Energetics Questions

Questions
Q1.
Consider the reaction
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI (g) ΔH = –9.0 kJ mol–1
The bond energy of H—H = 436 kJ mol–1
The bond energy of H—I = 298 kJ mol–1
It can be deduced that the bond energy of I—I, in kJ mol–1, is

(1)
A 75.5
B 84.5
C 151
D 169
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q2.
An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change of the following reaction.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
50cm3 of hydrochloric acid was mixed with 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Each solution contained
0.10 mol solute. The temperature rise was 12°C.
Energy transferred (J) = mass of solution × 4.2 × change in temperature
Assume the density of all solutions is 1.0 g cm–3.
What is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol–1?

Q3.
Consider the following data:
Calculate the value of the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, for the following reaction.
C(s) + ½O2(g) → CO(g)
A −243
B −111
C +111
D +243

Q4.
When 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid is mixed with 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, there
is a temperature rise of ΔT.
If the reaction is repeated with 20 cm3 of nitric acid of 1 mol dm–3 and 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution, the temperature rise is
A 2ΔT
B 1.5 Δ T
C ΔT
D 0.75 Δ T
Q5.
A sample of seawater contains 3.54% sodium chloride by mass.
What is the concentration of sodium chloride in parts per million?
A 3.54 × 10–6
B 3.54 × 10–4
C 3.54 × 104
D 3.54 × 106
Q6.
Consider the following data.
What is the relationship between a, b, c and d?

A a=b+c−d
B a=d−b−c
C a=b−c−d
D a=d+c−b

Q7.
An enthalpy level diagram for a reaction is
Which row in the table shows the correct terms for X and Y and the enthalpy change for this reaction?
(Total for question = 1 marks)
Q8.
Which of the following enthalpy changes cannot be measured directly by experiment?
The enthalpy change of
A formation of methane.
B combustion of hydrogen.
C formation of carbon dioxide.
D combustion of carbon monoxide.

Q9.
An excess of zinc powder is added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate and the maximum change in
temperature of the solution is measured.
The energy transferred is calculated using
Energy transferred in joules = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
In this calculation, it is usual to assume that the
A mass is equal to the mass of zinc added to the mass of copper(II) sulfate solution.
B mass is equal to the volume of copper(II) sulfate solution.
C specific heat capacity is the average of the specific heat capacities of the solution and zinc.
D specific heat capacity is the specific heat capacity of zinc.
Q10.
Consider the bond enthalpy values given in the table.
For the reaction
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, is

A +1080
B +852
C −93
D −529
Q11.
The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol was determined by using a spirit burner containing ethanol
to heat 250 cm3 of water in a copper calorimeter.
The experimental value obtained was less exothermic than the Data Booklet value.
Which is the least likely reason for this difference in the enthalpy values?
A Heat loss from the copper calorimeter
B Incomplete combustion of the ethanol
C Use of non-standard conditions
D Loss of ethanol by evaporation
Q12.
Hot packs and cold packs are used to heat and cool parts of the body.
What are the signs of the standard enthalpy changes of reaction used in hot packs and cold packs?
Q13.
The enthalpy changes of two reactions are
For the reaction

Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)
the enthalpy change is
A –494 kJ mol–1
B +494 kJ mol–1
C –714 kJ mol–1
D +714 kJ mol–1
Q14.
When 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 sulfuric
acid (an excess) to form sodium sulfate, the temperature rise is 12.5 °C.
Energy transferred (J) = mass × 4.2 × temperature change
What is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol–1?
Q15.
In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate, a
cooling curve was used to estimate the temperature change. The zinc was added to the copper(II) sulfate
solution at 31⁄2 minutes and the results were plotted on a graph.
What is the temperature change?
(1)
A 45°C
B 48°C
C 65°C
D 68°C
Q16.
The combustion of magnesium may be represented by two equations.
The units of ΔH for equation (1) are kJ mol–1. The units of ΔH for equation (2) are
A kJ mol–1
B (kJ mol–1) ÷ 2
C (kJ mol–1) × 2
D (kJ mol–1)2
Q17.
Which change would have a negative ΔH value?

A Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g)
B Cl2(g) → 2Cl(g)
C Na(s) → Na(l)
D Na(g) → Na+(g) + e–
Q18.
For reactions with the ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
the type of enthalpy change is
A ΔHatomisation
B ΔHcombustion
C ΔHformation
D ΔHneutralisation
Q19.
Metallic bonding is best described as the electrostatic attraction between

A cations and anions.
B cations and delocalised electrons.
C nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.
D nuclei and two electrons from one atom.
Q20.
When 10 cm3 of a nitric acid solution reacts with 20 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature
rise is ΔT.
Repeating the reaction with 15 cm3 of the same nitric acid solution and 30 cm3 of the same sodium
hydroxide solution would give a temperature rise of
A 0.5 ΔT
B 0.67 ΔT
C ΔT
D 1.5 ΔT
Q21.
When 10 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid is added to 5.0 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide in a
polystyrene cup, the temperature rises by 2.3 °C.
The temperature rise when 10 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid is added to 20 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm−3
sodium hydroxide is
(1)
A 18.4 °C.
B 9.2 °C.
C 4.6 °C.
D 2.3 °C.
Q22.
In which of the following does X represent the mean bond enthalpy for the O−H bond in water?
Q23.
The table shows the mean bond enthalpies for some covalent bonds.
What is the approximate enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction shown?
A –225
B –122
C +122
D +225
Mark Scheme
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
Q10.
Q11.
Q12.
Q13.
Q14.
Q15.
Q16.
Q17.
Q18.
Q19.
Q20.
Q21.
Q22.
Q23.
Questions
Q1.
(b) (i) Complete the equation for the combustion of butan-1-ol.

State symbols are not required.
(1)
(ii) Calculate a value for the enthalpy change of combustion of butan-1-ol using the equation in (b)(i) and the
mean bond enthalpies in the table.
(3)
(iii) A data book value of the molar enthalpy change of combustion of butan-1-ol is −2670 kJ mol−1
Give two reasons for the difference between this value and the value calculated in (b)(ii).
(2)
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(c) Biobutanol has some advantages over bioethanol.

(i) The combustion of bioethanol releases 23 MJ dm−3 compared to petrol which releases 32 MJ dm−3.
Calculate the energy released in MJ dm−3 for the combustion of biobutanol.
(2)
Q2.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your mind about an answer,
put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
Chlorine reacts with ethane to form chloroethane and hydrogen chloride.
What is the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol–1?

A −1434
B −122
C +122
D +1434
(Total for question = 1 mark
Q3.
Use the data shown.
What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of methane (CH4) in kJ mol–1?

A −1791
B −75
C +75
D +1791
Q4.
In an experiment, 50.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 HCl(aq) reacts with

50.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 NaOH(aq).
The energy released = 2500 J.

The specific heat capacity of the mixture is 4.18 J g−1 °C−1
What temperature change occurs in the reaction?

A an increase of 6.0°C
B a decrease of 6.0°C
C an increase of 12.0°C
D a decrease of 12.0°C
Q5.
(ii) The Hess cycle and data to calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal
decomposition of MgCO3 are shown.
Calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of MgCO3.

(2)
Q6.
(ii) Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to produce sulfuric acid.

SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) ΔrH = −200 kJ mol−1
Draw an enthalpy level diagram to show the enthalpy change for this reaction.
(2)
Enthalpy Questions
Q1.
For which of the following reactions is the enthalpy change equal to the bond enthalpy of H-I?
D
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
Q2.
Consider the following bond enthalpy values.
For the reaction
the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, is
A −102
B +102
C +350
D +394
Q3.
1.40 g of an alkene gave 3.77 g of a dichloroalkane on reaction with chlorine.
What is the molecular formula of the alkene?
A C2H4
B C3H6
C C4H8
D C6H12
Q4.
Fractional distillation is used in industry to obtain alkanes from crude oil.
(i) The equation for a cracking reaction of butane is
C4H10 → C3H6 + CH4

Use the following standard enthalpy changes of combustion to calculate the enthalpy change of this
cracking reaction. Show your method, which may involve the use of a Hess cycle. Include a sign and
units in your answer.
(3)

Q5.
Given the following data:
select the expression which gives the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, for the reaction:
A (−820 × ½) + 270 = −140

B (+820 × ½) − 270 = +140
C −820 + (270 × 2) = −280
D +820 − (270 × 2) = +280
Q6.
The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol was determined using the apparatus shown in the diagram
below. In the experiment, the temperature increase of the water in the beaker is measured when a known
mass of the ethanol is burned.
(a) The results of the experiment are summarised in the table below.
(i) Calculate the heat energy produced by the combustion of the alcohol using the equation.
heat energy produced (J) = mass of water x 4.18 x temperature change

(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol burned in this experiment (the formula of ethanol is C2H5OH).
(3)
(iii) Use the equation below to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol in kJ mol−1. Give the
value an appropriate sign.
ΔH = heat energy produced ÷ number of moles

(2)
(b) The data book value for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is −1370 kJ mol−1.
(i) Calculate the percentage error in the value calculated in (a)(iii) in comparison with the data book value.
(1)
(ii) List three ways in which the design of the experiment causes the results to be so different from the data
book value. (You should be specific but detailed explanations are not required.)
(3)
1
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(iii) Use the data book values for enthalpy changes of combustion given in the table below to calculate the
enthalpy change of formation of ethanol.
(3)

Q7.
Magnesium is in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. It has a number of naturally occurring isotopes, including
24
Mg and 26Mg.
A class of students carried out an experiment to measure ΔH1 indirectly by determining the enthalpy
changes of two reactions:
One group used the following method to measure ΔH2.
 Pipette 50.0 cm3 of 2 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid (a large excess) into a polystyrene cup and note the
temperature of the acid.
 Weigh accurately 2.50 g of magnesium carbonate powder.
 Add the magnesium carbonate to the acid, stir continuously and note the highest temperature.
(i) Why is excess hydrochloric acid used?

(1)
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(ii) The students were told that using a polystyrene cup gives better results than using a glass beaker
because of its good thermal insulation and its low heat capacity.
Explain why these properties improve experimental results.
(2)
Good thermal insulation
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Low heat capacity
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(iii) One student using this method measured a temperature increase of 18.5°C. Calculate the energy
change, in joules, for this reaction. Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g−1 °C−1 and
use the expression
energy change (J) = 50.0 × specific heat capacity × temperature change
(1)
* (iv) Use your answer to part (iii) to calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction between
magnesium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
Give your answer to three significant figures and include a sign and units.
(3)
Q8.
24
Mg and 26Mg.
Magnesium carbonate decomposes on heating:
MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH1
The enthalpy change can only be determined indirectly, by applying Hess's Law.
(i) Explain why the enthalpy change of this reaction cannot be determined directly.
(1)
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(ii) State Hess's Law.

(1)
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Q9.
The equation for the complete combustion of butanone, C2H5COCH3, is
C2H5COCH3(l) + 5½O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) ΔH = −2440 kJ mol−1
From the above data, the standard enthalpy change of formation of butanone, in kJ mol−1, is
A −280
B +280
C −1760
D +1760
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Q10.
(a) On strong heating, calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide:
Owing to the conditions under which the reaction occurs, it is not possible to
measure the enthalpy change directly.
An indirect method employs the enthalpy changes when calcium carbonate and
calcium oxide are neutralized with hydrochloric acid.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
State symbols are not required.
[ΔH1 is the enthalpy change for this reaction]
(1)
............................................................................................................................................................... ΔH1
(ii) The reaction of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid is
Use the equations in parts (i) and (ii) to complete the Hess's Law cycle below
to show how you could calculate the enthalpy change for the decomposition of
calcium carbonate, ΔHreaction. Label the arrows in your cycle.
(3)
(iii) Complete the expression for ΔHreaction in terms of ΔH1 and ΔH2 .
(1)
ΔHreaction =
(b) Suggest two reasons why the value obtained by carrying out these two experiments
and using the equation gives a value different to the data booklet value for the
decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate.
(2)
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Q11.
Propanone, C3H6O, undergoes complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water.
(a) In an experiment to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion for propanone,

2.90 g of propanone was burned completely in oxygen.
The heat energy from this combustion raised the temperature of 200 g of water from
20.2 °C to 78.4 °C.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g−1°C−1.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of propanone present in 2.90 g.
[The molar mass of propanone is 58 g mol−1.]
(1)
(ii) Use the expression
to calculate the heat energy transferred to raise the temperature of 200 g of water
from 20.2 °C to 78.4 °C.
(2)
(iii) Use your answers to (a)(i) and (ii) to calculate a value for the enthalpy change
of combustion of propanone. Give your answer to three significant figures and
include a sign and units.
(3)
(b) In another experiment, the enthalpy change of combustion for butanone, C4H8O, was
found to be −1300 kJ mol−1.
A Data Book value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion for butanone is
−2440 kJ mol−1.
(i) Suggest a reason why the value obtained in the experiment is so different from
the Data Book value.
(1)
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(ii) This Data Book value (−2440 kJ mol−1) refers to the following equation.
How would the value be different if it referred to the formation of water in the
gaseous state? Justify your answer.
(2)
Difference
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Justification
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(c) Standard enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of a compound.
(i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, making clear the
meaning of standard in this context.
(3)
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(ii) Use the standard enthalpy changes of combustion, ΔHc , given in the table
below to find the standard enthalpy change of formation for ethanoic acid,
CH3COOH, in kJ mol−1.
(3)

Q12.
This question is about methanol and the energy changes that accompany some of its
reactions.
(a) Complete the diagram (using dots and crosses) to show the bonding in methanol,
CH3OH. You should show outer electrons only.
(2)
(b) The Hess cycle below can be used to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of methanol, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.
(i) Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box.

(2)
*(ii) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound,
making clear the meaning of standard in this context.
(3)
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(iii) Use your cycle and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of methanol, ΔHc .
(2)
(c) An experiment was carried out, using the apparatus below, to estimate the standard
enthalpy change of combustion of methanol.
After burning the methanol for a few minutes, the temperature of water in the beaker
had risen by 20.7 °C and the mass of methanol burnt was 0.848 g.
(i) Calculate the amount of energy transferred to the water.
Energy transferred (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change

(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of methanol, CH3OH, burnt during the
experiment.
(1)
(iii) Use your answers to (c)(i) and (ii) to calculate the experimental value for the
standard enthalpy change of combustion. Include a sign and units in your
answer, which should be given to three significant figures.
(1)
(iv) Compare your answers to (b)(iii) and (c)(iii) and give TWO reasons to explain
any differences.
(2)
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Q13.
The enthalpy change for the reaction to form hydrated sodium thiosulfate crystals cannot be measured
directly.
The following Hess cycle can be used.
The enthalpy change for the reaction, ΔHr, is equal to

A ΔH1 + ΔH2
B ΔH1 − ΔH2
C −ΔH1 − ΔH2
D −ΔH1 + ΔH2
Q14.
24
Mg and 26Mg.
The class collected all their results and, after eliminating anomalous results, calculated the mean values of
ΔH2 and ΔH3:
ΔH2 = −126 kJ mol−1
ΔH3 = −231 kJ mol−1
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below by adding the missing arrow and species.
(1)
(ii) Use your completed Hess cycle and the students' mean values for ΔH2 and ΔH3 to calculate the
enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate. Include a sign and units.
(2

Q15.
(a) State Hess's Law.

(1)
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(b) Methane burns in a limited supply of oxygen to give carbon monoxide and water.
CH4(g) + 1½O2(g) → CO(g) + 2H2O(l)
The enthalpy change for this reaction cannot be determined directly, but can befound using the standard
enthalpy changes of combustion of methane and carbon monoxide, together with Hess's Law.
The standard enthalpy changes of combustion needed are for CH4, -890 kJ mol-1, and for CO, -283 kJ
mol-1.
(i) Draw a Hess's Law diagram which would enable you to calculate the enthalpy change for the
combustion of methane to carbon monoxide.
CH4(g) + 1½O2(g) → CO(g) + 2H2O(l)
(2)
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, in kJ mol-1.

(2)
(iii) Explain why the enthalpy change for this reaction cannot be determined directly.
(1)
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(c) Explain why the calculation in part (b)(ii) would give an incorrect result for the enthalpy change for the
reaction below.
CH4(g) + 1½O2(g) → CO(g) + 2H2O(l)
(2)
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Q16.
The enthalpy change for the reaction
cannot be measured directly since some carbon dioxide is always formed in the reaction.
It can be calculated using Hess's Law and the enthalpy changes of combustion of
graphite and of carbon monoxide.
The enthalpy change for the reaction of graphite with oxygen to give carbon monoxide
is
A −677 kJ mol−1
B +111 kJ mol−1
C −111 kJ mol−1
D +677 kJ mol−1

Q17.
(c) The enthalpy change of combustion of hexane was measured using a spirit burner to heat a known
mass of water in a calorimeter. The temperature rise of the water was measured. The results of the
experiment are shown below.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g−1°C−1.
(i) Calculate the energy in joules produced by burning the hexane. Use the expression
energy transferred = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change.

(1)
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of hexane. The mass of 1 mole of hexane is 86 g.
Give your answer to TWO significant figures. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
(iii) The value for the enthalpy change of combustion in this experiment is different from the value given in
data books. Suggest TWO reasons for this difference.
(2)
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(iv) A student suggested that the results would be more accurate if a thermometer which read to 0.1°C was
used. Explain why this would not improve the accuracy of the result. A calculation is not required.
(1)
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(d) Hex-1-ene can be converted to hexane in the following reaction.
(i) What catalyst is used in this reaction?

(1)
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(ii) The enthalpy change of this reaction ΔHreaction can be calculated from the following enthalpy changes of
combustion.
Complete the Hess cycle by adding labelled arrows. Use your cycle to calculate the enthalpy change
ΔHreaction.
(3)
(iii) The enthalpy change for the reaction of some other alkenes with hydrogen is shown below.
Explain why the values are so similar.

(1)
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Q18.
The reaction of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid is an exothermic reaction.
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
In an experiment to investigate this reaction, the following procedure was carried out.
1. 50.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0 mol dm−3 (an excess), was pipetted into a polystyrene
cup and the initial temperature measured using a thermometer with 0.5°C graduations.
2. 1.46 g of calcium oxide powder was weighed out and added to the acid. The mixture was stirred and
the maximum temperature measured.
(a) Calculate the enthalpy change, in joules, for the quantities in this experiment.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g−1 C−1.
Use the expression:
energy transferred in joules = 50.0 × specific heat capacity × temperature change
(1)
(b) Using your answer from (a), calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction between calcium
oxide and hydrochloric acid. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(c) The standard molar enthalpy change for the reaction between calcium oxide and hydrochloric acid is
−196.8 kJ mol−1.
(i) Suggest three reasons why the calculated value in part (b) is different from this value.
(3)
Reason 1
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Reason 2
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Reason 3
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(ii) Using the standard enthalpy change of −196.8 kJ mol−1, calculate the minimum mass of calcium
oxide that would be needed to raise the temperature of 250 cm3 of hydrochloric acid (an excess) by
25.0°C.
(3)
(d) The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid has the following standard molar enthalpy
change.
ΔH = −18.8 kJ mol−1
This value can be used, with the enthalpy change for the reaction of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid,
to determine the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. This cannot be
measured directly.
(i) Complete the Hess energy cycle below by adding the missing arrow and entities.
Use the cycle, and the standard enthalpy change for the reaction of calcium oxide and hydrochloric acid
(−196.8 kJ mol−1), to determine the standard enthalpy change for the decomposition of calcium
carbonate.
(4)
Enthalpy change = ........................................................... kJ mol−1
(ii) Complete and label the enthalpy level diagram below, for the series of reactions in (d)(i).
Your diagram does not have to be to scale.
(1)

Hess Cycle
Q1.
(e) Standard enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation of propene.
Values for some standard enthalpy changes of combustion, are shown in the table below.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below to enable you to calculate from combustion data.
(1)
(ii) Calculate in kJ mol−1.

(2)
standard enthalpy change of formation of propene = ........................................................... kJ mol−1
Q2.
Enthalpy changes of combustion are very important in thermochemistry because they can be used to
determine enthalpy changes that cannot be measured directly.
(a) Define standard enthalpy change of combustion.

(2)
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(b) A class of students used the apparatus below to determine the enthalpy change of combustion for
some alcohols.
One student obtained the following results for ethanol.
(i) Calculate the energy transferred in the student's experiment.

(1)
Use the expression
Energy transferred (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.

Give a sign and units with your answer.
(3)
(c) Most of the students obtained similar results for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.
The class mean was –840 kJ mol–1 compared with Data Book value of –1367 kJ mol–1.
(i) Calculate the percentage error in the mean value obtained by the class compared to the Data Book
value.
(1)
* (ii) One student suggested that the difference between the students' values and the
Data Book value was due to the uncertainties in measuring the masses and temperatures.
Explain why this suggestion is incorrect.
No calculation is required.
(2)
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* (iii) Suggest one factor that could have caused the difference between the students' values and the
Data Book value. Justify your answer.
(2)
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(d) The standard enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol cannot be measured directly.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below, which may be used to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol. Add missing enthalpy changes,
arrows and species. Include state symbols.
(3)
(ii) Use your completed cycle in (d)(i) and the data in the table, to calculate the
standard enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol.
(2)
Q3.
(b) Bottled propane is used as the fuel for the burners in hot air balloons. A hot air balloon carries 80 kg of
liquefied propane.
(i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of propane in air under standard conditions. State
symbols are not required.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of propane in 80 kg.

(2)
(iii) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of propane, = –2220 kJ mol–1.

Calculate the heat energy, in joules, given out when 80 kg of propane burns completely.
(1)
(iv) The burners have a maximum power rating of 4800 W. (1 W = 1 J s–1)
Calculate the maximum time, in hours, that the balloon's fuel would last if the burners are used
continuously on full power with 80 kg of fuel.
(1)
(v) A student suggests that butane would be a better fuel for hot air balloons than propane because it
has a more negative enthalpy change of combustion, = −2880 kJ mol–1.
Suggest two reasons why butane is not a better fuel than propane for hot air balloons.
(2)
Reason one
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Reason two
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(c) The standard enthalpy changes of atomisation of propane and butane can be calculated. The
calculation requires their standard enthalpy changes of formation and the standard enthalpy changes of
atomisation of carbon and hydrogen.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle for the calculation of the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of
propane.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of propane,

[C3H8(g)]
Use the data below.
[C3H8(g)] = −104.5 kJ mol–1
[½H2 (g)] = +218 kJ mol–1
[C(s, graphite)] = +716.7 kJ mol–1
(3)
(iii) The standard enthalpy change of atomisation of butane can be calculated using the same method
as for propane. This value, together with the carbon-hydrogen bond energy, can be used to calculate
the carbon-carbon bond energy
ΔHat,298[C4H10(g)] = +5173.3 kJ mol–1.
E(C—H) = +412.3 kJ mol–1
Calculate the carbon-carbon bond energy.
(2)
(iv) Suggest why your answer differs from the mean bond energy for the carbon-carbon bond given in
data books.
(1)
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Q4.
The compound hydrazine, N2H4, is a liquid which is used as a rocket fuel.
It reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen and water.

(a) Complete the Hess cycle and, using data in the table, calculate the enthalpy change for the oxidation
of hydrazine,
(2)
(b) Some bond enthalpies are given in the table.

(i) Calculate the enthalpy change for the oxidation of hydrazine, using the bond enthalpy values in the
table.
N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(3)
(ii) Give two reasons why the enthalpy change calculated using bond enthalpies differs from
calculated from the Hess cycle.
(2)
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Q5.
Consider the following data.
What is the relationship between a, b, c and d?

A a=b+c−d
B a=d−b−c
C a=b−c−d
D a=d+c−b
Q6.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating to form sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water.
Reaction 1 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(a) Suggest why it is difficult to measure the enthalpy change of this reaction directly.
(1)
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(b) The enthalpy change can be measured indirectly using the enthalpy changes for the following two
reactions and applying Hess's Law.
Reaction 2 NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Reaction 3 Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g).
An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change of Reaction 2.
100 cm3 of 1.25 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was placed in a polystyrene beaker with capacity 200 cm3.
The initial temperature of the acid was 21.5°C.
8.00 g of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate was added, a lid was placed on the beaker and the mixture
was stirred. The lowest temperature of the mixture was 14.2°C.
(i) Explain why the beaker used in this experiment is large.
(1)
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(ii) Show by calculation that the hydrochloric acid is present in excess.
(2)
(iii) Calculate the energy transferred and hence the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol–1.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
Use the equation: Energy transferred (J) = 100 × 4.18 × temperature change.
(3)
(iv) The enthalpy change for Reaction 3 was found to be –36.3 kJ mol–1.
Complete the Hess cycle by adding the appropriate arrows and formulae to the outline.
Use your completed cycle to calculate the enthalpy change for Reaction 1.
(4)
ΔH for Reaction 1 = ...................................................................................................................... kJ mol–1
Q7.
The enthalpy changes of two reactions are
For the reaction

Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)
the enthalpy change is
A –494 kJ mol–1
B +494 kJ mol–1
C –714 kJ mol–1
D +714 kJ mol–1
Q9.
Compound X has the molecular formula C5H12.
(a) Draw the displayed formulae of the three structural isomers of C5H12.
(2)
(b) C5H12 reacts with chlorine to form a mixture of products.

(i) Classify the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(2)
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(ii) Write the equations for the two propagation steps for this mechanism. Use the molecular formula,
C5H12, in your first equation. Curly arrows are not required.
(2)
(iii) Write the equation for one termination step for this mechanism. Curly arrows are not required.
(1)
(c) An experiment was carried out to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of compound X, C5H12.
100.0 g of water was heated by burning 0.144 g of compound X.
The temperature rise of the water was 14.5°C.
(i) Calculate the energy transferred, in kJ, in this experiment.
Use the equation
heat energy produced (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change
(1)
energy transferred = ........................................................... kJ
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of compound X used in this experiment.

(1)
moles of X = ...........................................................
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of compound X. Include a sign and units in your
answer.
(2)
enthalpy change of combustion = ...........................................................
(iv) The Data Book values for the enthalpy changes of combustion of the three structural isomers with
the formula C5H12 are:
−3509.1 kJ mol−1
−3503.4 kJ mol−1
−3492.5 kJ mol−1
The experimental value calculated in (c)(iii) is very different from these values.
Give two reasons, other than heat loss, for this large difference.
(2)
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(v) Explain why it is not possible to deduce which of the isomers is compound X by comparing this
experimental value and the Data Book values.
(1)
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*(d) Complete the Hess cycle and use it to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of C5H12 from the
following data.
Show all of your working.
(4)
Q10.
Cordless hair-stylers use 2-methylpropane as a fuel. The 2-methylpropane reacts with oxygen on the
surface of a heated catalyst.
C4H10(g) + 6½O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
(a) Draw the skeletal formula of 2-methylpropane.

(1)
(b) When the hair-styler is switched on, the catalyst is heated using a battery.
Suggest why the battery is not needed after the catalyst has been heated initially.
(2)
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(c) The standard enthalpy changes of formation for the three compounds are:
(i) The standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(g) is –241.8 kJ mol–1. Explain why this is less
negative than the standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(l).
(1)
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(ii) Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
2-methylpropane in kJ mol–1.
Show your method, which may involve the use of a Hess cycle.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
(iii) A refill canister for the cordless hair-styler holds 15 g of 2-methylpropane.

Calculate the energy in kJ which can be obtained from one canister.
(2)
(d) The enthalpy change of the reaction can also be calculated using the cycle below.
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction using this cycle.
(1)
(ii) The enthalpy change of vaporization of water was one piece of data used to calculate the enthalpy
changes shown beside the arrows in the cycle. What other information was needed?
(1)
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Consider the reaction

H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI (g) ΔH = –9.0 kJ mol–1

The bond energy of H—H = 436 kJ mol–1

The bond energy of H—I = 298 kJ mol–1

It can be deduced that the bond energy of I—I, in kJ mol–1, is

(Total for question = 1 mark)

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Energy transferred (J) = mass of solution × 4.2 × change in temperature

Assume the density of all solutions is 1.0 g cm–3.

What is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol–1?

Consider the following data:

C(s) + ½O2(g) → CO(g)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Consider the following data.

What is the relationship between a, b, c and d?

(Total for question = 1 mark)

An enthalpy level diagram for a reaction is

(Total for question = 1 marks)

Which of the following enthalpy changes cannot be measured directly by experiment?

The enthalpy change of

C formation of carbon dioxide.

D combustion of carbon monoxide.

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Energy transferred in joules = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

In this calculation, it is usual to assume that the

B mass is equal to the volume of copper(II) sulfate solution.

D specific heat capacity is the specific heat capacity of zinc.

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Consider the bond enthalpy values given in the table.

For the reaction

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, is

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

The enthalpy changes of two reactions are

For the reaction

What is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol–1?

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

The combustion of magnesium may be represented by two equations.

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Which change would have a negative ΔH value?

(Total for question = 1 mark)

For reactions with the ionic equation

H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)

the type of enthalpy change is

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Metallic bonding is best described as the electrostatic attraction between

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 marks)

(b) (i) Complete the equation for the combustion of butan-1-ol.

(c) Biobutanol has some advantages over bioethanol.

Chlorine reacts with ethane to form chloroethane and hydrogen chloride.

What is the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol–1?

(Total for question = 1 mark

Use the data shown.

What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of methane (CH4) in kJ mol–1?