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3-Phase Electric
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INTRODUCTION
4
INTRODUCTION
6
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
12
INTRODUCTION
Two-Phase Systems:
• It is produced by a generator consisting of two coils placed perpendicular
to each other so that the voltage generated by one lags the other by 90°.
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DISADVANTAGES OF THE SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM
• Initial application of AC supply was for heating the filaments of electric
lamps. For this, single-phase system was perfectly satisfactory.
• Few years later, AC motors were developed, and it was found that for this
application the single-phase system was not very satisfactory.
15
DISADVANTAGES OF THE SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM
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ADVANTAGES OF THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
• Nearly, all electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase.
• When one-phase or two-phase inputs are required, they are taken from the
three-phase system rather than generated independently.
• Even when more than 3 phases are needed, they can be provided by
manipulating the available three phases.
17
ADVANTAGES OF THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
• The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant (not
pulsating). This results in uniform power transmission and less vibration
of three-phase machines.
• The amount of wire required for a three-phase system is less than that
required for an equivalent single-phase system.
18
GENERATION OF BALANCED THREE-PHASE VOLTAGES
The generator basically consists of a
• Rotating magnet
(called the rotor).
• Stationary winding
(called the stator).
Y-connected source
22
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Phase Sequence:
• The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through
their respective maximum values.
1) abc sequence or positive sequence
2) acb sequence or negative sequence
Importance of Phase Sequence:
• It is important in three-phase power distribution because, it determines
the direction of the rotation of a motor connected to the power source.
23
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
abc Sequence or Positive Sequence:
• This sequence is produced when the rotor rotates
counterclockwise.
• Van leads Vbn, which in turn leads Vcn.
Van V p 0
i.e. Vbn V p 120
Vcn V p 240 V p 120 abc or positive sequence
Van V p 0
i.e. V V 120
cn p
Q2. Given that Vbn 22030 V , find Van and Vcn, assuming a positive (abc)
0
sequence.
Answer: 2201500 V, 220 900 V.
26
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Possible Three-Phase Load Configurations:
• Depending on the end application, a three-phase load can be either
• Wye-connected (or)
• Delta-connected.
• A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal in
magnitude and in phase.
• However, a wye- or delta-connected load is said to be unbalanced if the
phase impedances are not equal in magnitude or phase.
27
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Possible Three-Phase Load Configurations:
Y-connected load
28
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Possible Three-Phase Load Configurations:
30
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection:
A balanced Y-Y system is a three-
phase system with a balanced Y-
connected source and a balanced
Y-connected load.
In as much as the source voltages in Fig. 1 are in positive sequence, the line
currents are also in positive sequence:
I b I a 1200 6.81 141.80 A
I c I a 240 6.8198.2 A
0 0
41
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Wye-Delta Connection:
• A balanced Y-Δ system consists of a balanced Y- connected source
feeding a balanced Δ- connected load.
• This is perhaps the most practical three-phase system, as the three-phase
sources are usually Y-connected while the three-phase loads are usually
Δ-connected.
• It is to be noted that there is no neutral connection from source to load in
this system connection.
42
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Wye-Delta Connection:
Assuming the positive
sequence, the phase voltages
are again:
Van V p 0 , Vbn V p 120 ,
Vcn V p 120
The line voltages are:
Vab 3V p 30 VAB
Since I CA I AB 240 ,
I a I AB I CA I AB 1 1 240
=I AB 1 0.5 j 0.866
Balanced Y-Δ connection
I AB 3 30
46
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Wye-Delta Connection:
The magnitude of line current (IL) relates the magnitude of phase current (Ip)
as:
I L 3I p
49
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
The phase currents are,
VAB 173.2400
I AB 19.36 13.430
A
Z 8.94426.57 0
51
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Delta-Delta Connection:
• A balanced Δ-Δ system is one in which both the balanced source and
balanced load are Δ-connected.
• Goal is to obtain
the phase and line
currents.
Balanced Δ -Δ connection 52
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Delta-Delta Connection:
Assuming a positive sequence, the phase voltages for a delta-connected
source are:
Vab V p 0 , Vbc V p 120 , Vca V p 120
Also,
Vab VAB , Vbc VBC , Vca VCA
Now, the phase currents are: Balanced Δ -Δ connection
VAB Vab VBC Vbc VCA Vca
I AB , I BC , I CA
Z Z Z Z Z Z
53
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Delta-Delta Connection:
• The line currents are also obtained from the phase currents by applying
KCL at nodes A, B, and C, as:
I a I AB I CA , I b I BC I AB , I c I CA I BC
54
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Q1. A balanced Δ-connected load with impedance 20 − j15 Ω is connected to
a Δ-connected, positive-sequence generator having Vab 3300 V.0
Calculate the phase currents of the load and the line currents.
55
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
For a delta load, the line current always lags the corresponding phase current
by 30° and has a magnitude √3 times that of the phase current. Hence, the
line currents are,
I a I AB 3 300 22.866.87 0 A
I b I a 1200 22.86 113.130 A
I c I a 1200 22.86126.87 0 A
56
PRACTICE NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Q2. A positive-sequence, balanced Δ-connected source supplies a balanced
Δ-connected load. If the impedance per phase of the load is 18 + j12 Ω and
II a 9.609350 A , find IAB and VAB.
57
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Delta-Wye Connection:
A balanced Δ-Y system consists of a balanced Δ-connected source feeding a
balanced Y- connected load.
• Again, assuming the abc
sequence, the phase
voltages of a delta-
connected source are:
Vab V p 0 ,
Vbc V p 120 ,
Vca V p 120
Balanced Δ-Y connection 58
BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
Balanced Delta-Wye Connection:
• Line currents are obtained in many ways. One way is to apply KVL to
loop aANBba as:
Vab ZY I a ZY I b 0
(or)
ZY I a I b Vab V p 0
V p 0
Thus, I a I b
ZY
Vp
30
V p 0 V p 0
I a Ib I a 330 Ia 3
ZY ZY ZY
• From this, the other line currents Ib and Ic are obtained using the positive
phase sequence, i.e.,
I b I a 120 , I c I a 120
• Also note that phase currents are equal to the line currents. 60
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Q1. A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance of 40 + j25 Ω is
supplied by a balanced, positive sequence Δ-connected source with a line
voltage of 210 V. Calculate the phase currents. Use Vab as a reference.
Ans:
The load impedance is
ZY 40 j 25 47.17320
and the source voltage is
Vab 21000 V
When the Δ-connected source is transformed to a Y-connected source,
Vab
Van 300 121.2 300 V
3 61
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
The line currents are,
62
UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
An unbalanced system is caused by two possible situations:
• The source voltages are not equal in magnitude and/or differ in phase by
angles that are unequal, or
• Load impedances are unequal.
Thus, an unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an
unbalanced load.
• Unbalanced three-phase systems are solved by direct application of mesh
and nodal analysis.
63
UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
• To simplify analysis, balanced source
voltages, but an unbalanced load is
considered.
• Since the load is unbalanced, ZA, ZB,
and ZC are not equal.
• The line currents are determined by
Ohm’s law as,
VAN VBN VCN
Ia , Ib , Ic
ZA ZB ZC
Unbalanced three-phase Y-connected load
64
UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
• The set of unbalanced line currents produces current in
the neutral line, which is not zero as in a balanced
system.
• Applying KCL at node N gives the neutral line current
as,
I n I a Ib Ic
• In a three-wire system where the neutral line is absent, one can still find
the line currents Ia, Ib, and Ic using mesh analysis. At node N, KCL must
be satisfied so that Ia+Ib+Ic = 0.
• The same could be done for an unbalanced Δ-Y, Y-Δ, or Δ-Δ three-wire
system. 65
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Q1. The unbalanced Y-load of Fig. 1 has balanced voltages of 100 V and
the acb sequence. Calculate the line currents and the neutral current.
Take ZA = 15 Ω, ZB = 10 + j5 Ω, ZC = 6 − j8 Ω.
Ans.
The line currents are,
10000
Ia 6.6700 A
15
1000 0 0
120
Ib 8.9493.440 A;
10 j 5
100-120
00 0
Ic 10 66.87 0 A
6 j8
Fig. 1 for Q1. 66
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
The current in the neutral line is:
I n I a I b I c 6.67 0.54 j8.92 3.93 j 9.2
10.06 j 0.28 10.06178.40 A
67
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Q2. In a three-phase (RYB sequence) four-wire system the line voltage is
400 V and resistive loads of 10 kW, 8 kW and 5 kW are connected between
the three line conductors and the neutral as in Fig. 2. Calculate:
(a) the current in each line;
(b) the current in the neutral conductor.
69
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
(b) The current in the neutral is the phasor sum of the three line currents. In
general, the most convenient method of adding such quantities is to calculate
the resultant horizontal and vertical components thus: horizontal component
is
I H IY cos 300 I B cos 300 0.866 34.8 21.7 11.3 A
IN 11.3 2
13
2
17.2 A
70
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Q3. A delta-connected load is arranged as in Fig. 3 with RYB sequence.
The supply voltage is 400 V at 50 Hz. Calculate:
(a) the phase currents;
(b) the line currents.
20
I R 7.5 A
IY 10.3 A
Similarly, the current in line conductor B is obtained
by subtracting I2 from I3, as shown in Figure.
Angle between I3 and I2 reversed is
180 30 11 34 ' 138 26 '
0 0 0 0
I B 4.3 A 74
PRACTICE NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Q4. The unbalanced Δ-load of Fig. 4 is supplied by balanced line-to-line
voltages of 440 V in the positive sequence. Find the line currents. Take Vab as
reference.
Answer.
39.71 41.060 A, 64.12 139.80 A,
70.1374.27 A.
0
76
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q2. What is the phase sequence of a balanced three-phase circuit for which
Van
V 0
Vcn =120
an = 120⧸ 30°and Vcn
120 30 V −90°
120⧸ 0
90 VV? Find Vbn.
Answer.
acb sequence, 1201500 V
77
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q3. Given a balanced Y-connected three-phase generator with a line-to-line
Vab =100
voltage of Vab 450 45
100⧸ V and VVbc
bc =
100
100⧸
165 0
V ,determine the phase
sequence and the value of Vca.
Answer.
acb sequence, 100 750 V
78
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q4. For a Y-connected load, the time-domain expressions for three line-to-
neutral voltages at the terminals are:
vAN = 120 cos(ωt + 32°) V
vBN = 120 cos(ωt – 88°) V
vCN = 120 cos(ωt + 152°) V
Write the time-domain expressions for the line-to-line voltages vAB, vBC, and
vCA.
Answer.
4453.130 A, 44 66.87 0 A,
44173.130 A.
Fig. For Q5
80
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q6. A balanced Y-Y four-wire system has phase voltages
Van 12000 V, Vbn 120 1200 V, Vcn 1201200 V
The load impedance per phase is 19 + j13 Ω, and the line impedance per
phase is 1 + j2 Ω. Solve for the line currents and neutral current.
Answer. 4.8 36.87 0 A, 4.8 156.87 0 A, 4.883.130 A.
81
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q7. In the Y-Δ system shown in Figure, the source is a positive sequence
V 440
with Vanan = 440⧸ 0°VV and phase impedance Zp = 2 – j3 Ω. Calculate the line
0 0
Answer.
762.1 V, 366.1 A
Fig. For Q7 82
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q8. For the Δ-Δ circuit of shown Figure, calculate the phase and line
currents.
Answer.
13.915 18.430 A, 13.915 138.430 A,
13.915101.57 A;
0
Fig. For Q8
83
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q9. In the circuit of shown Figure, if
Vab 44010 V, Vbc 440 110 V, Vca 440130 V
0 0 0
Answer.
17.7424.780 A, 17.742 115.220 A,
17.742124.780 A.
Fig. For Q9
84
PRACTICE NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Q2. A Y-connected balanced three-phase generator with an impedance of 0.4
+ j0.3 Ω per phase is connected to a Y-connected balanced load with an
impedance of 24 + j19 Ω per phase. The line joining the generator and the
load has an impedance of 0.6 + j0.7 Ω per phase. Assuming a positive
sequence for the source voltages and that Van 12030 V , find:
0
85
PRACTICE NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Q2. In a balanced Δ-Y circuit, Vab 440150 V and ZY = (12 + j15) Ω.
Calculate the line currents.
Answer. 13.224 66.340 A, 13.224 173.660 A, 13.22453.660 A.
86
REFERENCES
[1] Edward Hughes (revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith), Electrical And
Electronic Technology. Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE,
England:10th Edition, 2008.
[2] Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits. 2 Penn Plaza, New
York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Education, 6th Edition, 2017.
[3] John Bird, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology. Elsevier Science, Linacre House, Jordan Hill,
Oxford OX2 8DP, UK: Third Edition 2007.
[4] Adrian Waygood, An Introduction to Electrical Science. Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 711 Third
Avenue, New York, NY: Second Edition 2019.
[5] Allan R. Hambley, Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications. Pearson Higher Education, 1 Lake
Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Sixth Edition 2014.
[6] William H. Hayt, Jr., Jack E. Kemmerly, and Steven M. Durbin , Engineering Circuit Analysis. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY: Eighth Edition 2012.
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