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Chapter 1
Step 2: Solving
Solving is performed by any of the many commercially available software written to perform
Finite Element Analysis. Some of these include popular packages such as Radioss,
OptiStruct, Acusolve, Nastran, LS-Dyna, Abaqus, and Ansys, as well as others. The solver
takes the information provided in the file (input deck) created in HyperMesh in Step One and
calculates the part’s reactions to the inputs defined. Common outputs are Displacement,
Stress, Strain and Acceleration. These results are stored in a file that then can be read in
HyperView in the Post-Processing stage.
Step 3: Post-Processing
Post-Processing is where the results of the solver solution can be reviewed and analyzed.
HyperView can provide presentation quality color contoured plots and animations
highlighting any of the requested results. Information can be queried, displaced and even
graphed in numerous windows allowing for customization geared toward the desired
audience.
Or
o User can create a Windows Shortcut by right clicking on the above program
and selecting Create Shortcut.
o The icons in the Applications Menu under the default location (if defaults were
used) or the chosen install folder location.
o The install location under scripts via a terminal window. (For example, the
command /Applications/AltairHyperWorks/altair/scripts/hm under a terminal
window would launch HyperMesh.)
1. Locate and right-click the relevant HyperWorks Desktop application icon from the
Start menu Altair HyperWorks <Version> group.
Or
Locate and right-click the HyperWorks Desktop executable file
(e.g. <altair_home\hw\bin\<platform>\hw.exe)
2. Select Properties to open the properties dialog.
3. Select the Shortcut tab.
4. Edit the Start in field to contain the path to the directory in which you want to run the
HyperWorks Desktop application. This directory becomes the start-in directory.
5. Click OK.
6. Start the HyperWorks Desktop application as defined in the "Starting HyperWorks
Desktop Applications" section.
Settings Files
HyperWorks Desktop writes several different settings files. HyperMesh writes
command.cmf, hmmenu.set and hmsettings.tcl.
HyperWorks Desktop writes hwsettings.xml. Each of these files is detailed below.
command.cmf
The command.cmf file is a command history file containing the commands executed in
HyperMesh whenever any operation is performed. This file can be used to rerun operations
or as a basis for determining the commands required to automate a given process. The
command.cmf file is written to the start-in directory for each session. Deleting this file simply
results in a new file being created on the next operation.
hmmenu.set
The hmmenu.set file stores information about panel options, panel settings, user profiles,
graphics settings, element check settings, penetration check settings, and several other
settings. The hmmenu.set file is written to the start-in directory after each session is closed.
Deleting this file resets the stored settings to their default values. It is possible to customize
the location where this file is read from during start-up. HyperWorks Desktop uses the
following search order to find the hmmenu.set file. If copies exist in multiple locations, only
the first one found in the search order is used:
1. Start-in directory
2. Home directory
3. HW_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
4. Installation directory
hmsetting.tcl
The hmsettings.tcl file stores information on the browsers, the user interface layout (tab
locations, command window, panel location, toolbars, etc...), keyboard preferences,
import/export settings, recent files, and other various settings. By default, the hmsettings.tcl
file is written to the My Documents directory on Windows and in ~/.altair on Linux after each
session is closed. Deleting this file resets the stored settings to their default values. It is
possible to customize the location where this file is read from during start-up and written to
on exit. HyperWorks Desktop always writes the hmsettings.tcl file back out to the location
where it originally read it from for that session. The following order is used to find the
hmsettings.tcl file:
1. HM_SETTINGS_DIR environment variable. If this is defined, the search stops
even if the file doesn't exist.
hwsetting.xml
The hwsettings.xml file stores information on the browsers, the user interface layout (tab
locations, command window, panel location, toolbars, etc...), keyboard preferences,
import/export settings, recent files, and other various settings. By default, the hwsettings.xml
file is written to the My Documents directory on Windows and in ~/.altair on Linux after each
session is closed. Deleting this file resets the stored settings to their default values. It is
possible to customize the location where this file is read from during start-up and written to
on exit. HyperWorks Desktop always writes the hwsettings.xml file back out to the location
where it originally read it from for that session. The following order is used to find the
hwsettings.xml file:
1. HW_SETTINGS_DIR environment variable. If this is defined, the search stops
even if the file doesn't exist.
2. My Documents directory on Windows or ~/.altair on Linux
Online Help
HyperMesh offers comprehensive documentation in the online help. The Help can be
accessed through the menu bar or the use of the “h” key on your keyboard. If the user
accesses help through the use of the “h” key, the help documentation is “intelligent”,
opening in the section representing the panel that the user is actively in. Help also contains
detailed tutorials on many advanced HyperMesh functions.
File Operations
The following file operations are located in the Standard toolbar which can be accessed by
selecting View > Toolbars > HyperWorks > Standard.
New Model (New .hm File) – Creates a new session in the current window
Open Model (Open .hm File) – Loads a HyperMesh model into the current window
replacing the current model
Save Model (Save .hm File) – Saves the current model, opens browser window
Import Options – The following icons open the Import Tab with the appropriate import type
loaded:
Import Connectors
Export Options – The following icons open the Export Tab with the appropriate export type
loaded:
Export Connectors
Load Results – Loads a result file for post processing within HyperMesh.
Within the Scripting toolbar (View > Toolbars > HyperWorks > Scripting) there are
additional tools which allow you to open various files:
Open TCL/Tk Scripts - Opens a browser to load a Tcl Scripts (*.tcl) file.
Can be used to learn TCL/Tk commands and create macros.
Run TCL Script – Opens a browser to load and run a TCL file.
Run TCL Script – Opens a browser to load and run an HyperMesh command files
(*.cmf).
View Control
View control is accomplished through the use of the Standard Views toolbar icons, and 3D
View Controls toolbar, and the mouse.
Standard Views Toolbar Icons
From pull down menu Preferences > Geometry Options or click “o” from keyboard,
you can manage the rotate angle and the zoom factor linked to the previous buttons.
Mouse Controls – The preferred method for Display Control is the use of the Mouse
Buttons. With the CTRL key held on the keyboard the mouse provides total control
over rotation, zoom and pan.
Model Visualization
Geometry
From pull down menu Preferences > Geometry Options or click on “o” from keyboard
Transparency
Elements
Wireframe
Composite Representation
See the pull down menu Preferences > Meshing Options or click “o” from keyboard,
to get more details.
Mask
The masking tools allow the user to show and hide select entities that might interfere with
the desired visualization. The icons can be found on the Display toolbar and are used as
follows:
The Spherical Clipping panel allows you to focus on specific areas of the model by
displaying only the portions of a model inside a 3D spherical volume, while masking
everything outside the sphere. If you want to work on a small section of a large model
without masking or turning off any entities, enable the clipping and pick the center and the
radius of the clipping sphere. It can be accessed using the icon and will open the
panel shown below.
Browsers
Different browsers are customized for usage with regard to the types of parts that you want
to work with.
Most browsers have similar basic functionality for sorting entities, filtering entities, and
finding entities and include a context-sensitive right-click menu and sets of control buttons.
The Selector is a tool to interactively select any type of supported entity via the
browser, or by selecting within the graphics area.
Model View
The Model View ( ) resides on the Model Browser and allows you to view the model
structure while providing full find, display, and editing control of entities.
The model structure is viewed as a flat, listed tree structure within the browser. However, if
the model has an assembly hierarchy then the Model Browser accommodates this
hierarchical structure.
The browser can list every named entity within the session and places those entities into
their respective folders; however, it does not support non-named entities such as nodes and
elements. Some of the more important entities within the model include: assemblies,
components, multibodies, properties, materials, entity sets, groups, load collectors, system
collectors, vector collectors, and beamsectcols -- all of which are placed into a tree-like
display.
To open the Model View, click the Model item located within the View menu. The browser
displays on one of the tab area sidebars.
The Model View is a powerful tool for controlling the visualization of the model.
In the Model Browser the user can:
Complete Listing of all HyperMesh Entities in Model
Each “Collector” is expandable and lists all contained “Entities”
Turn on and off the display of the geometry and elements of collectors
Control the color of the collector (Right click)
Create, Card Edit, Delete and control component visualization by Right clicking on
the collector list
Component View ( )
Lists All Components in Model
Colors Model “by Component”
Quickly Sort by Name, ID, Color, or Property
Display State Icons (Geometry and FE: ON/OFF Single Picking)
Global Controls to Operate on all Components (All, None, Reverse)
Browser Modes (Graphics/Browser List Picking for: Select, Show/Hide, Isolate)
Mask View
Panel Layout
In HyperMesh, panels have three general layouts. The Basic Panel, Panel with Sub-Panels
and Panels with Sub Panels organized in Columns. Their look and functionality will be
described below.
The Basic Panel
Translate panel
Surfaces panel
Generally panels are used in a left to right manner and those with columns are used in a left
to right and top to bottom manner using the following steps:
Switches -
These allow the choice of multiple options through a popup menu
Toggles -
The toggle will change the function between 2 options.
Reset -
This will reset the selection of any entities.
Extended Selection -
Clicking the yellow selection button will open the extended selection window. This provides
numerous tools allowing for the advanced selection of entities.
Direction/Plane Selection
X, Y, Z Axis -
N1, N2 and N3 -
o Select 2 Nodes (N1 & N2) – This defines a direction from N1 to N2 where a
vector type direction is required. When a plane is required the plane is
defined as that which is normal to the vector N1 to N2 and its location at the
B node.
o Select 3 Nodes (N1, N2 and N3) – This defines a plane whose normal
defines a direction when a vector direction is required. Positive of the normal
is defined by the “Right Hand Rule.” In the event a plane is required the
plane is that which is created by the 3 nodes with its location at the B node.
Model organization is at the heart of a quality Finite Element Analysis. The model can be
organized in a multitude of different ways as desired by the user, but below are the basics
for model organization.
Collectors
The basis for model organization is the collector. HyperMesh has many different types of
collectors:
*NOTE: Property and Material collectors do not “contain” any entities and are used to define
material and physical properties in the model. They are called collectors for uniformity.
Material and Property Collectors can be created in a similar manner using the
Material and Property Pull-Downs.
Icon Toolbars
The Icons can be used to create collectors as well.
Current Collector
The Current Collector determines what collector new entities are placed in. The Current
Collector can be determined in two ways.
Using the Model View
In the Model View the Current collector will be in BOLD
Note the mid2 collector is in a bold font and thus is the Current collector.
Right clicking on a collector will open a menu that will allow it to be made current.
Organize
Organize is a tool that can be used to move/copy entities to different collectors.
It can be accessed using the icon or from pull down menu View > Organize and will
open the panel shown below.
Renumber
The Renumber panel allows you to renumber entities. You may also enter a value by which
to offset the IDs of entities.
It can be accessed using the icon or from pull down menu View > Renumber and
will open the panel shown below.
Delete
The Delete panel allows you to delete data from a model database; preview and delete
empty collectors; preview and delete unused collectors (property, material, curves).
You can also delete an entire model database, if you wish to start with a clean database.
It can be accessed using the icon or (F2) and will open the panel shown below.
Nodes
The Nodes panel allows you to create nodes using a wide variety of methods.It can be
accessed from pull down menu Geometry > Create > Nodes or (F8) and will open the panel
shown below.
Temp Nodes
The Temp Nodes panel provides a way to control which nodes are on the temporary node
mark. Since all nodes not currently referenced in the model are deleted, the temporary node
mark is provided as a holding area to save the nodes you are not currently using.
It can be accessed using the icon from pull down menu Geometry > Create > Nodes >
Temp Nodes or (Shift+F2) and will open the panel shown below.
Distance
The Distance panel allows you to determine the distance between two nodes/points or the
angle between three nodes/points, or to change distances or angles.
It can be accessed (F4) and will open the panel shown below.
Step 1: Set the User Profile and retrieve the model file, 01-GUI.hm
3. From the menu bar, select Preferences > User Profiles or select the icon .
4. Select the RADIOSS user profile and from the drop down menu select BulkData.
5. Click OK.
6. Select File > Open > Model from the menu bar or select the icon .
7. Select the file 01a-GUI.hm.
8. Click Open
6. While holding the CTRL Key, click the Center Mouse Button (or clickable scroll wheel)
and draw a circle around a portion of the screen.
7. This will zoom into the region surrounded by the drawn circle.
8. While holding the CTRL Key rotate the scroll wheel forward to Zoom Out and backward
to Zoom In.
9. While holding the CTRL Key click the middle mouse button/scroll wheel to “fit” the model
to the screen.
3. Expand the Components category by clicking the + next to it. This will list all of the
components in the model.
4. Using the Geometry and Elements Icons, turn on and off components.
Using the Show/Hide Button turn off and on components in the graphics window.
Right click to hide a component and left click in the area of a hidden component to see a
ghost image of the hidden component. Releasing the button reveals the component.
5. Using the Isolate Button , right click on a component in the graphics window to
isolate it (turn off all other components) and left click on a hidden component to see a
ghost image of the hidden component. Releasing the button isolates the selected
component.
6. Use the global controls to turn on, off and reverse all of the components.
7. Highlight components using the Left Mouse Button in the Graphics Area, and note how
the Global Controls now only affect the highlighted components.
8. Use the icon ( ) to switch the global controls between the Geometry, Elements and
Both options.
9. Review the other Model Browser Views:
a. Component View
This view is highly useful when working solely with components as none of the
other collectors are shown in the view. This view contains all of the visibility
control and right click functions of the Model View. Additionally it adds fields
that show the mesh and geometry shading as well as the property and material
applied to each component.
b. Property View
This view allows the user to view all of the properties in the model and color the
entities on the screen by their assigned property. The visibility controls as well
as all right click extended functionality work with this view as well.
c. Material View
This view allows the user to view all of the materials in the model and color the
entities on the screen by their assigned material. The visibility controls as well
as all right click extended functionality work with this view as well.
10. Use the right click Extended Menu to try the following functions:
a. Create a new component
b. Delete a component
c. Rename a component
d. Show/Hide a component
e. Isolate a component
f. Isolate Only a component (see if you can figure out the difference between
Isolate and Isolate Only)
g. Right click on a color and change the color of a component.
4. From the menu bar select Mesh > Organize > Elements > To Component or select
the icon .
5. In the Model Browser click the Selector Icon . This allows you to pick components
from the graphics window.
6. Click the bucket in the graphics window
7. Click the Add To Panel Collector icon . This will add the selected components to
the selection.
8. Click the dest component= button and select the newly created Bucket component.
9. Click move and the elements in the collector will be moved to the new component.
X,Y and Z axis will translate along those cardinal axis, while N1,N2,N3 allows the user to
define a direction as a vector (N1->N2) or as a normal to a plane defined by the points
N1,N2 and N3 following the right hand rule.
4. Pick a node on the flat face of the Support component shown below. A green dot will
appear at the selected node showing that N1 has been defined there. The blue focus
square will automatically move to N2.
5. Continue in a Clockwise direction picking two more nodes on the face defining the blue
N2 and red N3 nodes. Your model should look similar to the picture to the right. NOTE:
It is not necessary that your nodes be identical to the image, just similar.
6. Enter 30 in the magnitude= field
7. Click translate -.
The entire component will move 30 model units in the negative direction defined by the
normal of the plane N1, N2 and N3.
8. Click reject.
9. Try moving the component in other directions using both cardinal axis and the N1,N2
and N3 options.
10. Try moving the component using only N1 and N2 and then change the magnitude= field
to N2-N1 and see what that option does.
11. Use the reject button and the opposite direction translation to bring your component
back to the previous location.
Chapter 2
Geometry
Section 1: Importing, Exporting and Repairing CAD
HyperMesh is capable of importing geometry from many CAD sources. Most of the popular
CAD packages are read directly, and for those that are not, HyperMesh supports the
popular intermediate languages. HyperMesh attempts to properly clean up surfaces during
import and offers a wide variety of tools to remedy these geometric issues.
Geometry Import
Importing geometry occurs in the Import tab, which is accessible through the Import
Geometry Icon or from File > Import > Geometry (drop down menu).
Using this tab the user can import data from popular CAD packages such as:
Unigraphics (NX6,NX7,NX7.5,NX8)
o UG Part Browser
o Supports import of *.prt, *.asm files
o Provides a UG part browser
o Requires an installation of UG to be
accessible, either locally or on a
network
Parasolid
JT
SolidWorks
DXF, ACIS, FiberSim, PDGS, Tribon, VDAFS
Geometry Export
Exporting geometry occurs in the export tab which is accessible through the Export
Geometry Icon or from File > Export > Geometry (drop down menu).
Using this tab the user can export data in the following format:
Parasolid (V9)
STEP (AP214)
Topology Repair
Surface Definition
What is “Topology”
Topology is how surfaces are connected to adjacent surfaces of a part.
Surface connectivity is controlled by the associated surface edges
If a surface edge is associated with more than 1 surface, those surfaces are
considered to be connected (“equivalenced”)
Surface edges are categorized, named, and colored according to the number of
associated surfaces
Connectivity is really important, and critical at the same time, when you need to create a
contiguous mesh over connected faces thus guaranteeing stresses, strains and
deformations that will propagate over the part in a realistic manner. HyperMesh uses a
tolerance calculation to determine when two or more edges should be connected and
provide tools to fix connectivity issues before meshing.
HyperMesh allows easy visualization of surface connectivity through the use of an edge
color scheme shown below:
Topology Visualization
In the HyperMesh Visualization toolbar, the Topology Options Icon will open the
Connector
Constraints
Equations
Loads
Morphing
Systems
Vectors
Topology display mode is a default for some panels (surface edit, quick edit, point edit,
edge edit, autocleanup, and automesh).
Display of the topology can be controlled with the Geometry Color Mode icon
included in the HyperMesh Visualization toolbar.
The Quick Edit panel is a “tool box” of utilities for geometry repair. Many of the tools can be
found in other panels and their functionality is exactly the same. The Quick Edit panel simply
provides a single location for many of the most often used tools. These include:
o Split surf-node Divides a surface by cutting in a straight line between 2
selected nodes
o Split surf-line Divides a surface by cutting in a straight line between a
node normal to selected line.
o Washer split Adds a circular edge around a hole in a surface (Mostly
used for creating all quad mesh around a hole)
o Unsplit Removes / deletes an edge created by splitting a surface in
HyperMesh
o Toggle Change edge type within tolerance
o Filler Surf Select a line on a free surface edge to recreate any missing
surfaces
o Delete Surf Delete selected surface(s)
o Adjust/Set Density Allows to interactively change mesh node density
along selected edges
o Replace point Moves/retains points
o Add/Remove Point Creates/Deletes a fixed point at the selected locations
o Add point on line Creates a user specified number of fixed points along
the selected edge
o Release Point Disassociates the selected fixed point from all the
connected edges
o Project point Projects free points to existing surfaces or lines
o Trim-intersect Removes the edge fillets
o Toggle > (2 edges pair at a time) toggles edges from one state to another
(free > shared > suppressed, by clicking with the left mouse button) based on
the cleanup tolerance setting.
o (Un)Suppress Selects multiple edges to suppress, all of them at once
o Replace > (1 edge pair at a time) combines two edges into a shared edge at
the location of one of the original edges, controlling which edge to retain and
which to move.
o Equivalence > (multiple edges at a time) searches for free edges and
combine them with a matching edge within the cleanup tolerance.
o Unsplit > removes previously created split-lines
o Edge fillets > removes fillets from surface edges.
o By feature > combines surfaces based on geometric features (angle surfs
and offset surfs )
o Add > Adds new points to the model geometry to help control mesh pattern
(especially helpful along edges to control node seeding)
o Suppress > "Turn off" points in the model geometry. The points are not
deleted, they are ignored when meshing.
o Replace > Combines 2 fixed points together at a single location; moves one
point to another, combining them into a single point.
o Release > Use this panel to "release" vertices so that they become free
(unattached points) and any shared (green) edges that they were attached to
the point become free (red) edges.
o Project > Projects fixed points onto a nearby edge (Useful for aligning mesh
between 2 edges).
Step 2: View the model in topology display toolbar to evaluate its integrity.
1. Observe where the model has incorrect connectivity and missing or duplicate surfaces.
2. Click Geometry > Quick Edit to open the Quick Geometry Edit panel.
Note that the surface edges are now colored according to their topology status. This
14. Rotate, zoom, and pan to locate any errors in the geometry.
15. Make note of the areas to be worked on:
A surface that overhangs a round corner
A missing surface
Step 6: Combine multiple free edge pairs at one time with the equivalence
tool.
1. From the menu bar, click Geometry > Edit > Surface Edges > Equivalence
2. Activate the equiv free edges only check box.
Step 7: Combine free edge pairs, one pair at a time, using the toggle.
1. Go to the toggle sub-panel.
2. In the cleanup tol = field, type 0.1.
3. In the graphics area, click one of the free edges shown in the following image.
Use toggle to equivalence the other edges shown in the image
4. Rotate and zoom into the area if needed. When the edge is selected, it will change from
red to green, indicating that the free edge pair has been equivalenced.
Defeaturing
There are many features on a part that are not critical to the structure of the part and have
little or no effect on the analysis.
These features can include:
Lightening Holes – For part weight reduction
Edge Filets – For reduction of sharp corners allowing safer part handling
Surface Fillets – To meet manufacturing requirements
These features often are process driven and are not function critical.
While our goal is to mesh a part that as closely as possible accurately represents the
geometry, these features often degrade the quality of the mesh.
As such they can be defeatured out of the design allowing for a substantially improved mesh
with little impact on the results.
Pinholes: Searches for holes within a surface. Fills them in and leaves a fixed point
at their previous center.
Surf Fillets: Searched for surfaces that act as a fillet between other surfaces and
tangentially extends them to achieve a sharp corner.
Edge Fillets: Searches for rounded edge corner and squares them off.
Step 2: View the model in topology display toolbar to evaluate its integrity.
1. Observe where the model has incorrect connectivity and missing or duplicate surfaces.
4. Click find.
The status bar displays the following message, "1 duplicated surface was found."
Step 4: Observe the model again to identify any remaining free edges, or
missing or duplicate surfaces.
1. Use the topology display and shaded modes to perform this task. All of the edges in the
model should be displayed as green shared edges, indicating that we have a completely
enclosed thin solid part.
2. Click return to exit the panel.
If there were fillets that you did not wish to be removed they could be right clicked at the
F and they would be deselected and not removed.
8. Click remove.
All of the edge fillets will be removed leaving sharp corners in their place. This will result
in better mesh quality as will be shown in the next chapter.
The radius around the hole will be selected but the larger fillet will not be. This is
because the larger fillet has a radius of 7 and thus was not found.
6. Click the two surfaces that make the larger fillet to highlight them.
7. Click remove.
The fillets will be removed once again providing for a better mesh quality.
The holes are removed and a fixed point is placed at their former center. This will
guarantee a node is in that location but the points can be removed if no node is needed.
Midsurfacing: Introduction
Often the most accurate representation of a part is through the use of shell elements.
These elements best represent parts that are relatively thin compared to their overall
surface area and typically have a uniform thickness. Shell elements have no physical
thickness representation; they are displayed as two dimensional entities whose thickness is
simply a numerical value assigned to them. FE Solvers assume the shell element to lie at
the middle of the thickness. As that is the case, the mesh created on the surfaces needs to
lie at the mid-plane of the part. CAD geometry is usually created as either a solid part or a
series of faces representing a solid part. Using the midsurface tool in HyperMesh, proper
surfaces can be extracted that lie on the mid-plane of the part and can be meshed
appropriately.
Midsurfacing: Tools
Midsurfaces can be created using Geometry > Create > Midsurfaces panel
Auto Midsurface – This subpanel allows you to extract, in one step, the midsurface
of a more complicated group of surfaces that represent a solid part
Surface Pair – The surface pair subpanel offers a simplified function that allows
you to extract a midsurface from two faces that represent the two sides. This function
creates one surface that forms the midsurface.
Quick edit -- The quick edit subpanel allows you to quickly repair a midsurface by
correcting its targets. It should be used after you have created (or attempted to
create) a midsurface using the auto midsurface subpanel. You first select a surface
that you want to edit/repair; this surface can either be a midsurface that was created
earlier, or a surface that is part of the solid. You will notice the appearance of new
temporary entities displayed in three colors (yellow, cyan and red).
Assign target -- The assign target subpanel allows you to repair a midsurface by
correcting its targets. It has similar but advanced features respect to the quick edit
subpanel. It should be used after you created a midsurface. You should first select a
surface to edit/repair. This surface can either be a midsurface that was created
earlier, or a surface that is part of the solid. You will notice the appearance of new
temporary entities displayed in different colors (yellow, cyan and red).
Replace edge -- Allows you to close gaps and slivers by replacing one edge with
another. This function is the same as the one in the Edge Edit Panel and is available
here for convenience.
Extend surface -- This subpanel extends or retracts the edges of selected surfaces
to meet other selected surfaces, or to close gaps between surfaces or holes within a
selected surface. Several options affect how surfaces extension behaves, including
enabling or disabling the ability to shorten edges as well as extend them, or to force
the extended edges to attempt to maintain the overall shape of the surface.
View / assign thickness -- This subpanel Allows you to review the thickness of
surfaces (including midsurfaces), or change them. Surfaces that have thickness data
stored are drawn with lines (probes) extending from each vertex of the surface. The
length of these probes represents the thickness at those locations. Only surfaces
created in the Midsurface panel have thickness information defined by default, but
you can use this subpanel to define/set a fixed, uniform thickness for any surface.
2. You can play with Geometry Cleanup Tolerance value to fix issues.
[HINT] The cleanup tolerance is used to determine if two surface edges are the same
and if two surface vertices are the same. The default cleanup tolerance toggle controls if
two surface edges are close enough to be automatically combined to shared edges
(green edges).
If you want you can specify a different value, greater than the default value. Increasing
the tolerance can cause serious problems. When this value is set, any features equal to
or less than the tolerance are eliminated.
If there are edges present that are important to the surface, that surface will be distorted,
or will fail to trim properly.
The tolerance value should not be set to a value greater than the node tolerance set in
the options panel to be used for your element mesh.
5. Click extract.
A new component will be created called Middle Surfaces and the new mid plane
surfaces will be placed in it. Additionally the original component will be set to be partially
transparent so the Middle Surfaces can be seen.
6. Turn off the display of the original component so that only the Middle Surfaces are
displayed.
7. There are multiple problems with the model. They need to be repaired. Zoom into the
area shown above. Rotate the model to the view shown below.
8. Zooming in reveals some serious problems with the midsurface in this area. These can
be fixed with the quick edit sub-panel.
The display will now show the way in which HyperMesh decided to create the middle
surface. That needs to be corrected.
14. Pick the point in the green circle (circle labeled 1) to indicate the point whose offset you
wish to fix (see image below).
15. Pick the point in the blue circle (circle labeled 2) to indicate which point it should have
been offset to (see image below). You will need to hold down the left mouse button to
highlight the line, and then click on the line to select a node.
16. HyperMesh then shows what the new surface offset will look like. This is now correct.
19. Fit the model to the screen and zoom in on the highlighted areas below.
20. [ZONE 1] Go to the Geometry > Create > Midsurfaces panel and select quick edit
sub-panel.
21. Set the target type to point to point.
22. Set the target location to as selected.
23. Leave the remaining settings and pick the surface shown by the arrow.
The display will now show the way in which HyperMesh decided to create the middle
surface. That needs to be corrected.
24. Pick the point in the green circle (circle labeled 1) to indicate the point whose offset you
wish to fix (see image below).
25. Pick the point in the blue circle (circle labeled 2) to indicate which point it should have
been offset to (see image below). You will need to hold down the left mouse button to
highlight the line, and then click on the line to select a node.
26. HyperMesh then shows what the new surface offset will look like. This is now correct.
Select update.
28. HyperMesh then shows what the new surface offset will look like. This is now correct.
Select update.
29. Rotate the model slightly; a green line is left where the problem area was previously (see
pictures below).
30. Use the toggle subpanel in the Quick Edit panel > Toggle Edge subpanel to toggle the
edge from a shared edge to a suppressed edge (highlighted in violet).
31. Use the add/remove point subpanel in the Quick Edit panel to remove the fixed point
(highlighted in orange).
32. There are still edges (see picture below, red edges at the bottom) that need to be
connected.
Go to the Midsurfaces panel and select extend surface sub-panel.
33. Use setting as you can see in the picture above and pick the surface shown by the
arrow.
34. [ZONE 2]
35. [ZONE 2] Go to the Geometry > Create > Midsurfaces panel and select replace edge
sub-panel.
36. Select edge to move and retain (see picture below) and click on replace.
37. Select Yes when this dialog box will appear. The gap will close
38. (Optional) Find the remaining issues with the model and use the midsurfacing tools,
point replace, filler surface and other geometry tools to repair the part.
The following options are available by clicking on the extraction options... button:
keep sides geometry / insert planes – When you choose keep sides geometry,
midsurfacing will find the middle points between surfaces and project one of the
surfaces to those middle points. This is the traditional approach for midsurfacing in
HyperMesh. When activating the insert planes method, HyperMesh will pair solid
surfaces and insert planes between them. Surface pairing is automatic and pairs can
be further organized using the Plate Edit panel.
align steps/ keep jump steps – This is available only when you select keep sides
geometry. In the case of a part that has different "steps" of thickness, such as a flat
sheet that is twice as thick at one end as the other but uses an abrupt step-like
change in thickness instead of a constant slope or curve. The align steps option will
align midsurfaces whereas keep jump step will produce steps between the various
midsurfaces as in the original model.
auto mid position / user mid position – This is available only when you select
keep sides geometry and align steps. If you select auto mid position, HyperMesh
will create a midsurface parallel to the largest side of the volume. This midsurface
includes "offset" data to represent the changes in distance between the midsurface
and the smaller faces at each "step". If you select user mid position, you have to
define the offset of the midsurface, using a value from 0 to 1, to specify the offset
from the largest side of the volume.
The midsurface (with orange nodes) is parallel to the larger face of the solid plate
allow rerun – Adds the rerun option to the Auto Midsurface panel. The rerun option
allows you to visualize which points the extraction tool believes to be linked (and which
will therefore collapse to the same point on the midsurface), and manually define lines /
line chains to establish the linkage between points that should collapse to the same
location.
Rejecting the midsurface, prepare for rerun, and then extracting again displays the same
midsurface, along with blue highlighting of the lines that connect associated points
Problem caused by the failure of extraction; it could be fixed by manually specifying the fillet
curves as additional lines to collapse.
use base surfaces – The use base surfaces option allows you to select the separate-
but-aligned faces that you wish to treat as if they were continuous (in the image below,
these would be the three bottom faces) and create the multiple midsurfaces based on
them.
Extract midsurfaces from multiple solids as if they were a single solid using the align steps option.
It uses a new base surfaces setup... Button that allows you to select the desired based surfs to
add; new midsurfaces are created at the specified distance from the selected base surfaces.
Use this feature to create aligned midsurfaces for non-aligned solids, by specifying each solid and
its offset separately, using a different offset for each
thickness bound / no thickness bounds – This option allows you to set the minimum
and maximum thickness of the plates in the part. If thickness bounds are specified,
middle surfaces are only created for plates with a thickness that falls into the specified
range. This option can improve the robustness of the results and speed up middle
surface creation. If you choose no thickness bounds, midsurface extraction still uses
the max thickness ratio. This is the highest acceptable ratio of the thickest plate’s
thickness to that of the thinnest plate.
max R / T ratio – This parameter, while always present in the midsurface function, has
now been “exposed.” Previously this value was hard-coded into the function at a value
of 2.0
thickness based stich tol – When the thickness based stitch tol checkbox is active,
the final stitching of midsurfaces is performed with a locally-defined tolerance of 1/5 of
the local thickness. If unchecked, global cleanup tol from the Options panel is used for
stitching.
extract by component / cross components – This option is useful when you are trying
to extract the midsurface of multiple parts in a single step. If it is toggled to extract by
component, it assumes that each part is contained in its own component, so it extracts
the midsurface of one component at a time. If your model contains a single part
organized in multiple components, you should toggle this option to cross components.
result in Middle Surface comp/result in current comp – This toggle specifies if the
midsurfaces are created in the Middle Surface component (created if it does not exist) or
in the current component. It is recommended to use the result in Middle Surface comp
setting.
sort Middle Surface comp into – This option specifies how to organize the midsurfaces
generated in the Middle Surface component when the sort button is clicked. The
original comp option organizes the midsurfaces into their parent surface/solid
components.
Input Section – The mid-mesh and solid can be specified by selecting entities in the
HyperMesh session interactively, or optionally, external geometry or FE solver decks
can also be selected as input
Thickness Output Options – Clicking the Calculate Thickness button will begin
the operation. The thickness will be computed and assigned on the mid-mesh.
o Minimun Thickness: (optional)
o Correction Method:
o Scaling at corners:
View Options – In the View section, there are several options for visualization:
o Element Coloring by thickness: Thickness Contour Applied 3D Element
Visualization
Generating Surfaces
The Surfaces panel is located at Geometry > Create > Surfaces and it allows you to
create surfaces using a wide variety of methods:
meshlines ( ) -- creates lines from nodes or plot elems; mesh lines closed
chains of mesh lines can be used to generate surfaces or apply loads.
Editing Surfaces
The Surfaces Edit panel is located at Geometry > Edit > Surfaces and it allows you to
perform a variety of surface editing, trimming, and creation functions. This panel also allows
you to offset surfaces in their normal direction.
trim with nodes – Allows you to trim (split) a surface using nodes. The surface can
be trimmed with two nodes, with multiple nodes, or with a node normal to and edge.
trim with lines – Allows you to trim/split surfaces using a line (or a group of lines).
There are three methods (Trim with cut line, Trim lines, With offset line)
trim with planes / surfs -- Allows you to trim or split surfaces with another surface
or a plane. This function determines the intersection of the selected surfaces and a
plane or a surface and then trims the original surfaces at this intersection
untrim -- Allows you to remove trim lines so that the trimmed surfaces return to
their previous, untrimmed state
offset -- Allows you to offset a group of surfaces by a given distance along the
normals of those surfaces
extend -- Allows you to extend or retracs the edges of selected surfaces to meet
other selected surfaces, or to close gaps between surfaces or holes within a selected
surface. Several options affect how surfaces extension behaves, including enabling
or disabling the ability to shorten edges as well as extend them, or to force the
extended edges to attempt to maintain the overall shape of the surface.
Input Action
max extension / Max extension: extend the surface using a maximum extension distance.
extend over edges
Extend over edges: extend a surface over edges to another surface
to surfaces This choice is available when Extend over edges is selected. The
extending surfaces will extend as far as necessary to meet these ones.
by distance / by For by distance, type in the maximum distance that you wish the surfaces
thickness multiplier to extend.
For by thickness multiplier, type in the multiple of the surfaces' assigned
thickness that yields the maximum distance you wish the surfaces to extend.
by filling gaps / by by distance: This is the literal distance that selected edges will extend,
distance / to surfaces measured in the same units that the model was created for.
by filling gaps: extends the edges of the hole to fill the gap.
surfs: to extend Use this selector to pick only the surfaces that you wish to extend.
selector
If you selected any shared (green) or non-manifold (yellow) edges as lines:
to extend over, then this selector allows you to specify the corresponding
surfaces so that HyperWorks knows which surface to use to determine the
plane of extension for the shared/non-manifold edge.
Additionally, you may need to use use this selector to specify any "target"
surfaces, particularly if you use the cross extension option described
below. Edges will only extend toward surfaces that are also selected, even if
those additional surfaces have no extending edges. These recipient/target
surfaces will also be trimmed, if the trim result surfaces checkbox
described below is active.
cross extension / cross extension allows for all input surfaces to be used as both extension
surfs: to target and target surfaces. This is useful for doing bulk extensions where all
selector selected surfaces should extend to others within the selection. The input
surfaces will not extend beyond the specified max extension distance, nor
will any of their edges extend if there are no other surfaces within the max
distance.
When selecting this option for extending a surface over an edge, then all
selected surface/edge combinations will be extended or shrunk. Despite the
name, in this case the surfaces will not cross through each other; having
selected to surfaces ensures that they will meet rather than intersect.
surfs: to target simply extends the surfaces toward other surfaces. You
must use this selector to pick the destination surfaces; the extended
surfaces will then extend up to the specified distance to meet those
surfaces. If the target surfaces are too far away, no extension occurs.
When using the surfs: to target option, you can select surfaces already
selected as surfs: to extend. Selecting the same surfaces in both surfs: to
extend and surfs: to target produces the same result as the cross
extension option.
When selecting this option for extending a surface over an edge, then the
surfs: to extend that you have selected edges for in lines: to extend over
will extend toward the surfaces that you select with the surfs: to target
selector. The target surface does not need to be selected as an extending
surface.
lines: to extend over Pick the edges that you wish to extend. The surfaces will be extended
across these lines. If you select a free edge, this also selects and highlights
the corresponding surface.
surfs: to target / cross Extended surfaces will extend in the direction of surfaces selected in surfs:
extension to target.
If cross extension is selected, all the selected line and surfaces will be
extended.
trim result surfaces If the checkbox is on and all selected surfaces extend or shorten to have
their edges meet, then the selected surfaces will be trimmed or stitched
regardless of which components they belong to. If the checkbox is off, the
result varies further:
If the selected surfaces are in the same component, they will not be
trimmed but they will be stitched. This is the default stitching behavior for
• surfaces in the same component.
If the selected surfs are in different components, they will not be trimmed
or stitched. This is the default stitching behavior for surfaces in different
components. If you need them to be stitched, you must do so by way of
• edge equivalence (or some other edge editing).
If the checkbox is on and the selected surfaces extend through their target
surfaces, or even merely to the interior without actually touching any of the
target surface edges, the surfaces will be both trimmed and stitched at the
intersection regardless of whether or not they belong to the same
component. However, if the checkbox is off, the surfaces are not trimmed or
stitched, since they do not meet at any edges.
shrink -- Allows you to shrink the surface by drawing all of its edges (including
internal edges from holes, etc.) "back" away from their starting location
Geometry Dimensioning
Use the dimensioning panel to change one or more dimensions of existing geometry, thus
changing the basic shape of solids and other enclosed volumes.
The Dimensioning function can be accessed through Geom page > Dimensioning.
The dimensioning tool allows you to select dimensions of or between surfaces, and modify
those dimensions as required. This is accomplished by means of the use of dimension
manipulators.
The dimensioning panel's behavior is controlled by several options. In addition, you may
wish to read about some advanced considerations in order to better understand some of
the behavior that results from changing some of the dimensions of existing geometry.
Chapter 3
2D Meshing
Section 1: AutoMeshing
The optimal starting point for creating a shell mesh for a part is to have surface geometry
defining the part. The most efficient method for creating a mesh representing the part
includes using the Automesh panel and creating a mesh directly on the part’s surfaces.
The Automesh panel is a key meshing tool in HyperMesh. Its meshing module allows you
to specify and control element size, density, type, and node spacing, and also perform
quality checks before accepting the final mesh.
A part can be meshed all at once or in portions. To mesh a part all at once, it may be
advantageous to first perform geometry cleanup of the surfaces, which can be done in
HyperMesh.
The purpose for this section is to help you become proficient with using the Automesh
panel’s meshing module. In this section, you will learn how to:
Mesh all the surfaces at once specifying different element sizes and element types.
Practice changing the element density along surface edges.
Practice checking element quality and changing the mesh pattern by changing the
mesh algorithm.
Preview the mesh on all the unmeshed surfaces.
Practice changing the element type and node spacing (biasing) along surface edges.
Re-mesh surfaces.
Automeshing
The automesh function in HyperMesh allows for the rapid generation of a quality mesh on
one or multiple surfaces. Within the automesh panel there are many options available which
provide the user a high level of control over the ultimate mesh.
Topology Review
Automeshing of surfaces is dependent on surface topology, which is the connection of
adjacent surfaces edges. Properly connected edges ensure a properly connected mesh.
As discussed in the previous chapter, topology is represented graphically though edge color.
Within the Automesh panel are numerous controls to allow for the creation of a quality
mesh to individual specifications.
Flow:Align produces a more orthogonal quad dominated mesh
Flow:Size is active only when align is used and it enforces the global mesh element
size with minimal min/max element size variation
Density
o Adjust – Left clicking on an edge will raise the element density on that edge
by one, right clicking will lower the density by one. Clicking
will provide a new preview mesh with the changes.
o Calculate – Here the user can enter a new element size and either click on
an edge to recalculate the density on that edge or click recalc all and change
the element size for all the surfaces currently being meshed.
o Set – This option allows for the setting of element densities on a single or all
edges to a user set number.
Mesh Style
o From this sub panel the user can indicated the type of mesh to create.
o This panel also allows the user to define the method or style of meshing. The
“style” is the manner in which the mesh transitions between different density
values.
Biasing
o The biasing subpanel allows the user to control the distribution of nodes
during the nodes seeding by selecting biasing in the form of linear,
exponential or bell curve distributions.
Checks
o The checks subpanel evaluates the quality of the generated mesh.
General Controls
This toggle changes between automatic and interactive meshing modes. In automatic
mode, HyperMesh will generate the mesh based upon the user entered values and options.
In the interactive mode, HyperMesh will generate the same mesh but will do so as a
“preview” mesh allowing the user to use the above mentioned tools to manipulate the mesh
before finalizing it.
Edit element
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2. Mesh the part with an element size of 5. Set all of the options to match the picture
above.
3. Review the mesh.
Overall the mesh looks pretty good but closer examination of areas around the
part reveals there are some extremely poor quality elements.
4. Manipulate the part using the Pan, Rotate and Zoom functions and identify areas of poor
mesh formation.
As discussed in the lecture, HyperMesh always maintains all edges in the model except
those that are suppressed.
Turning the mesh visualization off shows the surface edge lines and reveals that there
are many features within the model that interfere with mesh quality. This is very often
the case in geometric models imported from CAD. Topology refinement is used to fix
those areas to improve the quality of the generated mesh.
10. Review the part again having a look at the new mesh that was remeshed automatically
during the topology modification because of the Meshing Options already defined
(Preferences > meshing Options > topology revision: > remesh).
You will see that the quality of the mesh has improved drastically.
5. From this screen try the following functions and see the effect they have on the mesh.
o Adjust the edge densities.
o Recalculate the entire model to have a 6mm element size.
o Change the mesh style so that the element type is all trias and then all R-Trias.
o Alter the biasing on edges and determine the difference between linear,
exponential and bell curve biasing.
o Recalculate the mesh to have 5mm quad elements on all surfaces.
6. Return to save the mesh.
Note that the non-aligned standard mesh tends to be more orthogonal following the
direction of the cardinal axis. The Align option allows the mesh to flow with the contours
of the part and the addition of the size option controls the size of the elements more and
results in less trias.
7. Make the SurfDev collector current and the only collector visible
8. Select the surface deviation sub panel.
9. Set the values as follows:
10. Mesh the part. Note how now the mesh size is dependent on and varies with the
curvature of the surfaces. Fillets between and areas of high surface curvature are
captured with smaller elements but large flat areas are of a higher element size.
11. Experiment in these two sub panels and determine how the interactive mesh controls
can be used to enhance the feature capturing abilities of these meshing styles.
4. Repeat sub-steps 6.2, 6.3 for the following point and line.
6. Repeat sub-steps 6.2, 6.3 for the following point and line.
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7. Repeat sub-steps 6.2, 6.3 for the following point and line.
3. With the active selector now on lines, select the lines shown in the following image.
Once both the point and line are selected, an edge will be created from the location of
the fixed point perpendicular to the line, same for the other lines.
Exercise
This exercise uses the model file, 03c-2D-MESH-IMPRINT-EXTEND.hm.
Step 2: Review the model’s free edges to identify shell element connectivity
problems.
1. Access the Edges panel in the following ways:
From the menu bar, select Mesh > Check > Components > Edges.
2. With the comps selector active, click any element in the graphics area.
The component containing the element is selected.
3. Click find edges.
Red, 1-D elements are displayed. They are organized into the new component named
^edges. A red 1-D element is created along each shell element edge that is free; one or
more of the element edge’s nodes is not shared by the adjacent elements.
Note: For a component name whose first character is ^, the component and its
contents is not written to the input file when the model is exported.
7. In the Model Browser, turn the display off for the component shells to continue to
identify which red, free edges do not belong.
Step 3: Correct the shell element connectivity problems using the Edges
panel.
1. In the tolerance= field, type 0.01.
2. Select an element in the graphics area to select the component.
3. Click preview equiv.
The status bar displays the following message: "81 nodes were found."
elements to collapse when identified nodes are equivalenced. Click return to go back to
Edges panel.
6. Click equivalence.
The 96 coincident nodes are equivalenced.
7. Rotate and observe the model to see that the mesh still looks as it should and no
elements are collapsed.
8. Click delete edges.
The red, free edges and their component, ^edges, are deleted.
Note: Remain in the Edges panel.
Step 4: Review the model’s free edges again to confirm that all of the shell
element connectivity problems have been corrected.
1. Click find edges.
Observe the red, 1-D elements (free edges).
Are there any red, free edges that should not belong if the mesh was continuous or if all
of the elements were connected?
Hint: Only red, free edges should exist on the perimeter of the part and on periphery of
internal holes.
2. Use the Model Browser to turn the display off for the component, shells, to observe
that all of the free, red edges belong.
3. After verifying that the model has correct red, free edges, click delete edges.
Step 5: Display the element normals and adjust them to point in the same
direction.
1. Go to the Normals panel. The Normals panel can be accessed in the following ways:
From the menu bar, select Mesh > Check > Elements > Normals
2. Choose the elements subpanel and set toggle to vector display normals.
3. With the comps selector active, select one element from the graphics area to select the
component.
4. Click display normals.
Arrows (vectors) are drawn from the element centroids and show the direction of the
element normals.
Notice the arrows do not all point from the same side of the part. For some analysis, the
element normals should point from the same side.
5. Click size = and enter the size which the normal should be in model units and select
display normals again.
When size = is set to 0, the vector will be 10% of the screen.
6. Toggle vector display normals to color display normals.
If after adjusting the normals, there are still elements on one side of the part which are of
different color, change to elems from comps for the entity selector, choose these
elements and click reverse normals.
Step 6: Review the quality of the elements using the check elems panel.
1. Access the check elems panel in one of the following ways:
From the menu bar, select Mesh > Check > Elements > Check Elements
5. Notice that several elements on the triangular rib and around the smaller of the two
holes have a jacobian of less than 0.7.
The status bar displays a message indicating how many elements failed this check.
6. In the graphics area, click an element.
A window appears that lists each quality check result for the element.
7. Click the right or left mouse button to close the pop-up window.
8. On the right side of the panel menu, switch from standard to assign plot.
9. Click jacobian to review again.
A legend for jacobian values appears and each element is colored accordingly. The red
elements have a jacobian less than the threshold, 0.7.
12. Notice that a couple of elements on the rib have an angle of less than 45.
13. Verify that the max angle > field is set to 135.
14. Click max angle to determine if any quad elements have an angle greater than 135.
15. Notice that several elements on the rib have an angle greater than 135.
16. Click return.
Step 7: Remesh the elements on the rib using the automesh panel.
1. Access the Automesh panel in one of the following ways:
From the menu bar, select Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh
From the main menu, select the 2D page, then click automesh
Press the F12 key
2. Verify that you are in the size and bias subpanel.
3. Switch the entity selector to elems.
4. Toggle to interactive.
5. For element size=, type 3.5.
6. Select one rib element from the graphics area.
7. Select one element on the plane of elements perpendicular to the rib and in the same
plane as the rib’s shortest edge as shown in the following image.
8. Select elems >> by face to complete the selection of elements as shown in the following
image.
9. Click mesh.
The meshing module appears.
10. In the density subpanel, change the element density on the rib’s hypotenuse edge to 9.
11. Change the element density on the rib’s shortest edge to 5.
19. Click return to accept the mesh and go back to the main menu.
Step 8: Use the smooth panel to adjust the node placement on the rectangular
plane of remeshed elements.
1. Click Mesh > Cleanup Elements > Smooth to open the Smooth panel.
8. Click return.
Step 9: Remove tria elements from another area of the model using the edit
element panel, split and combine subpanels.
1. On the 2D page, enter the edit element panel.
2. Go to the split subpanel.
3. With the splitting line: points selector active, click four screen points as shown the
following image.
Temporary line segments are drawn to connect the points.
4. You can right-click to undo the last line segment drawn or you can click delete line to
start over with selecting points.
5. Click split.
Elements that have the line pass through them are split. The resulting mesh should look
like the mesh in the following image. There are two pairs of adjacent tria elements.
Step 10: Dynamically move nodes on the mesh area modified in the previous
step to improve element quality.
1. Go to the cleanup subpanel and ensure it is set to displayed elems.
2. Click cleanup.
The element cleanup menu appears. It allows you to select various combinations of
quality checks, specify a warning/unacceptable range for each check, and dynamically
move nodes around to place them where you desire.
Elements are colored as follows:
No color, appearing blank: element passes quality checks
Yellow: one or more quality check results falls into warning/unacceptable range
Red: one or more quality check results are beyond unacceptable
Among the group of elements you modified in the last step, Step 11, two quad elements
are red and one quad element is yellow.
3. Clear the warpage and jacobian check boxes, so that just the max angle is checked.
4. The model has three elements that are colored red.
5. With the node selector active, click an interior node of a red element and drag the node
around until the element is no longer red.
6. Repeat 12.5 for the other red elements.
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7. Click return.
Step 11: For the same area of elements you focused on in the previous step,
optimize element quality by clicking nodes and elements.
1. On the 2D page, go to the qualityindex panel and select cleanup tools.
2. With the node optimize selector active, click a few nodes of the mesh area you
modified.
When a node is clicked, it is repositioned so that the elements attached to it have the
best possible quality based on the criteria specified in the qualityindex panel.
3. Click the selector element optimize to make it active.
4. Click yellow and red elements in the same mesh area.
When an element is clicked, it is adjusted to have the best quality possible based on the
criteria specified in the qualityindex panel.
When you click a red element, it may become yellow or the background color (no color
assigned). When you click a yellow element, it may become the background color (no
color assigned).
5. Click the selector modify hole & washers to make it active.
6. Select radial parameter and make active edit option.
Select a node around the hole, the radius field shows a value of 5.97.
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6. Click return.
Step 12: Add a ring of radial elements around the smaller of the two holes.
1. Click the Utility tab. If the Utility Menu is not displayed in the HyperMesh session, go to
View menu and check Utility Menu.
2. On the Geom/Mesh page, click Add Washer.
3. With the nodes selector active, select one node on the edge of the smaller hole as
indicated in the following image.
4. Click proceed.
A pop-up window for Add Washer along a Circular Hole utility appears.
5. Toggle to Width, and for Value specify 3.0.
6. Select the Minimum number of nodes around the hole check box.
7. In the Density: field, enter 12.
8. Click Add.
9. Click Close.
The mesh around the hole should look like the mesh in the following image.
The imprint subpanel allows you to cause mesh from different, overlapping components
to sync or line up with each other, in order to facilitate better connection modeling
between them.
3. Select component IMPRINT as source, Select component shells as destination and
select destination for remain: option.
This tool takes existing elements and/or components and can be imprinted into elements
and/or components, changing direction and destination.
3. Select create.
Select reject.
4. Select component IMPRINT as source, Select component shells as destination, select
destination for remain: option and make sure to flag option elems to destination
comp.
Violet source elements are imprinted in destination (yellow), element organized into yellow component.
Select reject.
5. Select component IMPRINT as source, Select component shells as destination, select
source for remain: option and make sure to flag option elems to destination comp.
Yellow destination elements are imprinted to Violet elements, element organized into yellow component.
4. Select create.
The resulted mesh, as shown in the following picture, connects the 2 parts with just 1
element along the projection, the remesh extension option is deactivated.
5. Select reject.
Repeat step 14.3 and 14.4 with the same options and selections, just make sure to flag
on remesh extension option.
The resulted mesh, as shown in the following picture, connects the 2 parts with
remeshed elements along the projection, the remesh extension option is activated.
Batchmesher
Performs geometry cleanup and automeshing in a batch mode
Can dramatically improve productivity since there is minimal user interaction
(especially for large assemblies)
Uses criteria and parameter files to determine how the parts should be meshed
Can mesh multiple files in the same run
Chapter 4
Solid Geometry
HyperMesh supports the same solid geometry that is created in popular CAD software.
Solid geometry can be achieved through the importation of native CAD data or can be easily
created from bounding surfaces using the Bounding Surfaces option from the
Geometry > Create > Solids > Bounding Surfaces.
Additionally HyperMesh has numerous solid geometry creating tools to assist in the
manipulation of solids. These can be found through the pull-down menu, Geometry >
Create > Solids.
Solids panel
• Creates solid geometry of basic shapes:
• Square / Block - Cylinder / Cone – Sphere – Torus
• Full or Partial
Solid Editing
Tools for editing geometry:
Surfaces panel
o Creates surfaces using various methods
o Can be used to split a solid
o Edges of the surface must be equivalenced to edges on the solid
Solid Edit panel
o Trim with… – splits a solid into 2+ solids using:
Nodes
Lines
Planes
Surfaces
o Merge – combine 2+ adjacent solids into a single solid entity
o Detach – disconnects connected solids
o Boolean – advanced trim & merge operations
Union (Solid A + Solid B) – same as merge
Intersection (Solid A x Solid B) – keeps overlapping portions of 2
solids
Removal (Solid A – Solid B) – deletes the volume of one solid from
another
Cut (Cut Solid A with Solid B) – trims one solid with another solid
keeps both solids, but they no longer overlap
Solid Topology
Topology governs the connectivity of solids and thus the connectivity of the elements
created from them. Similar to 2D topology, 3D topology is represented by colors as follows:
In particular are the one volume and multi solid sub panels. These allow for the automatic
creation of Hexa/Penta mesh on mappable shapes.
Location:
o Mesh > Create > Solid Map Mesh
What it does:
o Creates hexa-penta mesh in 1 or more volumes
Each volume is defined by selecting a solid
geometry entity
Easy to define shape for the mesh
since only one entity is selected
Each volume must be a “mappable shape”
Mappable Shapes
To use the automatic Solid Map function the geometry must be split into mappable shapes.
Mappable shapes are defined as 2 opposing faces (source and destination) and faces that
directly connect the source and destination (along faces).
While this example shows two faces that are of the same shape and directly oppose each
other, that is not a requirement. The source and destination can be of drastically different
shape and contour and need not lie directly opposite each other.
When splitting solids into Mappable Shapes it is recommended to split the part into
the fewest possible regions to save time and offer more control over the mesh size.
This often means splitting parts in ways that are not perpendicular to surfaces.
Placing a 2D mesh onto a “Source” face of a mappable shape will allow control over
the pattern of the resulting 3D mesh.
When splitting solids into mappable regions, shared faces will guarantee 3D element
connectivity across the split. This connectivity will also assure that the mesh pattern
is carried through the part as subsequent regions are meshed.
Mesh connectivity of properly split regions with shared faces is also guaranteed even
when mesh directions of the individual regions are not the same.
NOTE: The mesh pattern on the “along” faces will always be quads.
This allows for control over the mesh density and style using tools that work the same as in
the automesh panel.
Step 2: Defeaturing
Small fillets make the geometry substantially more difficult to split into mappable regions
and result in a far more complex solid mesh. In many cases, these fillets are for
manufacturing purposes and can be eliminated from the geometry.
1. Defeature all of the small internal fillets.
HINT: Setting the search values to be 0.5->5.5 will select all of the fillets needed. This
range will also result in the fillet shown in the picture below to be selected. This fillet
must be removed (Right Click) from the selected fillets as defeaturing it would cause a
sharp point that would act as a severe stress concentration area.
2. In the solid edit panel select the trim with plane/surf subpanel.
3. Select the solid and using the N1 N2 N3 option, define a plane on the flat area as shown
in the picture below.
4. Trim the solid and the result will be a mappable region on the “foot”.
The interactive multi solid meshing will allow for 2D mesh customization prior to the
creation of the 3D mesh. HyperMesh will show the order in which each solid is to be
meshed and will indicate the direction in which the mesh will be extruded.
Additionally the panel now allows the user to alter the 2D mesh that will be used as the
pattern to extrude the 3D elements. A panel similar to that used in interactive shell
meshing is opened and the pattern mesh is displayed on the solids.
The standard method of Tetra Meshing can be found through the Mesh > Create > Tetra
Mesh pull-down menu and then select the Tetra mesh subpanel.
Fixed Trias/Quads:
Adjacent tria faces on the tetrahedral mesh always match the shell mesh
Hints: Equivalence and Toggle will solve most of the problems. Some issues require
filler surfaces and point replacement. Remember that topology visualization can
assist in finding problems.
Step 4: TetraMeshing
With a properly enclosed volume you can now create the TetraMesh
1. Either from the menu bar or the panel area, enter the panel to create a 3D Tetramesh.
Note the areas of curvature have a smaller mesh size to better capture the geometric
curvature.
11. Optional: Mask half the part to view the internal structure
Note the number of failed elements in the dialog bar. The value should be around 43
elements.
4. Save the failed elements by selecting save failed.
6. Using the unmask adjacent button twice to retrieve two layers of elements
surrounding the failed elements.
9. Check the tet collapse again and note the number has dropped. Many of the remaining
elements are constrained by geometry but continued remeshing can result in further
drops in this number.
10. Delete the mesh.
2. Create a new volume tetra mesh, this time selecting the match existing mesh option.
Make sure to set the tetra element size back to 30.
HyperWorks 12.0 HyperMesh Introduction 191
Proprietary Information of Altair Engineering, Inc.
Chapter 4: Solids & 3D Meshing
3. Note the Tetra Mesh has incorporated the defined mesh pattern
In this section, you will learn about using the TetraMesh Process Manager to:
Import geometry or an HM File
Clean up the geometry
Organize the model (holes and features)
Establish mesh size and pattern for the organized geometry
Create a 2-D Mesh
Clean up the 2-D mesh
TetraMesh
The TetraMesh Process Manager will create a new tab (shown to the right) that will show
the step-by-step process required to create the tet mesh.
The current step will be indicated with a white arrow while completed steps will be shown
with a green arrow .
Additionally, the panel area will change from the standard HyperMesh panels and will
provide all the tools and functions needed to complete the current step.
The standard HyperMesh panels can be retrieved at any time by undocking the Process
Manager panels using the icon .
1. From the Geometry Color Mode selector ( ) pick By Topo and click
Shaded Geometry and Surface Edges ( ).
2. In the panel area, select the Edge Tools tab.
3. Click Isolate.
This will fix all the free edges. If this did not correct all of the free edges, the
Tolerance value could be increased until all free edges are equivalenced.
5. Select the Edge Tools tab and click Isolate again.
A window should appear with the message, “No edges found…” This confirms all
edges have been fixed.
6. Click Display All.
7. Click ACCEPT.
The Geometry Cleanup step has been completed and should have a green
checkmark by it.
All of the holes in the model less than 10 units will now be organized into three
component collectors, each with a different color.
5. Click the HyperMesh Model Browser tab and expand the folder for Components.
You will see three new component collectors with the name solidholes followed by
the numerical average of the diameter range of the holes organized.
9. Click ACCEPT.
The Organize & Cleanup Holes step is now complete should now have a green
checkmark next to it.
You will notice this process provides a perfectly straight tria mesh down the length of
the hole with no twisting.
2. Click ACCEPT.
The checkmark in the Mesh Holes step will now turn green.
2. In the Define New window that opens, type Faces and click OK.
3. Select all five of the flat faces around the circumference of the part as shown in the
following image.
4. Click proceed.
The panel will switch to the Organize panel with your surfaces pre-selected to move
into a new component called grp_Faces.
5. Click move, then return.
Note: With this tool you need only select one of the two surfaces that make up a
cylinder; when you click proceed HyperMesh will automatically select the other
surfaces.
9. Click proceed.
10. In the Organize panel, click move, then return.
Your model should then look similar to the following image, with the faces in one
collector and the top hole in another. Your colors may vary slightly.
1. Click Components.
2. Select the part in an area that has not been organized into a new component so that
the large purple part is selected.
3. Click proceed.
4. Leave the Min Radius at 0 and the Max Radius at 5 and make sure the Suppress
Fillet Tangent Edges option is active.
5. Click Cleanup.
You will notice that many of the fillets now have an edge running down the center
and the original edges are suppressed.
6. Click ACCEPT.
1. For the Faces feature, click the pull-down under Mesh Type and pick trias.
6. Note the distinctive Union Jack mesh pattern ( ) in the top hole area and the
connectivity of the mesh to the previously meshed holes.
7. Click ACCEPT.
1. Click ACCEPT.
This indicates that all failed elements have been fixed and there are no further errors
in the model.
4. (Optional) The Manual tab allows the user to manually check the model for free
edges and t-junctions and fix any that are found. There is also the option to display
normals. Use these options to find and fix any errors.
5. Click ACCEPT.
Note: The Tetramesh Process Manager will automatically place any elements that
fail this AutoCleanup procedure in the user mark. This will allow for easy retrieval of
problem elements and the user can employ the tools from the standard HyperMesh
panels to fix these remaining elements.
3. Click mesh.
4. Click the Model tab in the Tab area.
5. Expand the Components list if necessary.
6. Right-click the tetmesh component.
7. Select Isolate Only.
The tetra mesh will be displayed.
8. Click Mask ( ).
9. Hold the SHIFT key down and while holding the left mouse button down, drag a box
to include roughly half of the model.
10. Click mask.
Your tetra mesh should look similar to the following image.
Shrink wraps can be generated using two algorithms: Loose or Tight. These determine how
closely the resulting mesh adheres to the details of the underlying model, and are best
suited to different use cases which will vary for any given use.
Loose Shrink Wrap - generate a loose-fitting shrink wrap mesh that generally
conforms to the model.
Tight Shrink Wrap - generate a tight-fitting mesh that adheres closely to the
underlying model, capturing as many features as possible.
The panel options for both Loose and Tight are the same and are as follows:
Comps – Selection of the comps, elems, surfs or solids used to create the shrink
wrap mesh.
element size= - Sets the desired target element size for the shrink wrap mesh.
generate solid mesh - If selected, HyperMesh creates a solid hexa mesh under the
2d shell mesh.
mesh orientation - Switch to choose element orientation with the global system or
previously created local system.
Step 2: Create a loose shell shrink wrap mesh in the loose_gap component.
1. Click Shaded Geometry and Surface Edges if the model is not shaded already.
2. Review the surface geometry on the screen. Notice the gap in the geometry.
3. From the pull-down menu, select Mesh > Create > Shrink Wrap Mesh.
4. Select the component in the graphics area.
5. Select the loose wrap option.
6. For element size, enter 4.
7. Click mesh to create the shrink wrap.
8. Expand the Component folder in the Model Browser.
9. Hide the surfaces component in the Model Browser.
10. Click return to exit the panel.
Step 4: Create a loose shell shrink wrap mesh in the loose component.
1. Hide the loose_gap component in the Model Browser.
2. Right-click the loose component and click Make Current.
3. From the menu bar select Mesh > Create > Shrink Wrap Mesh.
4. Activate the loose wrap option.
5. Click comps and select block from the component list.
6. For the element size, enter 10.
7. Click mesh to create the mesh.
2. Right-click the tight_solid component in the Model Browser and click Make Current.
3. Click comps and select the block component
4. Activate the generate solid mesh option.
5. Change the minimum jacobian to 1.
6. Click mesh to create the mesh.
Step 7 (Optional): Change the minimum jacobian to 0.3 for optimized mesh.
1. Delete the elements displayed in the graphics area.
2. Click comps and select the block component from the list.
3. For the minimum jacobian, enter 0.3.
4. Click mesh to generate the mesh.
Chapter 5
Spot Welds
Bolts
Trim Masses
Seam Welds
Connectors: Terminology
Link Entities - The entities that are being connected
o User can explicitly define link entities or specify a search tolerance
o Can be components, elements, surfaces, nodes, or tags
o Typically components are linked
Connect When – Specifies when the link entity information is added to the
connector
o Now - Allows you to add link entity information now. For this option, you must
select the connect what entities and num layers to successfully create a
connector.
o At FE Realize - The link entities to the connector are determined while
realizing the connector. The link entities are determined by the projections
and proximity from the connector location.
Re-Connect Rule – Defines method for connector re-attachment during part
swapping/replacement
o None - If a link entity is deleted, the link entity is removed from the connector
o By ID - If a link entity is deleted, the connector retains the ID of the link entity,
and will to a new entity with that ID upon realization
o By Name – Same as the by id rule except that the entity name is retained
Connectors: Tools
Spot
Bolt
Seam
Area
Apply Mass – adds a mass value to entities
o Used to represent mass of parts that are not present in the model
FE Absorb – Create new connectors from existing elements of recognizable FE
representations of welds, bolts, adhesives, etc.
Add Links – Add link entities to existing connectors
Unrealize – Delete FE representations of welds / bolts / adhesives associated
with existing connectors
Compare – Checks the MCF against displayed model file
Quality – Check for duplicate connectors, combines connectors, and checks the
quality of realized elements
Connector Browser – Hierarchal browser that provides information and the ability
to edit connectors.
Shows:
o Type of Connector
o Link Information
o State of connector
Editable
o Edit link entities, export mwf files, etc
Found in Tab Browser Area
Step 1: Load the model 05a-1D-MESHING.hm and set the user profile to
Radioss Bulk Data.
6. Select the red circled node first (Independent Node) and the yellow circled node second
(Dependant Node).
2. Rotate and zoom so that you are looking down at the large hole in the blue upper part.
In this step you will create a very common rigid element feature often called the “wagon
wheel” or the “spider web”. When complete the reason will be obvious.
This type of feature is used to link the nodes around the circumference of a hole to a
single node in the center. This can then be used to:
Connect the feature to something else (bolting two parts together).
Constrain the central node. (Bolting to a fixture) (RBE2)
Distribute a central load. (RBE3)
To create this feature, a node must be placed at the center of the hole. This can be
accomplished through the use of the Distance panel.
3. Press F4 to enter the Distance panel.
4. Pick the three nodes sub panel.
5. Pick any three nodes around the interior of the hole.
6. Click the green circle center button.
A yellow temp node will be placed at the circle center.
Before the element can be created, a cross section, a material, and a property need to
be defined and then applied to the element(s).
1. From the menu bar, select Properties > HyperBeam.
HyperBeam is a tool within HyperMesh that allows for easy and graphical creation of
cross sections for beam elements.
2. From the HyperBeam panel select the standard section sub panel.
3. From the standard section type switch pick standard H section.
4. Click create.
The graphical HyperBeam interface will now open
From within this interface the physical dimensions of the beam section can be defined.
5. Set the dimensions as shown below:
6. Right click on the words H_section.1, select Rename and rename it H_Beam.
7. Click File > Exit.
The beam section has now been created.
8. Right click in the Model Browser window and create a property.
9. Name it H Beam.
10. Assign it a Card Image of PBEAM.
11. Assign it the material Steel.
12. Check the box for Card edit property upon creation.
13. Click Create.
The Card Edit panel will open and display the PBEAM card. The beam section needs
to be assigned to this card.
14. Click the yellow beamsec button twice and select the H_Beam cross section.
You will notice that the inertial information calculated from the cross section will
automatically be placed into the value fields in the card.
15. Click return to exit.
2. Click the orientation switch immediately next to the N1 button and select x-axis.
3. Click the property = button and pick the H_Beam property.
4. Pick any node on the blue upper component elements for node A.
5. With the focus automatically switching to node B, pick any node on the green lower
component elements.
The Beam element will automatically be created.
You will note that the element is displayed as a line in the color of the component it was
created in. Aside from the CBEAM label, it looks identical to the RBE2 and RBE3
elements created previously.
The 1D visualization mode allows for the graphical representation of the cross section
of the 1D element.
6. Click the Element Representation button ( ) and pick the 3D Element Representation
icon ( ).
8. Re-open HyperBeam and change the dimensions to see the changes reflected on the
part.
9. Create a brand new cross section of some other standard type.
10. Right click on the H Beam property card in the HyperMesh Model Browser and card
edit the property.
11. Click the beamsec button and pick the new cross section.
12. Return out of the card and see the change in the model.
Step 7: Connectors
Connectors are a quick way of creating multiple and complex rigid entities representing
welds, bolts and adhesives.
First you will use the Connectors panel to create a weld of rigid elements similar to
those created in Step 2, Item 6. In that case, two nodes were selected and a single
RBE2 was created. To run down the entire length of the edge would have required each
node be picked individually. You will now accomplish the same result using connectors
in a fraction of the time.
1. From the menu bar, select Connectors > Create > Spots.
2. From the spot submenu, next to location, click the nodes button and pick by path.
3. On the opposite edge from the one used in Step 2, Item 6 to create the RBE2 elements,
pick the first node and using the by path option, proceed down the entire edge until all
the nodes are selected
4. Next to connect what, make sure comps is selected and pick the blue Upper Plate
collector and the teal Arm collector.
5. Make sure elems is selected by the toggle beneath and num layers should be total 2
as there are only 2 layers being connected.
6. tolerance = should be set for 10 (this determines the distance HyperMesh will search
from the node to find nodes of both collectors to create the welds. The distance is a bit
over 6, so 10 should work fine.)
7. For type= select rigid (this option allow you to establish what type of element will be
created.)
8. Change the mesh independent switch to mesh dependant.
9. Under mesh dependant, change the switch from quad transition to remesh.
10. Verify the panel has all the settings shown below:
The process can be used to create these types of rigids or rigids that will represent spot
welds. These elements can even be created before the part is meshed (must pick geom
instead of elems for the connect what option) and in that case a fixed point will be
placed at either end of the element, guaranteeing that a node will be there when the
mesh is created.
12. Experiment with creating other connectors in the model with other options in the panel.
13. From the connectors tools enter the Bolt panel.
14. Zoom to the section of the model shown below.
15. Pick one node on the circumference of each of the holes on the purple Flanges
component.
16. Set connect what to comps and pick the purple Flanges component and the green
Lower component.
17. Set the tolerance to 20 and fill in the rest of the panel as shown below.
The Connector Browser will appear and display all of the connectors in the model.
From the browser you can see information about the connectors, reasons for realization
failure and when you right click on a connector you can edit the connectors.
2. Experiment with the Connector Browser.
Chapter 6
HyperMorph
Section 1: Introduction to Morphing Technology
using HyperMorph
HyperMorph is a mesh morphing module in HyperMesh that allows you to morph an FE
model in useful, logical, and intuitive ways which result in minimal element distortion.
HyperMorph Highlights:
Freehand morphing: Direct morphing of the mesh without any morphing entities
Morph Volumes: Efficient setup of morphing for complex FEA models
Section Morphing: Map to new design lines using line difference
Morphing Constraints: Preserve model attributes while morphing
Morphing Shapes: Transfer morphing between different meshes (the shape can be
positioned to other parts of the model, animated to review the morphing and transfer
loads from one model to another
After morphing has been performed, you can visualize the quality of the mesh, and can
automatically smooth it if need be. A re-mesh can also be performed, keeping the morphing
entities like handles, domains and shapes intact.
Accessing HyperMorph
HyperMorph can be accessed in one of the following ways:
From the menu bar, go to Morphing, and select the appropriate function:
On the Tool page click on HyperMorph, and click on the appropriate panel
HyperMorph Entities
• Handles – controls model shape during morphing
• Domains – divides a model into regions (for domain based morphing)
• Morph Volume – A cube shaped volume that morphs all entities that are
located inside the shape (for volume based morphing)
• Constraints – Control the motion of nodes during morphing
• Symmetries – forces regions to be morphed symmetrically
• Shapes – model state during morphing saved for retrieval at a later point
The freehand panel consists of several subpanels, changes made on one subpanel do not
affect the others, and are persistent so that you can switch freely between subpanels
without losing any settings already made:
move nodes
Use this panel to select specific nodes and move them directly to new locations while
optionally morphing the surrounding mesh.
Using the move nodes subpanel, you can translate and rotate nodes, move nodes
normal to a mesh, move nodes to a vector, node list, line, plane, surface, mesh, or
equation, and apply a shape. For each morphing option, you can choose whether or
not the morphing should be interactive. You can also control how those node
movements apply to the surrounding mesh.
Note: In the morph options panel, morphing subpanel, there is an option for
setting the minimum step size for interactive morphing. If the distance or angle
fields are set to values other than zero the morphing will be performed in discrete
steps with the given step size rather than an arbitrary value based on the position of
the mouse and relative to the size of the model. For example, setting the distance to
1.0 means that interactive translation will be performed in increments of 1.0, such as
1.0, 2.0, 11.0, etc. For distance, the value is given in model units. For angle, the
value is given in degrees. The minimum step size applies when using the
manipulator or using the translate, rotate, or move normal options.
record
Use this panel to turn any panel into a morphing panel. When you click start in this
panel, the positions of all the nodes in the model are recorded. You can then go
outside of the freehand panel and use any tool in HyperMesh to move the nodes in
the model to new positions. When you return to this panel and click finish, those
node movements will be transformed into a morph which can be undone, redone, or
saved as a shape.
This feature can be particularly useful when using the Quality Index panel to adjust
a basic morph for the sake of mesh quality.
For example: after morphing, go to the Record panel and click start, go to the
Quality Index panel to adjust and fix any poorly-formed elements resulting from the
morph, and then return to the Record panel and click finish.
sculpting
Use this subpanel to mold a mesh with a variety of virtual tools — for example,
creating hemispherical divots, cone-shaped projections, or molding sections with
feature lines.
Areas of the mesh can be pushed or pulled to reshape it, creating either indentations
or projections on the mesh.
Tool shapes include ball, cone, cylinder, node list, line, plane, surface, and mesh.
Use different tools to simplify the creation of different types of deformation.
For example, use the ball along a node list or line list to create a curved channel with
a rounded bottom and ends, but use the cone to create a channel with a V-shaped
bottom. Similarly, the ball can create a hemispherical divot or protrusion, while the
cone can create a conical pit or spike.
The following images illustrate use of the "ball" tool to create a raised ridge along a
node list:
Here two nodes are selected, but the tool is not yet applied .
Here, the ball tool has been applied to the mesh as if it had been rolled from one node to the other.
save shape
Use this subpanel to save a current morph as a shape. This feature is a limited
version of the save as shape subpanel located in the Shapes panel.
6. For moving nodes and fixed nodes select the nodes as displayed in Figure 3.
7. For affected elements select the elements that lie between fixed nodes and moving
nodes.
8. For mv bias and fx bias keep the default value (1.00).
9. Click morph to alter the blade of the propeller.
Summary
The length of the propeller blade has increased by 100. The fixed nodes do not move. The
affected elements were stretched evenly to maintain element quality. The stretching of the
elements takes place between the moving nodes and the fixed nodes.
The local group consists of five types of local domains: 1D domains, 2D domains, 3D
domains, edge domains, and general domains. Local handles/edge domains can only
influence nodes contained in the domains they are associated with. Local handles/edge
domains are intended to be used to make small scale, parametric changes to the model.
While a model can contain both global and local handles and domains, it is not necessary to
have both types of domains and handles in a model.
The following table describes the various domains and their symbols when they are created.
When global domain and handles are generated using autogenerate or created with the
create handles option turned on, HyperMorph generates eight global handles, one at each
of the eight corners of a box laid out along the global axes surrounding the model. These
global handles are named “corner” followed by a number from one to eight.
HyperMorph will also place at least one global handle within the box in areas of the model’s
peak nodal density. These handles are named “handle,” followed by a number.
Location: Morphing > Create > Domains
The automatic global handle generation works particularly well for space-frame models such
as full car models. However, for small models such as a control arm or bracket, the
recommendation is for you to build your own local domains and handles since you are more
likely interested in changing the local area rather than the entire model.
If the autogenerate process does not create handles in the positions where you want them
to be, you can always delete them, reposition them, or create additional handles. Handles
can be further classified as independent or dependent. An independent handle creates
displacements to the model only when it is moved. A dependent handle creates
displacements influenced from its own movements plus that of other handles it is linked to.
A handle can be made dependent on one or more handles. This allows you to create as
many layers of dependencies between your handles as you desire. For example, you can
make all the handles at one cross section of a beam (modeling using 2D shell elements)
dependent on a single handle allowing you to move an entire cross section while only
having to select one independent handle.
What is a partition?
The most important factor in local morphing is partitioning. It is logically dividing a 2D
domain into smaller 2D domains, such as where the angle between elements exceeds a
certain value or where the domain changes from flat to curved, is called partitioning.
Proper partitioning makes morphing faster and easier. By activating partition domains
user can invoke partitioning when auto-generating or when creating a domain. If the user is
unsatisfied with the results of the partitioning he/she can change the partitioning parameters
namely domains angle and curve tolerance.
Figure below shows an example of partitioning. For the model on the left, the 2D domain
was created without partitioning. For the model on the right, partitioning was used. Note
how the 2D domains divide along angle and curvature change boundaries.
Clicking screen edit while the bias factors are displayed will hide the edit windows.
The initial bias factor for all handles is 1.000 except for dependent handles automatically
generated at the ends of 1-D domains which are given a bias factor of 3.000. Higher bias
values will increase the influence that handle has over nearby nodes. Lower bias values
decrease the influence. Bias values of 1 give linear results that result in morphs with sharp
angles at the handle locations.
For exponential biasing a bias value of 2 will result in morphs with a gentle curvature
through the handle locations.
For sinusoidal biasing a bias value of 2.0 for a handle at one end of an edge domain and 0.5
for a handle at the other end will give a perfect circular or elliptical curve for the domain.
However, the functionality is limited compared to that found in the Morph Constraints
panel. Refer to that panel for greater details on constraints.
Handle and Node Perturbations: You can save a shape as either handle or node
perturbations.
The difference becomes important when the model is reparameterized or when domains,
handles, and symmetries are created or deleted.
When a shape is saved as node perturbations, it always has the same shape no matter
what changes occur with the morphing entities.
If the shape is saved as handle perturbations, changes in the relationships between
handles and nodes will alter the resultant node perturbations when the shape is reapplied.
Surface morphing will only morph surfaces that have nodes associated with them and
whose associated nodes have been morphed. There are several ways that result in a node
being associated with a surface. When you automesh a surface, the nodes for the elements
are automatically associated with the surface. Also, you can use the node edit panel to
associate nodes to surfaces. Note that after morphing nodes, the morphed nodes will no
longer be associated with their surfaces, but HyperMorph will save (and accumulate) the
associations so that the surfaces can be morphed at a later time.
There are no inputs on this subpanel; all surfaces are morphed when you click morph
surfaces. If the results are unsatisfactory, you may reject them.
Step 4: Split the edge domain of the radius to have more control when
morphing.
1. Click the edit edges subpanel in the Morphing > Domains panel.
2. Verify that the split option is selected.
3. With the domain selector active, select the edge domain of the part’s radius as indicated
in the Figure 2.
The node selector automatically becomes active once the edge domain is selected.
Click the domain selector to make it active and see that you selected the desired edge
domain.
Figure 4: Node selection to further split the edge domain of the radius
Step 5: Add local handles to the 2-D domain on the part’s left side.
1. Click the Morphing menu, and pick Create > Handles.
2. For name=, enter local.
3. Click the attached to: domain selector to make it active.
4. Select the 2-D domain on the part’s left side by selecting its red icon, as indicated in the
following image.
Summary
The following occurs as the selected global handle is moved:
The handles selected in Step 6.2 above follow the handle you are dragging.
The non-selected global handles act like anchors (they do not move).
All of the elements, local handles and edge domains are affected.
The Morph Volume panel allows you to create, edit, save, load, convert, and delete morph
volumes.
A morph volume (or "mvol") is a six-sided prism that can be used to manipulate a mesh by
manipulating the shape of the morph volume, while maintaining tangency.
Morph volumes are very malleable; the length and curvature of each edge can be modified
independently of the others, and adjacent morph volumes can be linked through various
tangency conditions. This malleability allows you to enclose a given mesh with morph
volumes, alter the morph volumes to fit your model, and then change the shape of your
model by modifying the morph volumes. Morph volumes present a simple, powerful, and
intuitive way to morph.
The length and curvature of each edge of a morph volume can be modified independently.
Adjacent morph volumes can be linked through tangency conditions. This allows you to
update the characteristics of the morph volumes. Handles are placed at each of the vertices
of the morph volumes. Morphing involves moving these handles. Morph volumes thus
present a very simple, powerful, and intuitive way to morph.
Morph volumes will only morph the mesh for nodes that have been registered. In some
cases, nodes within morph volumes are automatically registered when the morph volumes
are created, while in others only the selected nodes or nodes on selected elements are
registered. If the morph volumes do not appear to be morphing nodes inside them, you may
need to register those nodes. (See the update mvols subpanel for more details.)
Although morph volumes can be created, edited, and deleted in this panel, the actual
morphing of morph volumes is performed either in the Morph panel, where you can move
the handles, or the map to geom panel, where you can map morph volume edges to a
variety of entities. Morph volumes behave very much like domains (by moving the handles
associated with the morph volumes the enclosed mesh can be manipulated) but morph
volumes have the additional feature that you can morph them independently of the enclosed
mesh. For instance, if you wish to change the shape of your morph volumes without
affecting the mesh you can set the morph volumes to be inactive. This allows you to use all
of the morphing capabilities to modify the shape and position of your morph volumes to
better fit your mesh. Then you can switch the morph volumes back to being active and use
them to morph the mesh.
Note that when you set your morph volumes back to being active, you may be asked
whether you want to remove the inactive handle perturbations from the morph list. Clicking
yes, which is recommended, will make it so that the undo and redo buttons do not undo
and redo the inactive movements of your morph volumes. Clicking no will treat the morph
volume perturbations just like any other morphing. The toggle that allows you to switch
morph volumes between being active and inactive can be found in the parameters
subpanel of the Morph Volumes panel, and in the morphing subpanel of the Morph
Options panel. (See the parameters subpanel for more details.)
The green colored cross moves to the location of the black dot.
4. Click split.
The morph volume is split into two. Follow the same steps to create another split at
location2.
6. Click morph.
Rotate the model to observe that the b-pillar is morphed.
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Chapter 6: HyperMorph
Summary
The b-pillar is morphed in a smooth fashion with minimum distortion to the elements.
The Map to geom panel does not include any subpanels, but its layout changes
dynamically depending on the options chosen, beginning with the type of geometry you wish
to map to.
You can complete inputs in any order, but since the panel layout can alter depending on the
inputs chosen, it is best to work from left to right to avoid negating any settings you've
already made if an "earlier" input setting changes the options for inputs you have already
selected.
Some of the types of geometry that can be mapped are shown below.
The following is an example of Map to Geom. The marked nodes and line are selected in
the picture on the left and the fit to line option chosen. The picture on the right shows the
results of clicking the automap button. HyperMesh distributes the selected nodes along the
specified line, and the rest of the mesh stretches to accommodate the mapping.
In the following example the highlighted morph volume edges are mapped to the line while
the dimmed edges are selected as follower edges. The highlighted edges are mapped
directly to the line while the follower edges are given a similar morphing. Note that the
number of handles per edge was increased to three to improve the accuracy of the
mapping.
The User Control panel can also be used to place handles and edge domains before the
previously selected mapping operation takes place. This capability is useful when mapping a
mesh to a surface. After selecting the mesh and surface you can go to the User Control
panel and fit each edge of the mesh to the lines around the surface. Then when you map,
the mesh will be fit to the surface.
8. Click map.
Summary
The profile of the bumper is changed to follow the new section line.
Chapter 7
Tools
Process
1. Create materials and enter values into them using the Model Browser or material
collector icon .
2. Create properties and enter values into them. Material collectors can be associated
with properties during creation. Use the Model Browser or property collector icon
to create the properties.
3. Create component collectors and organize entities into them. Property collectors
can be associated with components during creation or properties can be assigned
directly to elements. Use the Model Browser or component collector icon to
create the components.
NOTE: Steps 1-3 can be done using the Model Browser in a single step. When
creating a component collector it is possible to also create and associate properties
and materials.
Supported Entities:
FE Loading
o Loads (constraint, force, pressure, moment, temperature, flux, velocity,
acceleration)
o Equations (mathematical link between nodes)
o Contacts
o Groups (defines contact between entities)
o Contact Surfs (defines a list of entities that can be used as master or slave in
a group)
Reference Entities
o Sets (a simple list of a particular type of entity)
o Blocks (a list of entities contained within a box shape)
Coordinate Entities
o Systems (coordinate axes)
o Vectors
Plotting
o Curves (X-Y data)
o Plots (a display of curves with axes)
Output Requests
o Loadsteps (combinations of load collectors)
o Output Blocks (request output from an analysis for certain entities)
Control cards (job-level, global parameters for the analysis)
Loads on Geometry
HyperMesh allows the user to place loads on geometry before the mesh is ever created.
Then using the BCs > Loads on Geometry pull-down, those loads will be mapped to the
elements that were created from that geometry. This is a time saving advantage as the user
only needs to pick one, or at most a few, geometric entities to ultimately create hundreds or
even thousands of loads or constraints.
To use this, change the entity selector from a node or element selection to a geometric
selection such as surfs or lines.
Then after the part is meshed, using the Loads on Geometry function, the loads will be
automatically mapped to elements created from that geometry.
The card editing panel for the PSHELL card is now opened. The only value that needs
to be entered in this card is [T], thickness.
This will establish a thickness of 19 mm for the thickness of the pressure hull when this
property is applied to the elements representing the hull.
10. Click return.
The Create component dialog box will reopen.
11. Click the Material tab and select Assign material.
12. Enter Steel for the name.
13. For Card Image select MAT1 (A Linear Elastic Isotropic Material)
14. Assign it a unique color.
17. Click [E], [NU] and [RHO] to open the fields beneath them.
These fields are the material properties for the material being created and are defined as
follows:
2. Using the techniques explored in the previous step, create a property with the name
Ribs with the following settings:
Card image = PSHELL
Material = Steel
Thickness = 13
2. Name it Pressure.
3. Assign it a unique color
4. Leave the Card image as none
5. Create the load collector.
As this component was created prior to the creation of the properties, it is now
necessary to assign the Rib property to this component.
3. From the Model Browser, select component “Ribs” and right click on “Edit”
4. The Edit component dialog box will open, click on Property tab
5. Set the Assign property checkbox.
6. In the Name field select the Ribs property.
7. Click update.
8. In the Name field select the Ribs property.
1. Go to View > Toolbars > HyperMesh > Checks toolbar, select the Normals
icon .
2. In the elements sub-panel select all of the elements in the Hull collector.
The element normals should be pointing outward from the hull, so if they are not, click
reverse normals.
4. Make the Pressure Load Collector current.
5. From the BCs pull-down, proceed to the Create > Pressures panel.
6. In the create sub-panel, select the elements in the Hull collector.
7. Set the magnitude = to -3.0. (This value is in MPa and corresponds to the
approximate pressure at a depth of 300 meters)
The direction switch under the magnitude field allows for the direction of the pressure to
be set. If this value is NOT set then the default is to make the pressure normal to the
element. The value previously entered was negative so that the pressure is opposite the
element normal and thus directed inwards.
8. Change the magnitude%= toggle to uniform size = and set it to 200.
This option establishes the size of the arrow that will graphically represent the load.
Magnitude% will make the arrow length the set percentage of the value of the load in
model units. For example in our case of a 3.0 magnitude load, a magnitude%= value of
200 would result in a load arrow of 6 units in length. Uniform size will set the length to
the set number of model units regardless of the magnitude value.
9. Click the load types= button and select PLOAD.
PLOAD is the standard pressure loading card in RADIOSS. For explanations of other
types of pressures and loads you can consult the online help files.
10. Create the pressures. The model should now look similar to this picture.
Step 9: Constraints
Constraints hold the model in place. Without them any force applied to the model would
send it flying off. Constraints typically represent the physical restrictions on a part, some
examples being welds, fasteners or other parts that constrain the part and allow it to
resist the forces applied. These are represented through the use of an SPC (single point
constraint) which restricts the movement of a single node in any of 6 degrees of freedom
(X,Y Z translational and X,Y,Z rotational)
In the case of this model, a special constraining system called Symmetric Constraining is
used. This is a common practice when analyzing a part with some form of symmetry. In
the case of this Submarine Hull model, it represents ¼ of the complete hull circle.
Analyzing only part of a symmetric model saves time in both model setup and analysis.
The results can be assumed to be identical across planes of symmetry, assuming the
loading is also identical across the plane.
1. From the Model Browser, select Load Collector “Pressure” and right click on “Hide”
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6. Using a box select (HINT: Shift-Left Mouse Drag a box) to pick the nodes shown in the
image below.
7. Click create.
8. Select and de-select the appropriate check boxes so that the only DOFs selected are 3,
4 and 5.
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Chapter 7: Analysis Setup
9. Using a box select pick the nodes shown in the image below.
14. You will have to manually select the nodes at the end of the ribs, component “Ribs”. on
see image below.
1. From the Setup pull-down, proceed to the Create > Control Cards panel.
2. Find the FORMAT card. (Use the next button move scroll through the cards).
5. Click return and then use next to find the SCREEN card.
6. Set the SCREEN_V1 to OUT.
NOTE: Your LoadCollector ID’s may differ from those above, do not copy the values
above.
6. Create the Load Step.
3. After the settings are made, click the Radioss button to being the analysis
4. A new window will open to show the Radioss analysis is running
5. When the message “ANALYSIS COMPLETED” appears, the run is complete and the
window can be closed.
Chapter 8
Capstone Project
Section 1: Bringing it all together.
At this point all of the major introductory topics have been discussed, demonstrated and
tried. Now it is time to put them all together and experience a project on the full process that
the engineer will experience using HyperMesh in a real world situation. This final exercise
will cover the following topics:
Importing a Model
Geometry Cleanup
1D Meshing
2D Meshing
3D Meshing
Analysis Setup
Model Loading
Analysis
Post Processing
Each of these topics has been covered in previous chapters and the student is encouraged
to use this manual as a reference guide to assist in performing these tasks.
HINT: The hole locations are important as we will be attaching the solar panels at their
location after we mesh. Make sure there is a fixed point at each hole location so a node
will be placed there in the mesh.
NU: 0.400
RHO: 1.0e-09
4. Create a Property for the elements that will make up the Body of the satellite.
Type: 2D
Name: Body-Aluminum
Card image: PSHELL
Material: Aluminum
Thickness: 5.00mm
5. Create a Property for the elements that will make up the Electronics.
Type: 3D
Name: Electronics
Card image: PSOLID
Material: Electronics
6. Create a Property for the elements that will make up the SolarPanels.
Type: 2D
Name: SolarPanels
Card image: PSHELL
Material: SolarPanels
Thickness: 1.50mm
7. Create a Property for the elements that will make up the Engine.
Type: 3D
Name: Engine
Card image: PSOLID
Material: Aluminum
8. Assign the properties to the appropriate components.
HINT: The Components view can help.
3. With the solids now meshed, mesh the body of the Satellite with an element size of 100.
Assure good mesh pattern and quality as the quality of the analysis is highly dependent
on mesh quality.
TIP: Avoid using automatic element cleanup as it can cause distortion in solid elements
that are connected to shells.
HINT: Differences in mesh densities for edges across from each other cause trias.
Projecting points to edges can help mesh pattern problems around nodes enforced by
fixed points.
4. Mesh the Solar Panels with an element size of 200.
The analysis we will be conducting is an Inertial Relief Analysis. This method was
specifically designed to study spacecraft and aircraft in flight. The difficulty of studying
situations such as those is the lack of a constraint system. Free flying objects are not
constrained in a traditional manner so the SPC (Single Point Constraint) we have used
up to now will not work for this type of study. Instead we shall define a structure of
SUPORT1 constraints. These work to limit Rigid Body Motion (movement of the entire
structure without deformation) but do not constrain the body against local deformation
and thus are ideal for studying a free flying object.
An inertial relief analysis can only have 6 TOTAL Degrees Of Freedom (DOF)
constrained. When creating the SUPORT1 constraint system, the exact location of the
constraints is not critical but typically follows this pattern:
a) Create a SUPORT1 constraint at an extreme location of the part with X,Y and Z
translational DOF constrained (1,2 and 3).
b) Pick another node at an extreme location and whichever direction that node is
from the original node, that DOF is removed. For example, if to reach the second
node you traveled in the Z axis direction, the Z DOF (3) would be removed
making a new DOF of 1 and 2.
c) For the final location, pick one more extreme position and remove the DOF that
corresponds to the direction moved from the constraint created in step b. For
example, if you traveled in the Y axis direction from the “b” constraint, you would
remove the Y DOF (2) and would make the final constraint DOF 1 only.
3. Now a force needs to be applied to the thruster. While it is not entirely representative of
an engine giving thrust, what we will do is to place a distributed force on the nodes of the
flat outer ring of the engine. The net force we will place on the thruster is 500N.
Because this net force is to be split across many nodes, we need to calculate the portion
of the force that will be applied on each node.
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Chapter 8: Capstone Project
8. In the PARAM control card, activate the INREL keyword and give it a value of -1.
This value indicates it is an Inertia Relief Analysis with SUPORT1 constraints. For more
information about the PARAM, or any other control card, consult the RADIOSS Bulk
Data Format Reference Guide in the HELP Documentation.
The final step in setting up an analysis is to define a LOAD STEP. The load step is a
combination of loads and constraints that represent an analysis in the solver. There can
be multiple load steps in a single model containing any combination of defined loads and
constraints. This saves time as multiple runs of a solver can be defined in one model.
9. Create a Linear Static Load Step that combines the Supports Constraints and the Thrust
Force.
HINT: Remember that the Supports are SUPORT1 loads and NOT SPCs. Make sure
you reference them in the correct location.
The model is now set to run. Save it.
Keep in mind though that it costs roughly $3,000-$4,000 per Pound to place something
in Low Earth Orbit and closer to $10,000/lb for a Geosynchronous Orbit, so try to
engineer the design and not just “beef it up!”
Appendix A
HyperWorks
Collaboration Tools
HyperWorks Collaboration Tools is a set of modules that deliver enterprise features and
functionality to HyperWorks users. Tightly integrated into the HyperWorks suite of
applications, HWE includes: With the HyperWorks Desktop collaboration tools, you can
explore and organize your personal data, collaborate in teams, and connect to other
data sources, such as corporate PLM systems to access CAD data.
Section 1: Benefits
HyperWorks Collaboration Tools provides many benefits that challenge users and team
managers to manage their CAD data. Some of these benefits are listed below:
• Well organized container for each project type
• Centralized location of project data files
• Easy access for team members
• Version controlled project data files
• Real time monitoring for individual projects
• Does not require any additional software installation
Explore Dialog
The Explore dialog provides access to data and information, beyond what is possible
through typical file browse dialogs. This additional and enhanced access, consisting of
keyword searching, as well as metadata based querying and full text searches, is
provided through the Explore dialog, which is an extension of the standard file dialog and
the Organize Browser.
Repository
A repository, is where data, information, and associated files are located. A Personal
repository is used where you want the contents to be versioned, allowing for full lineage
of the content and the files are moved to the library’s managed file staging area.
Library
Libraries can be created within a repository to logically organize or group the contents
stored within a repository. Most commonly library used is the CAE library. The CAE
library already has the necessary built-in content definitions for CAE content types
(HyperMesh model, result files, solver deck, etc..).
Common terminology used with the HyperWorks Desktop collaboration features.
HyperWorks Collaboration Tools features are mostly setup within the HyperWorks
Organize Browser.
The Organize Browser user interface can be accessed within HyperWorks Desktop by
clicking on the top window pull-down menu:
View > Browsers > HyperWorks > Organize.
The first step to use any part of the Collaboration tools is to setup a library. The library
will store all the files you wish to be part of that given library.
C:/My_HWCT/Libraries
2. The Organize Browser user interface can be accessed within HyperWorks
Desktop by clicking on the top window pull-down menu.
Go to View >Browsers > HyperWorks > Organize to open the Organize
Browser.
4. Click the Repository: arrow and select Personal from the list.
7. Click OK.
Once you have created your personal library, then the next step is to populate it with
files. You can simply add files one at a time, or by directories.
C:/Program Files/Altair/12.0/demos
5. Click OK.
8. When the indexing process has completed (will take few minutes), a confirmation
dialog will appear asking to refresh the Organize browser. Click Yes.
Once your library has been populated with your CAE files, the Organize browser
provides a simple searching tool to find any files in a given library.
1. Right click in the Content browser and then click Show Find from the Context
menu.
2. Click the Options for searching icon and click Use Wildcards.
4. Press Enter.
Once you have found the proper file, you can quickly load in the model by simply right-
clicking on the file and click option to load in the file.
3. Right click on the cleaned_up_geom.hm file and from the Context menu click
Load HM model.
4. The model will load automatically into the HyperMesh graphics area to the right.
The Organize browser as a built-in feature that extracts the meta-data for each file that
has been populated into a given a library.
While the files are being imported into a library, it also indexes and categorizes each of
the file’s meta-data.
These CAE meta-data can come in handy when you want to quickly review the
properties of each file without loading into HyperWorks.
2. Click Show/Hide Properties icon from the Content browser tool bar.
3. A sub panel should appear below to the Content browser showing the
Properties panel.
On each instance when a file has been updated and checked-in; it will record a new
version number into a library. This feature helps to track the number instances of that file
has been checked-in. However, more importantly users can retrieve a particular version
of that same file to review what changes were made.
2. Right click on anyone of the files from the Content browser to access the
Context menu.
If this file has multiple in-checks, you will see the different version umbers under the
Version column.
5. To return back to the main Organize browser, click on the blue arrow icon .