 + m2 x m1) d. sqrt(m1 x m1 + m2 x m2)
20. To demodulate a USB SSB signal, the receiver must:
a. be set to USB mode b. reinsert the carrier c. both a and b d. none of the above
TEST II COMPLETION
1. An advantage of AM is that the receiver can be very ____________________.
2. A disadvantage of AM is its ____________________ use of power.
3. The ____________________ of an AM signal resembles the shape of the baseband signal.
4. In AM, modulating with a single audio tone produces ____________________ sidebands.
5. Compared to the USB, the information in the LSB is ____________________.
6. Compared to the USB, the power in the LSB is ____________________.
7. In AM, total sideband power is always ____________________ than the carrier power.
8. In AM, as the modulation index increases, the carrier power _________________________.
9. The power in an AM signal is maximum when the modulation index is

____________________.
10. In AM, a voice-band signal of 300 Hz to 3000 Hz will require a bandwidth of

____________________.
11. With a 1-MHz carrier, if the LSB extends down to 990 kHz, then the USB will extend up to
____________________.
12. If an AM transmitter puts out 100 watts with no modulation, it will put out
____________________ watts with 100% modulation.
Test III SHORT ANSWER

1. An AM transmitter generates 100 watts with 0% modulation. How much power will it
generate with 20% modulation?
2. If the carrier power is 1000 watts, what is the power in the USB at 70.7% modulation?
3. A carrier is modulated by three audio tones. If the modulation indexes for the tones are 0.3,
0.4, and 0.5, then what is the total modulation index?
4. You look at an AM signal with an oscilloscope and see that the maximum Vpp is 100 volts and
the minimum Vpp is 25 volts. What is the modulation index?

5. A SSB transmitter is connected to a 50-ohm antenna. If the peak output voltage of the
transmitter is 20 volts, what is the PEP?
Problem Set.
Please solve all odd number of Chapter 4. Text Book-Wayne Tomasi (2004),
Electronic Communication Systems,
• Textbook & Referencel

• Text Book-Wayne Tomasi (2004), Electronic Communication Systems,
5th Ed., Prentice Hall ,Chapter 4 & 5
• Reference Book- Roy Blake (2002), Electronic Communication
Systems, 2nd Ed., Delmar.
• Reference Book- Louis Frenzel (2014), Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems, 4th Ed,. McGraw Hill
• online radio Electronics ,Reading 29, Ron Bertrand VK2DQ,
http://www.radioelectronicschool.com
• Leon W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 8th
edition, Pearson / Prentice, Chapter 5
Mabbalo!
Pinky c. Tumaliuan


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Republic of the Philippines

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

• Textbook & Referencel

Learning Outcomes After this course, the students are expected

Topics for Chapter

2| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

Introduction to AM and its overview

3| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

4| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

5| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

6| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

7| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

8| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

9| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

10 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

 Process by which some characteristic of a high frequency sine wave is

a.Continuous Wave :carrier is a sinusoid

b.Pulse:carrier is a train of pulses (discrete)

11 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

Analog Modulation: There are three type of Analog modulation

12 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

a. Frequency Modulation b. Phase Modulation

Consider any sinusoid

13 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

14 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

General Equation of the AM wave

and the modulating voltage be given by

The voltage of the resulting AM wave envelope at any instant is

16 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

Frequency Domain of Standard AM

Graph of relative amplitude of signal against frequency

17 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

Time Domain of Standard AM

18 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

19 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

20 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

21 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

22 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

23 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

Modulation index (modulation factor, modulation coefficient,

24 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

modulation index expressed as a percentage

25 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

26 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

27 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

PC is constant value before and after modulation. PT is the total power

Current and Voltage Relationships

28 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

modulation by several carrier

29 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan

Bandwidth Formula for AM

BW = 2 x fm (single carrier modulation )

Percentage Power Saving

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a) Information is present only in the sidebands.

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c) Information on the LSB is the same as the information on the USB.

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Single Sideband Modulation

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 single sideband suppressed carrier (J3E)

 a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier has been

sideband is _ W.The percentage of modulation is_.