CHAPTER 13

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

13.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this practicum is to be able to know the proportion of the
mixture, in order to obtain the desired quality of concrete according to the design of
the mixture so as to get the concrete that has the best quality.

13.2 BASIC THEORY

  Concrete consists of water, cement and aggregates. Aggregates are natural
mineral grains that are used as materials in the concrete mixture. Aggregates occupy
about 60-70% of the volume of concrete (Triadi, Marliansyah, hemp, 2017).
Concrete consists of normal concrete, high strength concrete, lightweight
concrete and shaft concrete. The formation of good aggregate grains can produce
high quality concrete (Widhiarto & Sujatmiko, 2012).

13.2.1 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

STEP 1: DETERMINE THE SLUMP VALUE
If the slump value does not need to be used, then use table 13.1. The range of slump
values applies if the concrete is obtained by vibration.
Table 13.1 Recommended of slump value for various construction works type
(*)
Slump Value (mm)
Construction Type
Maximum Minimum
Foundation of reinforcement concrete (wall and palm
75 25
foundation
Palm foundation without reinforcement, pile foundation,
75 25
underground wall
Beam and reinforcement wall 100 25
Building column 100 25
Pavvement and floor plate 75 25
Mass concrete 50 25

The slump value can be added when using a chemical mixture, if the mixture
applied to the concrete has the same water-cement ratio. The slump value can be
added as much as 25 mm for compaction methods other than vibration.

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STEP 2: DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE

The maximum nominal size coarse aggregate, must not exceed the maximum
size, so that can be obttained economically and according to the dimensions of the
structural component. The maximum nominal size is:
a. 1/5 of the smallest dimension size between walls block/formwork;
b. 1 of floor plate thickness;
c. ¾ of minimum distance between each reinforcement bar, reinforcement file,
or presentation stands.
STEP 3: DETERMINE THE ESTIMATED WATER AND AIR CONTENT
The amount of water required to produce a certain slump value depends on the
maximum nominal coarse aggregate, the temperature of the concrete, the estimated
air content and the use of chemical additives. The slump value does not affect the
amount of cement in normal usage levels, the use of fine mineral additives in small
amounts can reduce water requirements. In Table 13.2, it can be seen that the
estimated water requirements for several aggregate sizes and the desired target slump
values.

Table 13.2 Estimated water and air content for various slump value and
maximum size of coarse agregate
Water (kg/m3) for the maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate
9.5 12.7 19 25 37.5 50 75 150
Slump (mm)
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Concrete without air added
25-50 207 199 190 179 166 154 130 113
75-100 228 216 205 193 181 169 145 124
150-175 243 228 216 202 190 190 160 -
≥175 - - - - - - - -
Air content in
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.2
concrete (%)

Table 13.2 Estimated water and air content for various slump value and
maximum size of coarse agregate (Continued)
Concrete with air added
25-50 181 175 168 160 150 142 122 107
75-100 202 193 184 175 165 157 133 119
150-175 216 205 197 184 174 166 154 -
≥175 - - - - - - - -

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Amount of air content recommeded for varying levels of exposure

Light (%) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
Moderate (%) 6 5.5 5 4.5 4.5 4 3.5 3
Heavy (%) 7.5 7 6 6 5.5 5 4.5 4

STEP 4: DETERMINE THE WATER-CEMENT RASIO

With certain materials the value of the ratio of w / c or w (c + p) will provide
strength as in Table 13.3, based on the results of the test age of 28 days which
maintains standard conditions in the laboratory. The average compressive strength
must exceed the required compressive strength by a sufficiently high margin to use
the low test results within a certain range.
Table 13.3 Relationship between water-cement rasio (w/c) or the water-material
rasio is cement { w/( c+p ) } and compressive strength of concrete
Water-cement rasio
Coompressive strenght at 28
Concrete without air Concrete with air
days, MPa
added added
40 0.42 -
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
For very low level exposure, w/c rasio must be keep constant low even
though compressive strength requarement may be achieved with higher value. Table
13.4 give the limits for their values.

Table 13.4 maximum allowable w/c rasio for severe level exposure of concrete
Structure always/often Structure
Structure Type wt or exposed to freezing exposed to sea
and disbursment water or sulfate
Thin section (stair handrail, gili,
sills, gutters, ornamental work)
0.45 0.40
and concrete cover parts less that
25 mm,
Other structure 0.50 0.45

STEP 5: CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

In steps 3 and 4, the amount of cement for each unit volume of concrete is
obtained so that it can be used to calculate the amount of cement needed, here is
the formula:

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W
C= .................................................(13.1)
W/C
Where :
C = The amount of cement needed (kg/m3);
W = The amount of water needed (kg/m3);
W/C = Water-cement rasio.

STEP 6: ESTIMATED COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT

Aggregate that has the same gradation can produce good quality concrete if a
certain amount of aggregate volume is used for each unit volume of concrete. . The
volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete can be seen in table 13.5.
Table 13.5 The volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume concrete
Maximum nominal Oven dry volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume
size of coarse concrete for various fineness modulus of fine aggregate
aggregate (mm) 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
9.5 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
19 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
25 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
37.5 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
Table 13.5 The volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume concrete (contiue)
Maximum nominal Oven dry volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume
size of coarse concrete for various fineness modulus of fine aggregate
aggregate (mm) 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
50 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
75 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81

STEP 7: ESTIMATED OF FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT

After completing step 6, then all material components (except fine aggregate)
can be estimated. The procedure that can be used to determine fine aggregate to be
incorporated in the mixture.
STEP 7:1 ESTIMATED OF FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT BASED ON
(WEIGHT)
If the unit weight of concrete can be estimated, then the fine aggregate weight
required is the difference between the weight of fresh concrete and the total weight
of concrete. Table 13.6 can be used as a benchmark for initial estimates.

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Table 13.6 Esmation weight of fresh concrete based on air content and
maximum size of coarse aggregates
Preliminary estimates of concrete weight,
Maximum nominal size of kg/m3
coarse aggregate (mm) Concrete without Concrete with
additional air additional air
9.5 2280 2200
12.5 2310 2230
19 2345 2275
25 2380 2290
37.5 2410 2350
50 2445 2345
75 2490 2405
100 2530 2435

To calculate the concrete weight per m3 theoretically the following formula

can be used:
Ga
U = 10(Ga)(100-A) + c(1 - ) – w (Ga – 1) ...................(13.2)
Gc
Where :
U = Weight of fresh concrete (kg/m3);
Ga = Average specific gravity of coarse and fine aggregate, saturated and
surface dry condition;
Gc = Specific gravity of cement (Generally = 3.15);
A = Air content (%);
w = requirement for the amount of mixing water (kg/m3);
c = requarement for the amount of cemennt (kg/m3).
STEP 7:2 ESTIMATED OF FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT ON ABSOLUTE
VOLUME
To get the requare fine aggregate volume, the units volume of concrete minus
the total volume of knows materials, which is water, air, cement, and coarse
aggregate. The volume of concrte is equal to the weight of the concrte divided by the
density of material.

STEP 8: ADJUSTMENT/CORECTION OF MIXING PROPORTION TO THE

MOISTURE OF AGGREGATE

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Generally, aggregate in a moist state, so the dry weight be added as much as a

percentage of water it containts both absobed and existing on the surface. The
amount of mixing water, which must be added the mixture must be reduced as much
as free water obtained form agregat, the corection of mixing proportion can be
calculated by the following formula :
Ah−AI Ak −A 2
Water = A-( )–( )×C ......................(13.3)
100 100
Ah−Al
Fine aggregate = B + ( ) × B..................................(13.4)
100
Ak −A 2
Coarse Aggregate = C + ( ) × C ................................(13.5)
100
Where:
A = Amount of water requirement (l/m3);
B = Amount of fine aggregate requiremnet (kg/m3);
C = Amount of coarse aggregate requirement (kg/m3);
Ah = Water content of fine aggregate (%);
Ak = Water conctent of coarse aggregate (%);
Al = Absorption of fine aggregate (%);
A2 = Absorption of coarse aggregate (%).

13.3 PRACTICUM TOOLS

The following are the required practicum tools in Hydrometer practicum:
a. Hoe;
b. Container;
c. Cone conic;
d. Mold;
e. Soaking tub;
f. Shovel.

Figure 13.1 Hoe Figure 13.2 Container Figure 13.3 Cone Conic

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Figure 13.4 Mold Figure 13.5 Soaking Tub Figure 13.6 Shovel

13.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE

The following are the procedure of this practicum:
a. Mix fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and cement in a container;
b. Insert the mixture into the conic for a slump test;
c. After that, add the mmixture to the mold, and leet it dry ;
d. After that, remove the concrte from the mold, then soak it, soaking be done
for 7 days, or 28 days.

13.5 PRACTICUM CALCULATION

13.5.1 PRACTICUM DATA
The following below are the data obtained from the practicum:
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE SLUMP VALUE
For this practicum, made the concrte for bulding column, with the maximum
of slump value is 100 mm and the mminimum is 25 mm. To avoid the failure, use
100 mm.
STEP 2: DETERMINE THE ESTIMATED OF MIXING WATER AND AIR
CONTENT
The maximum size of aggregate based on SNI, the maximum of coarse
aggregate is 40 mm.
STEP 3: DETERMINE THE ESTIMATED OF MIXING WATER AND AIR
CONCTENT
In this step, not adding air and admixture. So to estimate the mixing water
and also air content. Use the table 13.2.
STEP 4: DETERMINE THE WATER-CEMENT RASIO

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Based on the table 13.3, the water-cement rasio for compresive strengh 20
Mpa at 28 days without adding air is 0.69.
STEP 5: CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
The amount of cement can be calculate based from data step 3 adn step 4.
Below is calculation to find the cement content can be calculated as below:
W
C =
W /C
181
=
0.69
= 262.32 kg/m3.
STEP 6: ESTIMATED OF COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT
The data obtained form this practicum is:
a. The finess modulus of fine aggregatee is 3,27;
b. The bulk density of coarse agregate is 1362,26.
The calculation to estimate the coarse aggregate is:
Coarse aggregate = 0.69 × 1362,26;
= 939,95 kg/m3.
STEP 7: ESTIMATED FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT ON MASS
(WEIGHT)
After step 6 is complete, all components of concrete have been estimated, the
las tis estimating fine aggregate.
STEP 7:1 ESTIMATED OF FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT ON MASS
The folowing data can be obtained:
a. Specific gravity at SSD for fine aggregate is 2,52:
b. Specificc Gravity at SSD for ccoarse aggregate is 2,17.
To find the average the average of specific gravity at SSD for fine and coarse
aggregate is:
Ga =

Specific gravity at SSD of fine aggregate+ specific gravity at SSD of coarse aggregate
2
2,52+ 2,17
=
2
= 2,34.
Then estimate the weight of concrete aggregat as below:

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Ga
U = 10(Ga)(100-A) + c(1 - ) – w (Ga – 1)
Gc
2,34
= 10(2,34)(100-) + 262.32(1 - ) – 181 (2,34 – 1)
3.15
= 2141.77 kg/m3.
STEP 7:2 ESTIMATED OF FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT ON
ABSOLUTEE VOLUME
The calculation is to find the aggregate content:
Fine aggregate = U – (Mwater + Mcement + Mcoarse aggregate)
= 2141.77 – (181 + 262.32 + 939.95)
= 758.5 kg/m3.
STEP 8: ADJUSTMENT/CORRECTION OF MIXING PROPORTION TO
THE MOISTURE OF AGGREGATE
The fine aggregate and the coarse aggregate are considered in a dry surcafe
condition, so if aggregate is not dry surface, correction is required.
The data below is obtainet from the practicum:
a. water content of fine aggregate (Ah) = 0.0135 %;
b. Water conntent of coarse aggregate (Ak) = 3.54 %;
c. Absorption of fine aggregate (A1) = 1.29%
d. Absorption of coarse aggregate (A2) = 22.72%
The correction of mixing proportion is below:
Ah−AI Ak −A 2
Water = A-( )–( )×C
100 100
0.01−1.29 3.54−22.72
= 181-( )–( )×262.32
100 100
= 231.32 kg/m3.
Ah−Al
Fine aggregate =B+( )×B
100
0.01−1.29
= 758.5 + ( ) × 758.5
100
= 748,79 kg/m3.
Ak −A 2
Coarse Aggregate =C+( )×C
100
3.54−22.72
= 262.32 + ( ) × 262.32
100
= 212,007.

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The weight component needed are :

Total Sample = 1;
Volume = ¼ πd2t
= 0.25 ×3.14×0.152×0.3
= 0.0053 m3;
Water = Total of water × Total sample × Volume
= 231.32 × 1 × 0.0053
= 1.22 kg;
Cement = Total of cement × Total sample × Volume
= 262.32 × 1 × 0.0053
= 1.39 kg;
Fine aggregate = Total of fine aggregate × Total sample × volume
= 748,79 × 1 × 0.0053
= 3.96
Coarse Aggregate = Total of coarse aggregate × Total sample × volume
= 212.007 × 1 × 0.0053
= 1.12 kg.

13.6 CONCLUSION
The following is the conclusion of this practicum
Table 13.7 Design of Concrete Mixture with compressive Strenght of 20 Mpa
No Description Result
.
1 Sample 1
2 Water 1.22
3 Cement 1.39
4 Fine aggregate 3.96
5 Coarse aggregate 1.12

13.7 ERROR FACTORS

The following are the error factors that occurred when doing the practicum:
a. When the concrte mixing proces is not proposional;

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b. When entering the dough into the mold i tis not done properly so that when
the concrete dries there is still a cavity.

13.8 REFERENCES
Triai, Y., Marliansyah, J., & Rami, A. (2017). Analisa Kuat Tekan Beton Dengan
Bahan Agregat Pasir dan Kerikil Sungai Rokan Kanan Kabupaten Rokan
Hulu.
Jurnal Teknik Sipil UPP .
Widhiarto, H. & Sujatmiko. (2012). Aanalisis campuran beton berpori dengan
aggregat begradasi terpisah ditinjau terhadapt mutu dan biaya. Exstrapolasi Jurnal
Tekknik sipil, Surabaya 24.

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