RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE

North American University

Education Department
M.Ed. in EDLE & CUIN
EDUC 5312: CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN

Name: Yesim Ertuna Date: 4/16/2021

Instructional Project 3

Directions:

This is a research assignment. Use your textbook, web articles, and NAU library to conduct resear
when writing this paper.

Use APA style references and in-text- citations. You need to use at least 3 different resources
besides Castronova (2002), and Moore (2015).

Part 1. DISCOVERY LEARNING:

Download and read the following article:

 Castronova, J. A. (2002). Discovery learning for the 21st century: What is it and how
does it compare to traditional learning in effectiveness in the 21st century. Action
Research Exchange, 1(1), 1-12. Retrieved from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.594.6363&rep=rep1&type=pdf
 After reading this article and conducting additional research, answer to the following
questions.

What is discovery learning?

Discovery learning is an instructional model and strategy that focuses on active hands on learni
opportunities, means by which students engage in problem solving, developing knowledge or skills
It has three main attributes: 1- exploring and problem solving to create, integrate, and generalize
knowledge, 2- student driven, interest based activities, 3- activities to encourage integration of new
knowledge into the learner’s existing knowledge (Bicknell-Holmes and Hoffman, 2000).

How does this form of teaching compare to traditional, teacher-centered instruction?

The five major differences between discovery learning and traditional learning are (Bonwell, 199
Mosca & Howard 1997; Papert, 2000):
1- Learning is active rather than passive
2- Learning is process-based rather than fact- based
 3- Failure is important
4- Feedback is necessary
5- Understanding is deeper
What educational theories support the discovery learning model?
John Dewey (1916-1997), Jean Piaget (1954-1973) and Lev Vygotsky (Rice & Wilson, 1999) all
developed theories support the discovery learning.

What is the most important thing you discovered about discovery learning?
According to me, the most important part of discovery learning is being student based learning
model. The student based part is the most effective and useful part. If teacher like to improve
teaching skill and be ready to change their ideas and things you used to, it can be a big opportunit
for students and teachers to understand how discover learning model is working.
The second thing is; failure seems to be a positive circumstance. Because like it is said in text, if a
student doesn’t fail while learning, the student probably has not learnt something new (Schank &
Cleary, 1994).

How can you apply this method to your future classroom?

Nowadays, I am working as a teacher assistance in a public school and I am going to be math
teacher. When I ask myself what I learned for being teacher in this master is being facilitator the
most important thing. Because, facilitator means who encourages value different view, uses group
discussion and activities, and uses different direction to get information or students’ inquiry and
ideas. I believe that discover learning model is the best way for being facilitator. For example, usin
open-ended questions helps us to get students inquiry or helps students thinking critical, solving
problem, developing their knowledge, and discovering different ways.

Part 2. ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS

 Select one of the following chapters to conduct research: Chapter 2, 3, 5 or 12. Revie
the chapter and respond to related questions for that chapter by conducting your ow
research.

Chapter 2- Teaching Diverse Students

1. Teaching all students. Remember that a teacher’s job is to teach all students and assume an
attitude that all students can learn. Research techniques and strategies that can be used to
accomplish this task. Sources of information include the library, the Internet, current journals, and
recent books.

2. Intelligence profile. Evaluate your own intelligence profile according to Gardner. In what frame
of mind (intelligence areas) do you come out strongest?
Chapter 3- Managing Classroom Environment
 
1.Discipline approaches. Analyze the three approaches to classroom management. Which
approach, if any, do you prefer? Can you put together parts of the different approaches and come
with an eclectic approach that you think would work for you? Can you identify some basic concept
that appear to be true of all three approaches?
The three approaches to classroom management are; the self-discipline approach, the
instructional approach and the desist approach.
Self-discipline approach: According to this the students can be trusted to evaluate and change
their actions, so that their behaviors are beneficial and appropriate to themselves and to the class
a whole.
Reality therapy which is developed by William Glasser (1965, 1977, 1986) is a strategy that hel
students take responsibility for examining and solving their own problems. According to Glasser
teacher does not punish, thus the teacher’s function is to assist students in becoming responsible,
productive members of the classroom.
Teacher effectiveness training (TET) by Thomas Gordan (1974) stresses the establishment of
positive working relationships between teachers and students.
In Inner discipline management model Coloroso(2002), suggest that teachers treat children with
respect and help them develop inner discipline. That will enable them to handle their own problem
and to interact successfully with others.
And in the beyond discipline model Alfie Kohn (Kohn,1996) suggests that our present approaches
that are based on reward and punishment are only short-term solutions to classroom problems. So
that Class meetings should be used as the forum addressing questions that affect the class,
including problems of behavior.
The Instructional Approach: The premise for this approach is that well-planned and well
implemented instruction will prevent most classroom problems.
According to the Kounin Model: “Some teachers are better classroom managers because of skill in
four areas; wittiness, overlapping activities, group focusing and movement management (Charles,
2002).
Frederick Jones (1979), represents that when teachers correctly implement four strategies; limit
setting, good body language, incentive systems and giving help efficiently.
The Desist Approach: Gives the teacher full responsibility for regulating the classroom. The teache
enforces a set of specific rules to control student behavior in the classroom. The two common des
models of classroom management are assertive discipline and behavior modification.
Assertive teachers take charge in the classroom in a calm yet forceful way. Assertive teachers
clearly and firmly communicate needs and requirements to students, follow up their words with
appropriate actions and respond to students in ways that maximize compliance but in no way viola
the best interest of the students (Canter & Canter, 1976, p.9). They do not tolerate improper behav
that interrupts learning.
The behavior modification model evolves from the assumptions that students will change their
behavior to receive definite rewards.

According to me, all the approaches are right in one way. As the students are not the same
like our fingers in our hand; when these approaches are implemented to different students, they m
be reliable according to their attitudes, characters or cultural basement of their life-we are living in
diverse society or school areas. Also these approaches are developed with experiences and some
researches. This means they are mostly tested.
If I have to say one; the self-discipline approach looks like more efficient and reliable. Because “tru
part is very important for me. Students are our future. If we do not trust them and show off this trus
to them now, then how can we look brightly, clearly and confidentially to the future?
On the other hand, to make a concept from all approaches; - if we trust our students, give them inn
discipline and if we are well planned with full of instruction which fills all the time in a class, conscio
and stable at about what we are doing, respectful to the students, paying attention to their needs-
must put the students in the center of our approach. Then let’s call this concept; Center approach.

2.   Causes of misbehavior. Think back over the classes you have attended in which there have
been disciplinary incidents. List the possible causes for any such misbehavior. How might knowled
of the causes of these incidents influence a teacher’s actions? Some behavior problems are teach
created and some are student centered. Can you think of examples?
Causes of misbehavior mostly are:
-Students from homes, where there are family problems like divorce of parents or parental conflict
-Lack of family support,
-Teacher based problems; like entering the class without well planning and lack of instructional
materials,
-Teachers who do not respect the rights and the values of the students.
-Immaturity or health problems,
-For some students like SPED or 504 lack of accommodations,
-Especially for the adolescent students they need to be aware. They want to show off themselves
(Moore, 2012).
Knowledge is power. The world we live in today, with all the new information and communicatio
technology, can be said that traditional practices of teaching are being replaced with modern
alternatives that are perceived as more convenient and effective. And we all want to be profession
on our majors and jobs. So that we are trying to study at universities for under graduate, graduate
PhD programs. When we are teaching, if we know how to respond to any issue that we meet, we
may minimize the effects of the incident for both preventing the students and us.
Some behavior problems are teacher created and some of them are student centered. Yes, th
statement is true.
All the teachers must show respect for students as individuals with rights, values and feelings.
Ridicule and sarcasm back students into a defensive position to save face with peers which can
cause problems. They are young and full of energy, so they need some outlets for their energy-
sometimes they will walk, talk, and throw papers to the others… At that point we don’t have to be
oversensitive. We the teachers must be reasonable. More reaction according to their behavior or
attitudes may cause more reaction by the student. Also we must pay attention to teach at the level
student’s ability. This also makes them bored so they may be interruptive in the class.
Student centered behavior problems are more likely about to show or prove themselves to their
peers. Sometimes, they try to be fun or make their friends sure that they are in the class. Especial
the adolescent students are searching their character and living emotional sensitiveness which ca
cause troubles for both sides.

Chapter 5- Using Classroom Technology

1. How does technology enhance the teacher’s ability to plan instruction? Use one of the available
search engines to explore the web for technological tools such as lesson planning software,
worksheets and puzzle tools, poster and bulletin board production tools, and time management too
that will assist you in planning. Share your findings with your class.

2. Technology offers tools that can help students learn. To what technology should students have
access? Do you have any educational concerns about the use of these technologies in schools? If
so, what are they? If not, why not?

Chapter 12- Teaching Effective Thinking Strategies

1. Teaching methods. What teaching methods and procedures can be used to improve students’
critical thinking abilities? Creative thinking abilities?
2.  Thinking. What type of thinking is emphasized in most schools? Is critical thinking rewarded?
Creative thinking? Is school success based on students’ ability to think critically? Creatively?
3.  The environment. What type of classroom environment would be conducive to developing crit
thinking? Creative thinking? What problems can you foresee in establishing this environment?

Part 3. REFERENCES:
 Cite at least 5 References in APA.
 You need to use at least 3 different resources besides Castronova (2002), and Moore
(2015).
 You may use http://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-journal for citing your sourc
in APA style.

References:
1- Castronova, J. A. (2002). Discovery Learning for the 21st century: What is it and how does
compare to traditional learning in effectiveness in the 21st Century.
Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.594.6363&rep=rep1&type=pdf
2- Moore, K. D. (2012). Effective Instructional Strategies: From theory to practice (3rd ed.).
 London: Sage.
3- Canter, L. (1989). Assertive Discipline: More than Names on the Board and Marbles in a
Jar. The Phi Delta Kappan, 71. Retrieved from
http://bottemabeutel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Canter_Assertive-Discipline.pdf
4- Glasser, William (1965). Reality therapy. A new approach to psychiatry. New York: Harper
Row
5- Bonwell, C. C. (1998). Active Learning: Energizing the Classroom. Green Mountain Falls, C
Active Learning Workshops.
6- Retrieved from
http://freepapers4all.blogspot.com/2010/10/traditional-learning-versus.html