Professional Documents
Culture Documents
W ATKINS
Warren Atkins graduated with a BA
from Sydney University and an MA from
Macquarie University. Warren worked as a
Mathematics teacher in NSW high schools,
then as a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty
of Education at the University of Canberra.
He is now retired but still holds the position
of Chairman of the Problems Committee
for the AMC and is Editor of Mathematics
Competition, the journal of the World
Federation of National Mathematics
Competitions.
T h e A u s T r A l i A n M AT h e M AT i c s T r u s T IS BN 978-1-876420-07-9 5
A MT P u b l i s h i n g
e n r i c h M e n T s e r i e s
Published by
A MT P u b l i s h i n g
• F O RE W O R D 3
• P RE F A C E 5
1. DI O PHANTIN E EQ U ATIO N S 9
S ol u tio ns 21
3. W H EN TH ING S M O VE 89
S o l utio ns 112
4. GE O M ETR Y 129
S o l utio ns 179
RE F E RE N C ES 21 3
ProblemProblem
Solving Solving
via the AMC
via the AMC
Foreward
Foreward
W ithCompetition
WoverithCompetition
half
overa half
million
a million
for thefor
1992 entries,
Westpac
1992 entries,
the Westpac
Awards
the Australian
Awards
the Australian
is one is
of one
Mathematics
the of
world’s
Mathematics
the world’s
great great
mathematics
mathematics
competitions.
competitions.
There There
are many
are reasons
many reasons for this. forCertainly
this. Certainly
a significant
a significant
factor factor
in its in
extraordinary
its extraordinary
successsuccess
has been has its been
annual
its annual
collection
collection
of motivating
of motivating
and exciting
and exciting
questions
questions
. . . an. annual
. . an annual
infusion
infusion
of of
rich ideas
rich into
ideasthousands
into thousands
of schools
of schools
in Australia,
in Australia,
New Zealand
New Zealandand theand the
South South
West Pacific.
West Pacific.
“These“These
questions
questions
are intelligent,
are intelligent,
well put well
and
puthave
and have
the property
the property
of beingof challenging
being challenging
and interesting
and interesting
. . . the .questions
. . the questions
come come
as close
astoclose
making
to making
the point
theas
point
can as
be can
done.”
be done.”
said the saideminent
the eminent
American
American
mathematician,
mathematician,
Paul Halmos.
Paul Halmos.
So withSotwo
with
important
two important
basic ingredients,
basic ingredients,
a rich source
a rich source
of beautiful
of beautiful
ques- ques-
tions and
tionsthe
andworld’s
the world’s
largestlargest
database
database
of achievement
of achievement
in mathematics,
in mathematics,
the author
the author
has taken
has up
taken
theup
challenge
the challenge
to counter
to counter
the claim
the that
claimperhaps
that perhaps
certaincertain
topics topics
shouldshould
not benot
included
be included
in the in
school
the school
curriculum
curriculum
as sixteen
as sixteen
year old
year
students’
old students’
achievement
achievement
is no better
is no better
than that
thanofthat
thirteen
of thirteen
year oldyear old
students.
students.
The author
The author
has thehas
conviction
the conviction
that this
that
lack
this
oflack
improvement
of improvement
in in
achievement
achievement
is mainly
is mainly
due to due
the to
lack
theoflack
suchofexperiences
such experiences
in the in
present
the present
school school
curriculum.
curriculum.
As a result
As a result
he hashe
produced
has produced
a booka which
book which
will provide
will provide
what Iwhat
consider
I consider
will bewill
a great
be a resource
great resource
for thefor
enrichment
the enrichment
of mathematics
of mathematics
learning
learning
in in
secondary
secondary
schoolsschools
everywhere.
everywhere.
I congratulate
I congratulate
the author,
the author,
WarrenWarren
Atkins,Atkins,
for a splendid
for a splendid
book and
bookI wish
and Ihim
wishevery
him success
every success
with its
with
publication.
its publication.
Peter J.
Peter
OHalloran,
J. OHalloran,
Executive
Executive
Director,
Director,
Australian
Australian
Mathematics
Mathematics
Competition,
Competition,
September
September
1992. 1992.
* * ** * *
3 3
Problem Solving via the AMC
Preface
T hisof approximately
book consists of the discussion and the development of solutions
150 problems set in the Australian Mathematics
Competition for the years 1978 to 1991. These problems have been
chosen from the topics of Diophantine Equations, Counting Techniques,
Motion and Rates of Change, and Geometry.
This book and the selection of topics for the chapters was a direct result
of some investigation done with Gilah Leder from Monash University.
It followed on her analysis of responses to questions in the Competition
which were common to more than one of the age division papers. This
analysis showed a range of problems where students achieved no better
in the later years than students in the earlier years. While there is
the occasional problem which is very difficult, it is my view that the
lack of improvement in most of these skill areas is not due to the
inappropriateness of the skill for the particular age or grade level, but
rather that the appropriate problem solving skills are not emphasised
5
Problem Solving via the AMC
Acknowledgements
For the cover design and illustrations for this edition I must thank Fiona
Wilson of the Australian Mathematics Trust.
Warren Atkins,
Faculty of Education,
University of Canberra,
March 1996.
6
Problem Solving via the AMC
Chapter 1
Diophantine Equations
x + y = 5.
This equation has an infinite number of solutions when the set of real
numbers is considered. As a general rule however, in problem situations
that arise there are other constraints that help us narrow down the
possibilities to a small number of cases or even to a unique solution.
Consider the above equation. If we restrict the possible values of x and
y to non-negative integers (i.e. the positive integers and zero), we have
the six solutions for (x, y):
(0, 5); (1, 4); (2, 3); (3, 2); (4, 1) and (5, 0).
Note also that the pair of values x = 0 and y = 5, for example, represents
one solution to the equation.
9
Problem Solving via the AMC
6m + 1 = 11n + 6
i.e. 6m − 11n = 5
10
Problem Solving via the AMC
x + y + xy = 34,
find x + y.
Alternative 1:
Looking at the left hand side of the equation x + y + xy = 34, we may
see that
x + y + xy = (x + 1)(y + 1) − 1
so that the equation may be written as
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 35
11
Problem Solving via the AMC
While we cannot differentiate between the two cases and determine the
actual values for x and y, we can say from the symmetry (or by adding
the equations in either case) that
x+y = 6+4 = 10.
Alternative 2:
If we did recognise the factorisation given above, a standard approach is
to write the equation in such a way that we can systematically list the
possibilities.
This we can do by expressing one of the variables in terms of the other.
In this case it does not matter which of the two variables in terms of the
other as the equation is symmetric in x and y, although in some cases
there may be advantages in choosing a particular one for ease of further
analysis.
In this case, the equation can be rearranged in the following way to
express x in terms of y.
x + y + xy = 34
x + xy = 34 − y
x(1 + y) = 34 − y
34 − y
x =
1+y
Remembering that x and y are integral, we can now substitute integers
for y to obtain the corresponding x.
y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ···
33 32 31 30 29 28 27
x =6 =4 ···
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
There are no more integral values until x becomes negative, hence
x+y = 6 + 4 (or 4 + 6) = 10
is the only solution.
If we had noted the symmetry in x and y in the original equation and
29
the fact that < 5, we could have stopped at the entry for y = 5 in
6
12
Problem Solving via the AMC
Kathryn has 20 coins in her purse. They are 10c, 20c and 50c
coins and the total value of the coins is $5. If she has more 50c
coins than 10c coins, how many 10c coins has she?
Let the number of 50c coins be x and the number of 20c coins be y.
The number of 10c coins is then 20 − (x + y) as there are 20 coins in all.
Since the total value of the coins is $5 = 500 c, we then obtain the
equation
y = 30 − 4x
and remembering that there are 20 coins in all, we can now systematically
list the possibilities.
13
Problem Solving via the AMC
Again, we can see there are no solutions for x > 7 as then y would be
negative.
Further Techniques
14
Problem Solving via the AMC
Alternative 1:
From the given equation
15