Kind of Reading Text

There are several types of texts that exist and are used in English writing. The following is an
explanation of the types of texts in English.
1. Descriptive Text
 Descriptive is a text that contains a detailed description of an object so that the
object is real.
 The purpose of descriptive is to give a detailed description of a person, object,
or situation so that it seems real to the reader.
 Descriptive text structure consist of :
a) Identification : contains of general description of the object to be
described.
b) Description : contains a detailed description of the object described.
Example of descriptive text taken from the 2012 English High School UN National Exam are
as follows :

My Garden

I love gardening. I have a small garden in my backyard. In the garden, there are some
flowers. They are daffodils, Cambodian flowers, orchids, red roses and white lilies. My
oldest daughter, Annisa, is crazy about red roses. She always helps me watering the
flowers in the afternoon. I love all the flowers in my garden.

The identification in this example is a garden or garden and the description is that the park
has a lot of flowers and is often watered by Annisa during the day.
2. Narrative Text
 The narrative text is a text that contains stories and stories of events that
follow the author’s timeline.
 Narrative text is usually used as entertainment for the reader with a varienty of
events as if the incident was actually experienced by the reader.
 The structure of the narrative text is a follows :
a) Orientation : contains the introduction of the story to be appointed
usually there are is an introduction to the characters and other
backgrounds.
b) Complication : contains the core of the story that is marked by
conflicts that occur against the character of the story.
c) Resolution : the final part of a story that is marked by conflict
resolution.
d) Coda : contains conclusions from the story.
Example of narrative text quoted from Aesop’s fable’s story are as follows :

The Mouse And The Frog

Once, there was a mouse which made of close friendship with a frog.

One day, the frog said to the mouse; “Let’s bind ourselves together with a string so that
we may never get separated”. The mouse agreed. Bpth tied themselves together leg to leg.
It went quite well on land. When they came to a small pool, it was a tragic for the mouse.

In the end, the frog kept swimming across the small pool dragging the mouse with him.
Soon, the mouse drowned and floated on the surface of the pool.

The orientation in the example is that there is a mouse that is good friends with frogs.
Complication on the part where rats and frogs agree to bind themselves with a piece of rope
so that they are not separated. But it was a disaster for rats when they reached the pond.
Resolution and coda on the frogs that keep swimming across the pond while dragging mice
that have floated on the surface.
3. Report Text
 Report is the text that contains information about what is happening in a scope
 the general purpose of the report text is to provide a general description of
recent events through systematic observation and analysis.
 The structure of the report is as follows.
a. General classification: contains a general description of an event.
b. Description: contains a description of the event to be conveyed.
An example of a report text is as follows:
Thunder Lightning
Thunder Lightning is a sudden, shocked, and very fost electric force between the cloud and
ground, or between clouds. The speed of thunder con be severol miles lung. Itis so hat, with
an average temperature of 34,000 "Celsius, that causes the surrounding air to suddenly
exponiding with a loud explosion and sounds. This 1s why sometimes we can hear thunder.
When the cloudy rises high enough, the miaisture treezes and reates crystal ices and
anowflakes.It begins to fall, pushing the rain on the way down: ThiS AS more humid, roiny
water, and it is the friction between those that generate static electricity. When the claud is
fuily charged with electricity, it will burst as a flash of lightning So lightning suddenly
appears before the rain and tne sounds are very loud.
In the example above, the general classification is on the explanation that lightning is a
sudden electric friction. arrived, instantaneously, and very quickly between the cloud with
the ground or between the cloud and the cloud The next sentence entered in the description
4. Recount Text
 Recount text is a form ks which is usually used to relate past events.
 he main characteristic of recount text is the past tense.
  The structure of the recount is as follows.
a) Orientation: opening paragraph containing an introduction and
background to the event.
b) Events: paragraphs containing events that have been experienced by
the subject.
c) Reorientation; contains conclusions from events experienced.
Examples of recount text can be seen in the paragraph below:
School Holiday

On my fantastic school holidays I had a lot of things to do. first, I went to my best friend’s
house for a sleep over because my whole family went out. I also went to the cinema with
my lover to see movie. it was a very funny movie. the next morning o went to my
grandparent’s house with my dad and my brother. my mother did not join us because she
had to to do with her job activities. on the second Monday I went to the cinemas again to
see monsters university. it was really funny movie. my favorite character was the
wazowski. I went to see that movie with my mom and my brother. when it came to
Wednesday, taylor came for a play and we had a picnic at the park but after a while taylor
had to go home earlier. that wa a great holiday.

5. Procedure text
 Procedure text contains text that explains the steps and how to do things
correctly.
 structure in the procedure text consists of :
a. contains exposure to the purpose of the process of making something
b. contains goods and objects used in the manufacturing process
c. contains the process and steps of making something
An example is like the text below :

How to make coffee

Tools and Materials :
Air sugar coffee spoon teapot
The steps :
 Boil some air first
 The second take two coffee spoons and put 2 cups in a glass
 Next pour hot air into the glass
 Then stir slowly
 Finally your coffee is ready to drink

6. Review Text
 A review is a text that contains comments and evaluations about a particular
product the
 parameters of the text review are as follows
a. contains an introduction to the item or product
b. contains the assessment of the goods or products discussed
c. contains the evaluation and comments of the author of the goods or
products
An example of a text review can be seen in the paragraph below
Norwegian Wood by Haruki Murakami
Orientation
I undoubtedly love the this novel Norwegian wood and it will always hold a special place in
my heart forever
Evaluation 1
I have to say that I have been reading many novels, however, this was my favorite.
Evaluation 2
On the very first chapter, the story begun so playful, fresh, and desperately romantic. By the
chapters, the story narrated so great and made me feel so in love.
Interpretation
The novel entitled Norwegian Wood but it's not about the real wood in somewhere of
Norwegian However, the setting of place is in Japan, far away from Norwegian places.
Indeed, it's something absurd to guess where the Norwegian wood is
However, the novel must inspired by Rolling Stone masterpiece's in the same title Norwegian
Wood. The song is the same absurd as the Norwegian Wood. Thus, it implies something deep,
dramatic, and
touching sense that I can say it in words.
Summary
The "real" story about Norwegian Wood is because the first female character love that
Rolling Stone's masterpiece. In the end of the novel, the Norwegian Wood novel being played
by the first male character

7. Spoof Text
 Spoof is a text that contains a funny event or experience that someone has
experienced.
 The structure of the spoof text consists of.
a) Orientation: contains the introduction and opening of the story.
b) Event: contains a description of the story experienced.
c) Twist: contains the end of the story.
An example of spoof text can be seen in the paragraph below
Old Man and The Bus
One day an old man stood up on a bus halt. He looked waiting something. Then he asked to a
young man near him, "Excuse me, what time is the bus to Bandung?"
"5 minutes later," the young man answered. "What about the bus to Semarang?" the old man
asked again. "Around 10 minutes later," the young man answered briefly "Where are you
going to go, Sir?"
"I just wanna cross this street. I'm afraid they hit me," the old mananswered then walked
crossing the street

8. Anecdote Text
Anecdote text in English is a text to tell weird things that usually happened in the past.
Besides, anecdote text also serves to entertain the reader through the story.
 Generic Structure Anecdote Text :
a) Abstract: the beginning of the story of an event.
b) Orientation : start introducing settings or settings for an event.
c) Crisis : contains the oddities that occur in the story.
d) Reaction : begin to end the peculiarities that occur.
e) Coda : contains conclusions or mandates in the story.

The sentence that tells the activities carried out while on vacation. Then the event in this paragraph is
when discussing his experiences sleeping at a friend's house and watching a movie with his family.
Then the reorientation was found in the last sentence when Angelina came to play and the subject felt
that her vacation was very pleasant.

The Whole Word Stinks

By John C. Maxwell
Wise man and philosophers throughout the ages have disagreed on many things, but many
are in unanimous agreement on one point: “We become what we think about.” Ralph
Waldo Emerson said, “A man is what he thinks about all day long.” The Roman emperor
Marcus Aurelius put it this way, “A man’s life is what his thoughts make of it.” In the Bible
we find “As man thinks in his heart, so is he.”
One Sunday afternoon, a cranky grandfather was visiting his family. As he lay down to take a
nap, his grandson decided to have a little fun by putting Limburger cheese on Grandfather’s
mustache. Soon, grandpa awoke with a snort and charged out of the bedroom saying, “This
room stinks” Through the house he went, finding every room smelling the same.
Desperately he made his way outside only to find that “The whole world stinks!”
So it is when we fill our minds with negativism, Everything we experience and everybody we
encounter will carry the scent we hold in our mind.

9. New Item text

 New item text in English is the text that presents a new story
 The aim is to provide the most updated information that occurs
 Generic structure news item
a) Main event : Contains headlines about something that happened.
b) Background : Contains where the event took place
c) Source : The source from which the news originates.

10. Explanation Text

 Explanation text in English is text that explains the occurrence of an event
clearly and completely and in detail.
 Generic structure explanation text
a) Tittle : The tittle or theme that we will explain.
b) Definition : The definition of the text.
c) Description : A description of that matter.
 d) Process : An explanation of the process that occurs.
e) Application : Contains the application or application.

An example of explanation text can be seen in the paragraph below

Explanation Text Tsunami

In Indonesia, we are very familiar with the word “Tsunami”. This natural disaster has ever
killed thousands of lives in Banda Aceh a few years ago, Indonesia mourned, the word
moumed. Then, how the Tsunami happens? Here is a brief explanation of the process of
how the Asian tsunami happens.

Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the displacement of large
amounts of water in the ocean, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and
meteors that fall to Earth. However, 90% of tsunamis is the result of underwater
earthquakes.

Vertical movement in the Earth’s crust in the bottom of the ocean causes a sudden up or
down movement of sea floor which then causes the water balance disorders above it. This
disturbance causes the occurrence of the flow of the massive sea water energy, that once it
reaches the shore, it becomes huge waves resulting Tsunami.

11. Discussion text

 Discussion text is a text that contains a discussion or debate (discourse) on a
large scale so as to cause pros and cons to the community and the public.
 The purpose of the discussion text is to present an issue or information by
describing some opinions expressed are contradictory (pros and cons). So it
can be concluded that the writer made the text based on discourse in society.
 Discussion text structure
1. Issue / issue
In this section are usually located at the beginning of the paragraph
that contains the placement of the problem or issue to be discussed /
debated.
2. Supporting points / supporting points
In this section, the authors present opinions that support the (pro)
issue. Each supporting point consists of two components including the
main idea of the paragraph and the elaboration or description of the
main idea of paragraph.
3. Contrasting points / Comparison point points
In this section, the author presents opinions that oppose the issue or
problem (contra). As in the paragraph supporting points,
contrasting points also present two forming components,
namely the main idea of the paragraph and the elaboration or
description of main idea of the paragraph.
 4. Conclusion or Recommendation / Conclusion or Recommendation
In this section the authors present conclusions or can also
recommend the issues / discourse or issue that have been discussed.
Three people have been killed and eight others injured in a hand grenade blast at a packed
village nightclub.
The explosion in Idvor, north of Belgarde, occurred at 2:30 a.m. Sunday (0030 GMT Sunday,
8:30 p.m. EDT Saturday) when a man activated the grenade at the entrance to the club.
About 150 costumers were inside at the time.
Such incidents aren’t unusual in Serbia since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s when
many hand grenades and firearms were taken home from warfronts.
Serbia’s state TV says the man was angry because he and three of his friends were refused
entry by the club’s security. He and one of his friends were killed in the blast.

Example Discussion Text

What are the pros and cons of falling in love with your best friend?
Everyone must have best friend in their lives. A best friend is someone you believe you can trust your
life with. A best friend is the first person you call if you have the most amazing things in your life,
and when you are in the most horrific incidents. But, what if you fall in love with your best friends? If
you have decided to choose your best friend as someone you will share your life with, there is a lot of
consider. Take a moment to consider the advantages and disadvantages of taking your friendship to
the next level.
Having a serious relationship with someone you’ve only been best friends until now may not be an
easy task, but the following advantages may just make taking the risk worth it. Firstly, you have
already laid the groundwork. A strong emotional bond is a strong foundation to any successful
relationship. Next, you can bypass the awkward stuff. The good news about dating your best friend is
that you can simply enjoy the excitement of taking your relationship to the next level. Besides, you
have already had a solid emotional bond and have shared history of togetherness such as graduating
from the same university together or gathering family by your side. Having shared important
moments in each other’s lives will make your connection stronger and even more likely to last.
On the other side, dating your best friend has also some disadvantages. Before taking a romantic
relationship with your best friend, take a moment to consider the following drawback. First, are you
willing to make sacrifice? What if it doesn’t last? If you break up, you might loss your friendship
forever. Second, there is always a possibility for not having a mutual feeling between both of you.
Decide in advance what your plans might be if your friend does not reciprocate: can you continue
your friendship with him/her? Could you take it if he/she dates someone else? Third, although you’ll
bypass the awkward getting-to-know-you stage, missing out on discovering a new person, their
personality and their interests could prove to be a little boring for you.
While there are risks involved with confessing romantic feelings to there are risks involved with
confessing romantic feelings to your best friend, it is worth remembering that the greatest and most
successful relationship often grow from great friendship, and it might just be the best decision you’ll
ever make.
Argument 2
Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done but it will be hard for them.
Conventionally studying in the university needs much time to spend especially in the first year. It is
true because they have to do and adapt a lot of things in their new higher school. It will be very hard
to looking for job. Therefore it should come to their mind of continuing studying at higher school
from their own home. As result, the available time will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very
possible to seek job and get the appropriate one. This type of studying is publicly known as distance
learning.
Recommendation
As the alternative method of studying which student and the lecturer hare to meet in the fixed
time and place regularly, distance learning provides possibility to grow better. Possibly working and
studying surely will create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a considerable
choice for them.

12. Hortatory Exposition Text

Hortatory Exposition Text is a type of text that biases arguments or reasons to
support opinions. This aims to influence the reader to do something or act in a certain
way.
Generic structure Hortatory Exposition Text:
There are 3 kinds of structure in sentences or paragraphs of Hortatory Exposition text,
namely:
1. Thesis / A Main Ideas Introduction:
Thesis contains about removing the main ideas of the author of about an event or
event that will be appointed or discussed. This consists of the author's point of view
(thesis), preview of the argument that follows the next section, and the question of
the emotional membership to get attention readings.
2. Argument
Arguments contain about opinions that support the author's main idea. More and
more opinions the author writes, the more interesting a Hortatory Exposition Text
that, because readers tend to believe in an event if there are many supporting
opinions in it.
Using arguments are usually to support about the thesis, therefore we need a few
requirements, explained as follows:
 A new paragraph is used for each argument
 Each new paragraph begins with a topic sentence
 After topic sentence there are details to support the argument
 Emotive words are used to persuade readers to trust the author
3. Recommendation
Recommendation contains about statement about recommendations or author’s
invitation to the readers to do something that has to do with a thesis and an
argument.
Example of hortatory experience about here should be after High School?
 13. Analytical Exposition Text
 Analytical exposition text is a text or writing that describes the opinion of the
author about the phenomena that are happening around us
 The communicative purpose of analytical proposition is to convince the reader
that the topic presented is an important to discussed or get attention by giving
argument or opinions that support the main idea or topic
 Generic Structure Analytical Exposition :
1. Thesis
In the Thesis section, the author introduces the topic or idea to discussed.
Thesis is always in the first paragraph in Analytical Exposition.
2. Arguments
In this section the author presents argument or opinions that support the
main idea of the author, usually in Analytica Exposition Text there are more
than two argument. The more argument presented the more trust reader that
the topic that is very important or requires attention
3. Reiteration
This section is the closing part of an Analytical Exposition Text which is
always located at the end of a paragraph. Reiteration consist of rewriting or
replacing the main idea contained in the first paragraph. Reiteration is also
commonly called a conclusion and sometimes contains recommendation.

Example:
Garbage service need improvement
There have been many complaints recently about the ABC garbage election service. The
official department has agreed that the service needs improvement. But nothing has been
done!
In some streets the garbage is collected only once a month because the workmen are not
supervised. In other streets, collection is more frequent but half of the garbage is left in the
road. The workmen are too lazy to pick it up and pull it in the trucks.
In some parts of the colony, house-holders are dumping their garbage on the waste land. This
is dangerous and an unhealthy to do. These ‘dumps’ may catch fire and they will certainly
attract rats and cat flies.
It is the duty of the official department to collect all the garbage efficiently and regularly.