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Question 1
Let a circle S in the plane be given, centered at (2, 3) and of radius 5 units.
• Find the complex equation of the circle.
If w = z −1 , then z = w −1 .
Substituting in the equation of the circle, we get:
1 1 1 1
0= − (2 − 3i) − (2 + 3i) − 12,
ww w w
0 = 12ww + (2 + 3i)w + (2 − 3i)w − 1,
1 1 1
0 = ww + (2 + 3i)w + (2 − 3i)w −
12 12 12
1 1 25
= (w + (2 − 3i))(w + (2 + 3i)) −
12 12 144
1 i 2 5 2
= |w + − | − ( ) .
6 4 12
So the image circle is centered at (− 16 , 14 ) and has radius 5
12
.
• Also sketch the circle and its three images on the same complex plane.
Question 2
Compute the following limits, or explain why the limit in question does not
exist.
z2 + 1
• lim 2
z→−i z + 3iz − 2
We have:
z2 + 1 (z − i)(z + i) (z − i) −i − i
lim = lim = lim = = −2.
z→−i z 2 + 3iz − 2 z→−i (z + 2i)(z + i) z→−i (z + 2i) −i + 2i
z 2 − 2i
• lim
z→1+i z 2 − 2z + 2
We have:
z 2 − 2i z 2 − (1 + i)2
lim = lim
z→1+i z 2 − 2z + 2 z→1+i (z − 1)2 + 1
(z − 1 − i)(z + 1 + i) (z + 1 + i)
= lim = lim
z→1+i (z − 1 − i)(z − 1 + i) z→1+i (z − 1 + i)
1+i+1+i 2 + 2i
= = = 1 − i.
1+i−1+i 2i
=(z)
• lim .
z→0 z
Put z = x + iy with x and y real.
Then we need:
y
lim .
x+iy→0 x + iy
Hence factor the polynomial f (z) and plot the roots of the polynomial on
the complex plane.
1
Also show that g(z) = f (z + 1) and h(z) = z 4 f ( ) are polynomials and
z
plot the roots of all three polynomials f , g and h on the same complex plane.
We have:
f (2i) = (2i)4 + 2(2i)3 + 6(2i)2 + 8(2i) + 8
= 16 − 8i − 24 + 16i + 8 = 0.
So z = 2i is a root of f (z).
Since the polynomial is real for each root, its complex conjugate is also a
root.
So z = −2i is a root of f (z).
So f (z) has a factor of (z − 2i)(z + 2i) = z 2 + 4.
We see that:
f (z) = z 4 + 2z 3 + 6z 2 + 8z + 8 = z 4 + 6z 2 + 8 + 2z 3 + 8z
= (z 2 + 4)(z 2 + 2) + 2z(z 2 + 4)
= (z 2 + 4)(z 2 + 2z + 2)
= (z 2 + 4)((z + 1)2 + 1)
= (z + 2i)(z − 2i)(z + 1 + i)(z + 1 − i).
So the roots of f (z) are −2i, 2i, −1 − i and −1 + i.
Then we have:
= (z 2 + 2z + 5)(z 2 + 4z + 5)
= z 4 + 6z 3 + 18z 2 + 30z + 25.
The roots of g(z) are −1 − 2i, −1 + 2i, −2 − i and −2 + i.
Next we have:
1 1 1 1 1
4
h(z) = z f ( ) = z 4 + 2i − 2i +1+i +1−i
z z z z z
= 1 + 2z + 6z 2 + 8z + 8z 4 .
The roots of h(z) are the reciprocals of the roots of f (z), so the set of roots
is:
−1 1 1 1
{ , , , }
2i 2i −1 − i −1 + i
i i 1 1
= { , − , − (1 − i), − (1 + i)}.
2 2 2 2
Question 4
Give parametrizations for the boundaries of the following regions in the com-
plex plane and identify each region as open, closed, or neither and as con-
nected or disconnected.
Also sketch each region in the complex plane.
z = 3i + 3eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
This region is the region outside the closed disc of radius 3, center
the origin and inside the open disc centered at 4 of radius 5.
The region is bounded and connected, but is neither closed nor open.
Sketching, we see that the boundary consists of two arcs, one on the
circle |z| = 3 and the other on the circle |z − 4| = 5, meeting at ±3i.
Alternatively we may solve for the meeting points of the boundary
circles:
zz = 9, zz − 4z − 4z + 16 = 25,
x2 + y 2 = 9, z + z = 0,
x = 0, y 2 = 9, ,
(x, y) = (0, ±3), z = ±3i.
A parameterization for the boundary arcs is then:
– z = 3e−it , − π2 ≤ t ≤ π2 .
– z = 4 + 5eis , −a ≤ s ≤ a.
Here the endpoint parameter value a is given by:
Differentiating, we have:
u = x3 + 4x2 + x(6 − 3y 2 ) − 4y 2
ux = 3x2 + 8x + 6 − 3y 2 ,
uy = −6xy − 8y,
uxx = 6x + 8,
uyy = −6x − 8.
So uxx + uyy = 6x + 8 − 6x − 8 = 0 and u is harmonic, as required.
• Find the harmonic conjugate v of u.
We first need:
vy = ux = 3x2 + 8x + 6 − 3y 2 .
Integrating with respect to y, we get:
v = 3x2 y + 8xy + 6y − y 3 + g(x).
Finally we need:
0 = uy + vx = −6xy − 8y + 6xy + 8y + g 0 (x) = g 0 (x).
So g(x) = C, a constant and the harmonic conjugate of u is v =
3x2 y + 8xy + 6y − y 3 + C, with C an arbitrary real constant.
• If f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), where z = x + iy, explain why f (z) is ana-
lytic and write a formula for f 0 (z) in terms of the derivatives of u and v.
We have 3z 2 + 8z + 6 = d
dz
(z 3 + 4z 2 + 6z), so we get:
Find, with proof, all points where the function f is differentiable, giving its
derivative at each such point and find all such points at which the function
is analytic.
We note that the real and imaginary parts of f are polynomials, so are
everywhere continuous and differentiable, with continous derivatives.
fx = 2y + 2ix,
fy = 2x − 6iy.
The Cauchy-Riemann equations are then: