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Manual Free Shiping
Manual Free Shiping
Version 3.3
Homepage www.delftship.net
E-mail info@delftship.net
Contact Delftship BV
Vinkenpolderweg 38
2952 AV Alblasserdam
The Netherlands
© Delftship BV 2006, 2007, 2008 The Netherlands
DELFTship
Table of Contents
1. License and copyright.........................................................4 9.5.1 Extrude....................................................................................31
1.1 DELFTshipTM program...........................................................4 9.5.2 Split.........................................................................................32
9.5.3 Collapse..................................................................................32
1.2 DELFTshipTM user manual....................................................4 9.5.4 Insert.......................................................................................32
1.3 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY...............................................4 9.5.5 Crease.....................................................................................32
2. Registering your software...................................................5 9.6 Face.......................................................................................33
3. Background to surface modeling.........................................6 9.6.1 New.........................................................................................33
3.1 Surface modeling.....................................................................6 9.6.2 Invert.......................................................................................33
3.2 Subdivision surfaces................................................................6 9.7 Curve.....................................................................................34
3.2.1 Points........................................................................................7 9.7.1 General information about control curves and fairing...............34
3.2.2 Edges........................................................................................7 9.7.2 New.........................................................................................35
3.2.3 Faces.........................................................................................7 9.7.3 Fair..........................................................................................35
3.3 Subdivision explained..............................................................8 9.7.4 Convert to marker....................................................................35
3.4 Guidelines to subdivision modeling.........................................9 9.8 Layer......................................................................................36
9.8.1 General layer information.........................................................36
4. Coordinate system adopted by DELFTship......................10 9.8.2 Active layer color.....................................................................36
5. Using the hull modeling windows......................................13 9.8.3 Auto group...............................................................................36
5.1 Zooming, panning and rotating..............................................13 9.8.4 New.........................................................................................36
5.2 Selecting objects....................................................................13 9.8.5 Delete empty...........................................................................36
5.3 Moving control points with the mouse...................................13 9.8.6 Dialog......................................................................................37
5.4 Manually modifying points.....................................................14 10. Display............................................................................39
5.5 Drawing modes......................................................................14 10.1 Controlnet............................................................................39
5.6 Working with background images..........................................15 10.2 Control curves......................................................................39
5.6.1 Visible......................................................................................15 10.3 Interior edges.......................................................................39
5.6.2 Clear........................................................................................15 10.4 Show both sides..................................................................39
5.6.3 Load........................................................................................15 10.5 Grid......................................................................................39
5.6.4 Save........................................................................................15 10.6 Stations................................................................................40
5.6.5 Origin.......................................................................................16 10.7 Buttocks...............................................................................40
5.6.6 Set scale..................................................................................16
5.6.7 Transparent color.....................................................................16
10.8 Waterlines............................................................................40
5.6.8 Tolerance.................................................................................16 10.9 Diagonals.............................................................................40
5.6.9 Blending..................................................................................16 10.10 Hydrostatic features...........................................................40
6. File import ........................................................................17 10.11 Critical points.....................................................................41
6.1 Import Surface.......................................................................17 10.12 Leak points only.................................................................41
6.2 Import chines.........................................................................18 10.13 Flowlines............................................................................41
6.3 Table of offsets......................................................................19 10.14 Normals..............................................................................41
6.4 Background images...............................................................23 10.15 Curvature...........................................................................41
7. Program preferences........................................................24 10.16 Markers..............................................................................42
7.1 General..................................................................................24 10.17 Marker points.....................................................................42
7.2 Hullform..................................................................................24 10.18 Tanks.................................................................................42
7.3 Hydrostatics...........................................................................24 10.19 Sounding pipes..................................................................42
7.4 Report....................................................................................24 10.20 Transparent tanks..............................................................42
7.5 Tanks.....................................................................................24 10.21 Tank names.......................................................................42
7.6 Load cases.............................................................................24 10.22 Curvature scale..................................................................42
8. Project settings..................................................................25 11. Tools...............................................................................43
8.1 General..................................................................................25 11.1 Check model........................................................................43
8.2 Main dimensions....................................................................25 11.2 Move to baseline..................................................................43
8.3 Hydrostatics...........................................................................26 11.3 Remove negative.................................................................43
8.4 Critical points.........................................................................26 11.4 Remove unused points........................................................44
8.5 Tanks.....................................................................................27 11.5 Extract critical points............................................................44
8.6 Load cases.............................................................................27 11.6 Subdivide controlnet............................................................44
8.7 Longitudinal strength.............................................................27 11.7 Keel and rudder wizard........................................................44
8.8 Probabilistic damage stability................................................28 11.8 Markers................................................................................44
11.8.1 Import....................................................................................45
9. Edit options.......................................................................29 11.8.2 Export....................................................................................45
9.1 Undo......................................................................................29 11.8.3 Delete....................................................................................45
9.2 Redo......................................................................................29 11.9 Add box................................................................................45
9.3 Delete.....................................................................................29 11.10 Add cylinder.......................................................................45
9.4 Point.......................................................................................29 11.11 Edit criteria.........................................................................46
9.4.1 Add..........................................................................................29 11.11.1 Section.................................................................................47
9.4.2 Align........................................................................................29 11.11.2 Freeboard............................................................................47
9.4.3 Collapse..................................................................................29 11.11.3 Equilibrium angle.................................................................47
9.4.4 Fair points................................................................................30 11.11.4 Combined heel and trim angle..............................................48
9.4.5 Plane intersection....................................................................30 11.11.5 Area under the GZ curve......................................................48
9.4.6 Intersect layers........................................................................30 11.11.6 Value of max. GZ.................................................................49
9.4.7 Copy values.............................................................................31 11.11.7 Angle of max. GZ.................................................................49
9.4.8 Lock points..............................................................................31 11.11.8 Metacentric height................................................................49
9.4.9 Unlock points...........................................................................31 11.11.9 GM in damaged condition....................................................50
9.4.10 Unlock all points.....................................................................31 11.11.10 Wind heeling criterion.........................................................50
9.4.11 From markers........................................................................31 11.11.11 Passenger crowding angle.................................................51
9.5 Edge.......................................................................................31 11.11.12 High speed turning angle...................................................52
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NO LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. In no event shall Delftship BV or the author of this
program or document be liable or responsible for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation,
incidental, direct, indirect and consequential damages, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption,
loss of business information, or other pecuniary loss) arising out of the use or inability to use this product and its
attendant documentation, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. No Delftship BV distributor, or agent,
or employee is authorized to make any modification, extension, or addition to this warranty.
No warranty. Any use by licensee is at the licensee's own risk. product is provided for use "as is" without warranty
of any kind. To the maximum extent permitted by law, the author disclaims all warranties of any kind, either
express or implied, including, without limitation, implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular
purpose and non infringement.
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surfaces. Before explaining in detail how subdivision actually works it is important to know something about the
internal geometry of subdivision surfaces. The surfaces are build from the following three components:
3.2.1 Points
Points form the basis of the surface. In fact most of the
modeling is done by moving points to different locations since
this changes the shape of the surface. Additionally, new points
may be inserted or existing points can be removed. There are
two different types of points:
3.2.2 Edges
All points are connected with lines which are called edges in subdivision surface terminology. Edges also can be
divided into two different categories:
● Boundary edges. These are edges which are located, just as the name suggests, on the boundary of the surface. A
boundary edge is characterized by the fact that it has always only 1 face attached to it. Examples of boundary edges
are the sheer line (if the ship is not fitted with a deck) or the centerline of the ship. The centerline, or profile, is in fact a
special case. When defining the hull only its port side is created. So all edges on the center plane are boundary edges
as they have only one face connected to it. In reality the ship is symmetric, and when performing calculations
DELFTship creates a virtual symmetric ship by mirroring the model in the center plane.
● Internal edges. These are all other edges away from the boundary of the surface, and must always be shared by 2
adjacent faces. Internal edges are drawn as dark gray lines. The two faces connected to an edge are joined smoothly
along their shared edge. It is possible however to mark an edge as a crease-edge. When doing so, the two faces are
joined in a tangent-discontinuous way. In other words, crease-edges are used to define knuckle lines. A boundary
edge is in fact a specific case of a crease edge since there is no second face to make a smooth transition.
3.2.3 Faces
A face is a little piece of the entire surface (sometimes also called a patch) that is completely surrounded by edges
and is usually defined with 4 points. In some areas it is desirable to have less (or even more) points, but generally
the best results are obtained when most of the faces consist of 4 points. Faces are surrounded by edges where
the type of edge determines how the faces should be connected to each other.
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If this process of subdividing is repeated several the resulting mesh will be very fine and smooth. The following
illustration shows the same beveled cube after a number of subdivision steps.
Illustration 3.6:
3.6: Original control mesh and resulting surface after 1, 2 and 3 subdivision steps.
Illustration 3.7 shows the same control mesh, but this time a
number of edges have been marked as crease-edges (red
lines). The result is a sharp knuckle line going around the
cube. It is clearly visible that the faces on both sides of the
crease-edges are no longer joined smoothly.
Illustration 3.7:
3.7: Crease edges.
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Illustration 3.9:
3.9: Example of a highly irregular grid where some of the
irregular points have been pointed out by red arrows.
Illustration 3.10:
3.10: Same ship with a more regular grid in the foreship.
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Illustration 4.2:
4.2: Reference lines
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These definitions are valid both in upright and heeled conditions. Note that in the event of large heeling angles and
small values for the displacement this can lead to negative values for the draft as can be seen to the right of
illustration 4.3. The intersection of the water plane and the center plane is located below the base plane resulting
in a negative value for the draft.
Illustration 4.3:
4.3: Draft measured when heeled.
Illustration 4.4:
4.4: Definition of trim.
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Illustration 4.5:
4.5: Transverse and vertical measurements for a heeled ship.
Illustration 4.6:
4.6: Longitudinal and vertical measurements for a trimmed ship.
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Panning is done by moving the mouse with the right button pressed.
If the viewport displays a perspective view then two scrollbars will be visible also, located below and to the right of
the viewport. These scrollbars can be used to rotate and tilt the model in order to see your model from a different
viewing angle. Another more convenient way to rotate the model is keeping the middle mouse button (or mouse
wheel) pressed while dragging the mouse. This also works only in a perspective view.
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Another way of moving points is by pressing the cursor keys in the bodyplan, profile or plan view. The active point
moves a certain distance in the direction of the arrow key that was pressed. The magnitude of this distance, called
“incremental distance” is visible on the status bar of the program, next to the amount of undo memory that is in
use. By clicking on the text displaying the value for the incremental distance a window is opened in which a new
value for the incremental distance can be specified. Another and faster way is to press either the + or – key. The
incremental distance is then changed by 10%.
Finally the black arrows displayed next to each input field on the form can be used to modify the values by the
same incremental distance as mentioned above. Chapter 4 on page 10 describes the coordinate system used by
DELFTship.
• Negative Gaussian curvature. One of the curvature components must be positive while the other
is negative, meaning that the surface is curved in opposite directions. The area surrounding the
point is concave in this case and resembles the shape of a saddle. Areas with negative Gaussian
curvature are colored blue.
• Zero Gaussian curvature. At least one of the two principal curvatures is zero, so the surface is
either completely flat or curved in only one direction. In both cases the surface is developable
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(This is in fact a very important property of developable surfaces). These areas are colored green.
• Positive Gaussian curvature. The curvature in both directions can be positive or negative, but
must have the same sign. These areas are convex and colored red.
5.6.1 Visible
Once you have assigned an image to for example the profile view, it will be shown in all viewports showing the
profile view on the model. By changing the visible property you can hide the image from a particular viewport.
5.6.2 Clear
The clear command removes the image not only from the current viewport but also from all other viewports
displaying the same view. It is entirely removed from the DELFTship model.
5.6.3 Load
Imports a background image. DELFTship only reads bmp and jpg images. For performance reasons you must
ensure that the images you are going to use are not too big in size. After having imported an image you must set
the origin (paragraph 5.6.5 on page 16) to make sure it is displayed at the right location. You also have to set the
scale of the image (paragraph 5.6.6 on page 16) to match the size and scale of your model. For importing several
images, including their settings, the user is referred to paragraph 6.4 on page 23.
5.6.4 Save
Exports the background image as a bitmap image to a file.
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5.6.5 Origin
If you use this option a special cursor is used to indicate you're modifying the origin of your background image.
You can simply drag to image to the correct location by keeping the left button of your mouse pressed.
5.6.8 Tolerance
Sometimes images that simple seem
just black and white may have a lot of
shades of gray in between. This is
particularly the case where some of the
image quality has been lost due to
compression, as is the case with jpg
images. If white is the designated
transparent color and is filtered out, a
lot of “nearly white” pixels remain as
can be seen on illustration 5.6. By
increasing the filtering tolerance these
pixels can be excluded by the program Illustration 5.6:
5.6: Example where higher tolerance is needed.
too. Most of the time setting the
tolerance to 30 is sufficient.
5.6.9 Blending
If the background image is till too dominant it can be blended with the viewport color. By doing so it dissolves in
the background and the geometry of your DELFTship model will be better visible.
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6. File import
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Once the data points of each chine have been read from file curves are fitted to
those points in such a way that the chines from the DELFTship hull match these
curves. The number of control points is the same for each chine and can be
specified by the user. The original curves are also added to the model as
markers as a reference. The file chines import demo.txt contains a more
elaborate demo. It is located in the DELFTship \ships subdirectory. The chines
must be ordered from the bottom up with coordinates going from aft to front. At
least three curves must be in the file representing:
Control curves are added to the crease edges corresponding to each chine to
make it easier to fair the chines.
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Illustration 6.3:
6.3: Information stored in the file header
The following is a description of the file format that is used for importing a table of offsets. The file should have .txt
as a file extension and written as a proper ASCII text file. It looks like this:
The first line contains the number of waterlines.
The second line the number of stations
The third line indicates whether data describing the deck line at each station is present (1) or not (0).
The fourth line indicates whether data describing the contour line at each station is present (1) or not (0).
The fifth line indicates whether data describing the aft contour at each waterline is present (1) or not (0).
The sixth line indicates whether data describing the forward contour at each waterline is present (1) or not (0).
The seventh line indicates whether data describing the flat of bottom at each station is present (1) or not (0).
The next three lines describe the length, beam and draft of the ship as used in the project settings.
Illustration 6.4:
6.4: This line represents the heights of each of the 11 waterlines
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Illustration 6.5:
6.5: Distance of aft contour line to origin on each waterline.
Illustration 6.6:
6.6: Distance of each of the 20 stations ordered from aft to front.
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Illustration 6.7:
6.7: Distance of forward contour line to origin on each waterline.
Illustration 6.8:
6.8: Actual offsets data. The intersection of each column and row gives the half beam on that waterline and station. The bottom right
value in the green rectangle indicates that on station 11.400 and waterline 1.600 the beam is 0.178.
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Illustration 6.9:
6.9: Data describing the deck line height (left column) and beam (right column) measured on each station.
Illustration 6.10:
6.10: The last column represents the height of the contour line on each station.
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7. Program preferences
You can modify the look and behavior of DELFTship by
changing the default settings in the preferences window.
The actual appearance of this window might differ from
version to version depending on which extensions are
included into the software.
The following settings can be modified:
7.1 General
Modify the language used by the program. The language
files are located in the subdirectory delftship\languages of
the program directory and only language files that are
located in this specific directory can be selected. A
special piece of software is available from
www.delftship.net that can be used to maintain existing or
create new translations.
Additionally the size of control points, amount of undo
memory and color of the viewports can be altered.
7.2 Hullform
Change settings of default colors used by the program for
displaying various items.
Select which hydrostatic properties should be displayed in the hydrostatics report or modify the order of
appearance by dragging the various properties in the list. All items will appear in the same order in the report as
displayed in the list.
7.4 Report
Modify the font type and size used in the reports throughout the program.
7.5 Tanks
Modify color settings or the amount of transparency used for shading tanks. The transparency must be a value in
the range 0..255. A value of 0 means the tanks are completely solid (no transparency) whereas a value of 255
means that they are fully transparent, even to the point where they are no longer visible.
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8. Project settings
In the project settings window you can modify various project settings. It has a number of tab pages that varies
depending on the extensions included into the program.
8.1 General
The first tab page is used for general information about the
project, such as:
● Project name
● Name of the designer
● Project comment
● The name of the person who created the file
● The type of units used for this project. This can either
be imperial or metric units.
Illustration 8.1:
8.1: General project settings.
When changing the unit format the entire model will be
scaled to the new format. When switching from meters
to feet for example all dimensions are divided by 0.3048.
● The shade underwater option is used to draw submerged surface areas in a alternate color when viewing
the shaded hull, linesplan, plate developments, inclined hydrostatics and load cases. Note: Only surfaces
assigned to a layer that is included in the hydrostatics calculations is shaded this way.
● The save preview options is is used to store a small preview of the project in the file. This preview is
primarily used for browsing designs from the on-line design database on the DELFTship website.
● The simplify intersections option is more or less obsolete. When intersections such as stations are
calculated the can contain a large amount of points. This option removes points that do not substantially
contribute to the shape of the calculated curves, however in some rare occasions it might lead to
inaccurate curves. Only when file size is of importance it might be useful to use this option.
The input values for the three draftmarks are optional and are only visible if the load cases extension is included
into the software. The longitudinal location of the three marks can be specified together with the local keel plate
thickness. This information is used to calculate the actual draft measured from the keel under heel and trim for
load cases.
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8.3 Hydrostatics
Tab page to modify all hydrostatics related settings, such as the relative density of the surrounding water and the
appendage coefficient . This is a factor normally used to
compensate for shell thickness and appendages such as the
rudder in the displacement calculation, usually in the range
1.005 - 1.010. The professional edition also has an input value
for the mean shellplate thickness. This is multiplied with the
wetted surface area to obtain the submerged volume of the
shell which is added to the displacement.
There's also a drop down box which can be used to specify how
hydrostatic coefficients, such as the block coefficient and
prismatic coefficient should be calculated. This can be done Illustration 8.3:
8.3: Hydrostatics settings.
using either the dimensions specified in the project page
(standard for large ships) or the actual dimensions of the submerged body (usually for yachts and small boats). In
the latter case the submerged length and beam varies with the draft.
The program is not able to check whether the specified length and beam are correct. If one or more incorrect
values have been specified the calculated coefficients mentioned above will also be incorrect!
Each time hydrostatic properties need to be calculated, the program checks if the direction of the normals of faces
is consistent. It also automatically corrects the direction if necessary. In some rare cases it is possible that the
normals point in the wrong direction after this check. If this is the case erroneous hydrostatic values are the result,
such as a negative volume and displacement. If this happens it is best to first disable the automatic surface check
and then manually correct the normals. When in doubt, always check the direction of normals manually by
selecting control faces (paragraph 9.6.2 on page 33). Hydrostatic properties will not be calculated once leak points
become submerged.
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● Margin line. For use in the classical deterministic damage stability calculations.
● Deck line. These points are used to check the amount of freeboard or when the deck edge becomes
submerged in the stability calculations which is used in several stability criteria. See paragraph 11.11 on
page 46 for a detailed description on the use of stability criteria.
● Tank connection. This type of critical point is used to connect two tanks for use in the (probabilistic)
damage stability calculations. If the first tank is flooded and the water level rises above the location of the
critical point then the second tank will be flooded as well.
Critical points are primarily used in the extension for: cross curves, max VCG', the load cases and the probabilistic
damage stability. Each point needs a description to identify it and a location in 3D space. In addition you can use
the symmetry property if a critical point has a counterpart on the other side of the ship.
You can use the Windows Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V shortcuts to quickly copy properties of one critical point and apply it to
another.
8.5 Tanks.
On the tab page for tanks (optional) you can specify the
preferred use of tank names. If it is set to “abbreviation” then
the tank abbreviation is used throughout the program, else the
full name of the tank will be displayed.
Illustration 8.6:
8.6: Longitudinal strength.
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Illustration 8.7:
8.7: Probabilistic damage stability
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9. Edit options
9.1 Undo
This feature can be used to undo previous editing actions. DELFTship stores all actions into memory. When a new
file is read into memory, the undo data associated with the previous model is cleared.
9.2 Redo
Redo a action that has been undone with the undo command.
9.3 Delete
Use this to delete items that have been selected. The program first deletes all selected faces, then the edges and
finally the selected points. Any points or edges that remain unused after this process are deleted also.
If a point is deleted all attached faces and edges are deleted too. If an edge is deleted, any attached faces
will also be deleted. See paragraph 9.4.3 on page 29 on how to remove a point without deleting the
connected faces and edges. Paragraph 9.5.3 on page 32 shows how to remove an edge without deleting the
attached faces by using the edge collapse command.
Not only items from the surface geometry can be deleted this way but also markers, control curves, flowlines and
tanks.
9.4 Point
9.4.1 Add
Adds a new point in 3D space. The new point is by default located at the origin (0.0, 0.0, 0.0).
Adding new points is only enabled if the control net is visible.
9.4.2 Align
In the event that multiple points have been selected it is possible to align those points so that they form a straight
line. This is done by projecting all the selected points on the line that goes through the first and last selected point.
They are projected on the line rather than uniformly distributed to keep the displacement of the points minimal.
Additionally you can also choose to only modify certain coordinates of the points. For example: if you have
selected multiple control points forming the outer edge of a transom you should only adjust the X-coordinate in
order to put all the points in the same plane seen from the profile view. The shape of the transom as seen from the
back will in this particular case remain unaltered.
9.4.3 Collapse
This removes selected points without deleting the surrounding geometry. A point can only be collapsed if it is
attached to exactly two edges. The point is then removed, and the two edges are replaced by a single edge. If a
point is attached to more than 2 edges, the other edges need to be removed first by collapsing these edges as
explained in paragraph 9.5.3 on page 32. The process of collapsing a point is shown on illustration 9.1. Note that
the point that is to be collapsed is irregular since it has two faces connected to it and two edges. By collapsing the
point the number of points of the two attached faces is reduced to 4 and the control net is made more regular
making it easier to produce a fair hull surface.
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Illustration 9.1:
9.1: Removing a point with the collapsing command.
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9.4.9 Unlock
Unlock points
This unlocks selected points that have previously been locked, so that they can be modified again. Again this
option is only enabled in the menus if at least one locked point has been selected
9.5 Edge
9.5.1 Extrude
The most used and preferred way to create new surfaces is by
extruding edges. Since an edge may only have a maximum of two
faces attached, only boundary edges are allowed to be extruded.
The selected edges are copied in the specified direction and new
faces are created between each old and new edge. The new faces
are assigned to the active layer (see paragraph 9.8.1 on page 36)
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9.5.2 Split
Selected edges are split by inserting a new point in the middle. After this
operation all newly created points are selected. This is a convenient way
to insert new edges. In that case multiple edges can be selected and split
in two. All selected points belonging to the same face may then be split by
inserting a new edge. The image to the right shows two selected edges
before and after the split. Note that this way a face consisting of 6 points
is created, resulting in an irregular mesh (see paragraph 3.4 on page 9).
The two selected points should preferably be connected, thus splitting the
face in two regular faces. This ensures a more regular grid and a
smoother surface.
Illustration 9.3:
9.3: Inserting points on an edge.
9.5.3 Collapse
Collapsing an edge removes the edge and combines the two attached
faces into one new face. Since edge collapsing requires two faces it can
only be applied to internal edges and not to edges on the surface
boundary.
9.5.4 Insert
A face can be divided by inserting an edge. To do this at least two points
have to be selected. Both points must share the same face, and no edge
is allowed to already exist between the selected points. To ensure a fair
surface it is recommended to extend inserted edges as those seen on
illustration 9.4 to a crease or boundary edge if possible.
Illustration 9.4:
9.4: Inserting an edge.
9.5.5 Crease
Setting selected edges as
crease-edges allows the
user to add knuckle lines
to the hull. The crease
property of boundary
edges cannot be
changed, they are by
default treated as crease
edges. Illustration 9.5
shows how a hard chine
is created. To the left the
model without the chine is
visible. To the right the
yacht with the new
knuckle line is displayed. Illustration 9.5:
9.5: Creating knucklelines.
In this specific example
the knuckle line runs over
the full length of the hull. This is not absolutely necessary, knuckle lines may run freely over the surface.
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9.6 Face
9.6.1 New
Creates a new face from selected points. These points have to be selected in the correct order.
9.6.2 Invert
This option can be used to manually flip the direction of normals of selected faces to the other side in case the
automatic surface check has failed. All surface normals should point outwards, in the direction of the water. The
normals of a face can be visualized by selecting the specific face. Make sure that both interior edges and normals
are made visible in your display settings (see chapter 10). Each displayed normal is calculated as the average
normal in a point of the refined subdivision mesh. This average is calculated from all faces surrounding that point.
Along the boundary of an edge sharing two faces with opposite normal directions, this may seem a bit peculiar as
can be seen on the left side of illustration 9.6. The normals along these boundaries look as if they are projected on
the surface. The right side of the illustration shows the normals after the face has been inverted and they normals
face the right direction.
Illustration 9.6:
9.6: Manually inverting the direction of face normals.
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9.7 Curve
In other words, the curvature is a measure for how strongly a curves changes in a point. It shipbuilding it is
important that fair lines are produced where the curvature changes gradually along that curve.
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We see a change of the curvature sign in an area where it obviously should not occur, followed shortly after by a
sudden peak. The lower half of the image shows the same control curve after being faired using the automatic
fairing tool for curves. The curvature now
changes gradually and the curve is very
smooth.
9.7.2 New
To add a new control curve first select a number of connected edges. (This is easier when you hold the control key
on your keyboard pressed down when selecting an edge with the mouse) Subsequently it is possible to create and
assign a control curve to these edges. Only one curve can be assigned to each edge. If the new curve is not
shown on the screen, make sure that control curves are made visible in your display settings.
9.7.3 Fair
The automatic fairing routine for control curves can be used to quickly let the program fair the points for you. All the
points defining the curve are distributed and moved in 3D to produce a better faired curve. The deckline from
illustration 9.9 was faired by using the command several times. Note that the curve has changed at the bow area
also. To avoid this you can lock the points which you don't want to be affected by the fairing routine.
Illustration 9.9:
9.9: Deckline before and after applying the automatic fairing routine.
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DELFTship
9.8 Layer
There must always be at least one layer in your model, and also
one layer that is marked as active. Each time a new face is added
to the model it will be assigned to the active layer. You can identify
which layer is active by looking at the layer toolbar at the top of the
screen (illustration 9.10) It contains a list of all layers, and only if no
faces are selected it displays the name of active layer. You can
modify which layer is active when no faces are selected by simply
selecting another layer from the drop down list in your toolbar.
If the event that faces have been selected there are two
possibilities:
Illustration 9.10:
9.10: Layer toolbar showing the active layer.
By selecting a layer from the list with layers while faces are selected, all the selected faces will be removed from
their current layer and assigned to this selected layer.
9.8.4 New
Add a new and empty layer to the model, and make it the active layer.
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DELFTship
9.8.6 Dialog
This brings up the window where
you can view and modify all the
layers. The following layer
properties can be modified:
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DELFTship
The black up and down arrows in the tool bar can be used to move a selected layer up or down in the list.
Developable layers will appear in the same order in the window with developed panels as displayed in this list.
In the layer dialog you can use Ctrl-C to copy all the properties of the selected layer. By pressing Ctrl-V these
properties can be quickly pasted to another layer.
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10. Display
This chapter deals with the various display settings that are available in
DELFTship. Please not that some of the settings are optional, depending
on the purchased extensions.
10.1 Controlnet
The controlnet is the combination of all points and edges that form the
initial subdivision mesh. These are the entities that can be manipulated
Illustration 10.1:
10.1: Controlnet
by the user to shape the surface. If all the faces attached to a certain
point or edge belong to layers which are turned off, it will not be drawn on
the screen. That way only the points or edges of interest will be shown.
Illustration 10.2:
10.2: Interior edges.
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DELFTship
Illustration 10.4:
10.4: Grid of stations, buttocks and waterlines.
10.6 Stations
Use this setting to modify the display of stations. If no stations have been added to the model the option will be
disabled in the menus.
10.7 Buttocks
Use this setting to modify the display of buttocks. If no buttocks have been added to the model the option will be
disabled.
10.8 Waterlines
Use this setting to modify the display of waterlines. If no waterlines have been added to the model the option will
be disabled in the menus.
10.9 Diagonals
Use this setting to modify the display of diagonals. If no diagonals have been added to the model the option will be
disabled.
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DELFTship
Illustration 10.6:
10.6: Only the leak points of the model are
10.13 Flowlines displayed.
Flowlines are only traced along surfaces that belong to a layer that is also used for hydrostatic calculations
(generally the shell of the hull). The image above shows some flowlines at the bow of a hull with a bulb fitted. The
background image shows the results obtained from a CFD calculation. The small black lines represent the
direction of the flow as calculated with CFD, the blue curves are the flowlines calculated by DELFTship. Flowlines
can be selected and deleted like any other geometry.
Areas on the surface where flowlines are converging to each other are high pressure areas whilst areas
where the flowlines diverge are low-pressure areas.
10.14 Normals
If this option is switched on, normals of faces that have been selected are displayed. These normals are drawn as
thin white lines, pointing either inward or outward the hull (illustration 9.6). This display option is disabled if the
display of interior is set to false (paragraph 10.3 on page 39). A normal is drawn at each interior point of the
subdivision surface. The higher the precision is set, the more normals are drawn.
10.15 Curvature
This option enables or disables the drawing of the curvature plot of control curves and certain intersection curves.
Only of intersection curves which appear checked in the intersection dialog (paragraph 15.1 on page 70) the
curvature will be plotted.
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10.16 Markers
Markers are curves that are added to the model as a reference. For example the body plan of an existing design
could be imported as markers. Stations could then be added to the DELFTship model at the same location as the
markers. Finally the points can be dragged until the stations and the markers are exactly on top of each other. In
that case the DELFTship hull matches the hull from the existing design. For more information on markers please
read paragraph 11.8 on page 44.
10.18 Tanks
Enables/disables the drawing of tanks. If the model contains tanks and a number of modifications to the hull have
to be performed it is better to turn of the displaying of tanks. Otherwise all tanks have to be rebuild after each hull
modification which can be time consuming.
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11. Tools
● It is not situated on the center plane, meaning that the y-coordinate of the point >0.0001.
● The point is situated on a boundary edge (An edge with only 1 face attached to it).
Note that for hydrostatic calculations an edge counts also as a boundary edge if two faces are
attached to it of which one is excluded from hydrostatic calculations. This could for example be the
case for a ship with a closed deck, from which the deck is put in a separate layer that is not included
in the hydrostatics calculations. In that case DELFTship keeps calculating until the deck line is
submerged. Also windows or any other none watertight surfaces could be treated similar.
It is important to realize that leak points are not actually always leak in the sense that they are always making
water. A leak point in DELFTship is a point that is potentially leak and only becomes actually leak if it is
submerged. So the presence of leak points does not always have to pose a problem, just as long as they are
not submerged.
If more then 10 leak points are found, only the first 10 are displayed. The points are shown sorted in increasing
height above the base plane.
Finally, if the test is called from the menu, an overview of corrected items and possible remaining errors is shown.
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DELFTship
Illustration 11.1:
11.1: Control net before and after subdividing.
11.8 Markers
Markers are curves that can be added to the model as a reference. For example the offsets of another design can
be imported as markers. Then intersection curves can be specified at the same location as the offset data in
DELFTship. If the intersection curves coincide with the markers both models are exactly the same. Another use for
markers is to visually check the differences between two versions of a design. If you convert all stations to markers
before modifying the model then the difference between the markers and updated stations reflect the modifications
made to the design.
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11.8.1 Import
DELFTship can read the following file formats and convert the data
1
into markers: 0.000 0.000 0.150
0.856 0.000 0.048
1.884 0.000 -0.046
● Autocad DXF files (*.dxf). The files need to be in Autocad 3.939 0.000 -0.158 KNUCKLE
R12 format. Only lines, polylines arcs and circles are 4.966 0.000 -0.184
imported as markers. 5.994 0.000 -0.195
8.049 0.000 -0.192
● IGES files (*.igs, *.iges). The following entities are 9.590 0.000 -0.163
imported as markers: 10.618 0.000 -0.122
11.645 0.000 -0.059
● NURB curves (entity 126) 13.700 0.000 0.150
● DELFTship marker files (*.mrk). This native file format is
-0.771 0.000 1.056
meant to exchange markers between different (versions of) 0.685 0.662 0.844
designs. 2.398 1.219 0.666
4.110 1.536 0.565
● Text files (*.txt). If you need a different way to import 5.822 1.664 0.524
markers you can specify the data yourself in a text file. The 7.535 1.672 0.522
9.248 1.575 0.553
file should meet the following format: 10.960 1.300 0.640 KNUCKLE
• The first line of the file must either be a 0 (zero) or a 12.672 0.795 0.802
1. A zero indicates that all coordinates are in meters 14.471 0.000 1.056
while a one indicates that the coordinates are in -0.053 0.000 1.683
feet. 0.856 0.421 1.498
2.911 1.071 1.211
• Each curve is defined by a sequence of X,Y and Z 4.966 1.375 1.077
coordinates separated by at least 1 space. 7.021 1.436 1.050
9.076 1.344 1.090
• You can optionally add the word “KNUCKLE” after 11.131 0.989 1.247
the z coordinate to introduce a knuckle point in the 13.186 0.272 1.563
13.753 0.000 1.683
curve.
• The end of a curve is indicated by an empty line EOF
after the last coordinate.
• The last line in the file should be 'EOF' (use
capitals). The following is an example of a file containing 3 longitudinal curves.
11.8.2 Export
All available marker curves are exported to a file in the native file format of DELFTship. This file has the
extension .mrk and can be imported into other designs.
11.8.3 Delete
This deletes all markers from the model. It speaks for itself that this option is disabled if there are no markers
added to the model.
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1. Through the load case tab from the project settings window (see paragraph 8.6 on page 27). This is
correct way if you want to select a set of criteria for your project or if you want to modify settings of the
already selected project criteria. The selected criteria for your project will be stored in the project file.
Modifications the the criteria other than the project criteria are not saved to file and will be lost.
2. By using the “Edit criteria” option from the main menu. This allows you to modify (and save) the list with
criteria for future use. No modifications are made to the the selected set of criteria from your currently
open project since those criteria are stored in the project file rather than the criteria list.
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DELFTship distinguishes the following objects that can be used in the process of making your own set of stability
criteria:
11.11.1 Section
A section is a container for other sections or criteria. If a
section contains other sections it is no longer considered a
selectable set of criteria any more.
The parameters of a section that can be modified are:
● Description. The description should be chosen
carefully as it is displayed in the reports of load case
and max vcg' calculations. The description can be
modified by modifying the description text in the
criteria tree.
● Valid for. This additional line of text is displayed also
in the reports and should indicate to what type of
vessels the criteria are applicable.
● Desired units for output. This input field makes it
possible to switch between the type of units used for Illustration 11.4:
11.4: Parameters for a section.
input and output of values for the underlying criteria. If
the selected section does not represent a selectable set than this parameter remains hidden.
11.11.2 Freeboard
The freeboard criterion is used to check if a minimum amount
of freeboard is achieved. In order to be able to check the
freeboard a sufficient number of critical points of the deck line
type must be specified. The calculated freeboard is the
smallest distance of any of the deck line points to the water
plane. The following parameters may be specified:
● Required value. The minimum required value for the
freeboard.
Illustration 11.5:
11.5: Freeboard criterion.
Illustration 11.6:
11.6: Equilibrium angle.
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Illustration 11.7:
11.7: Combined heel and trim angle.
Illustration 11.9:
11.9: Required area under the GZ curve varies.
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● Area B is calculated from the wind gust equilibrium angle to an upper angle which can be a user defined
angle, the downflooding angle, the angle of the first peak in the GZ curve, the angle at which the maximum
GZ occurs or a combination. If multiple limits for the upper angle are specified then the lesser value will be
used.
● Use IMO rollback angle. The IMO offers a
formula that can be used to calculate the
rollback angle due to the action of waves. The
formula uses information automatically
extracted from the hull, such as LWL and CB for
example, but also the type of bilge and the
bilgekeel area which are stored in the wind
silhouette (see also paragraph 14.3 on page
68). If this option is selected the IMO formula for
the rollback angle is used, otherwise the user
must manually specify a rollback angle.
● Test for maximum static heeling angle. This
option should be enabled if the heeling angle
caused by the static wind pressure is not
allowed to exceed a certain maximum angle.
● Maximum allowed static heeling angle. The Illustration 11.15:
11.15: Wind heeling criterion AreaA and AreaB
actual value of the maximum allowed heeling
angle due to static wind.
● Test static angle against against deck immersion angle. This parameter limits the heeling angle as a
percentage of the deck immersion angle. The IMO uses a maximum allowable heeling angle of 80% of the
deck immersion angle for example.
● Max. allowed ratio static angle/deck immersion angle. Used in combination with the previous parameter.
This is the actual allowed ratio expressed as the maximum allowed heeling angle divided by the deck
immersion angle. The value must be in the range 0.0 -1.0 and is 0.80 for the IMO wind criterion.
● Ratio of AreaA/AreaB. Used in combination with the next parameter.
● Required ratio of areas. The area ratio is a dimensionless number calculated as Area A/Area B. As long as
the value for Area B is larger than the value calculated for Area A the ship has enough stability to recover
from the wind gust. If it is smaller than it will capsize.
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12. Transform
The transformation operations described paragraph 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 are intended to be used with a
selection. There are two different ways to create such a selection.
12.1 Scale
Scales (part of) the model. For this operation all selected points are assembled in a list together with all the points
that belong to selected edges and faces. If nothing is selected, a window is presented to the user from which entire
layers can be selected. If the checkbox at the bottom of this dialog is checked (the one saying: “include points that
are shared with unselected layers”) then a point is selected automatically if at least one attached face belongs to a
selected layer. If the checkbox is not checked, then a point is selected only if all the faces around it belong to
selected layer(s). If all the points of the model are selected, then not only is the hull scaled, but all other
information such as main particulars, intersection curves, tanks and critical points too.
12.2 Move
Moves (part of) the model. Works on points extracted from a selection, as described in paragraph 12.1.
12.3 Rotate
Rotates (part of) the model. Works on points extracted from a selection, as described in paragraph 12.1.
12.4 Mirror
In contrast to the previous transformation commands this one is based on
selected faces only, not points. First the faces need to be selected that must be
mirrored. Only then you can use the mirror command to create a mirrored copy
of the selected faces. The mirror plane can be either transverse (YZ plane),
horizontal (XY plane) or vertical (XZ plane). The distance of the mirror plane to
the origin must be specified in the distance field. The checkbox at the bottom of
the form tells the program if the mirrored points should be connected to already
existing points or not.
Illustration 12.1:
12.1: Mirror faces.
● The hullform transformation method developed by Lackenby is used to transform the hull to match a
desired displacement or longitudinal center of buoyancy while maintaining fairness of your design. This is
done by shifting control points in the longitudinal direction. So the overall length of the design will be
different after the transformation. The window looks as shown in illustration 12.2.
● The midship coefficient transformation adjusts the shape of the hull so that a specified midship coefficient
is met. Note that after this transformation the displacement is also altered. If both the midship coefficient
and the displacement need to be modified it is advised to adjust the midship first before transforming the
hull to the desired displacement or center of buoyancy. The midship coefficient transformation might result
in a distorted deck line.
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The checkbox below that ensures that all windows of the program are updated after each iteration, so the progress
can be monitored in 3D.
As can been seen on illustration 12.3 is the bodyplan of the original hull displayed in black. If the transformation
was successful then the transformed bodyplan is displayed in red dashed lines on top of the original bodyplan to
visualize the difference between the original and transformed hull.
At the bottom of the window the original sectional area curve and design waterline are displayed, also in black.
Again the new sectional area curve and design waterline are displayed on top of these if the transformation was
successful. The dark gray dashed line is the location of the midship section as defined by the user in the project
settings. It is important to know that in contrast to the hydrostatics calculated elsewhere in the program here it is
calculated using ordinates, and not surface panels. This can cause a slight difference between the displacement
shown here and calculated elsewhere. A total of
82 ordinates is used to calculate the sectional
area curve and hydrostatics, 41 for the aft ship
and 41 for the fore ship.
Illustration 12.3:
12.3: Hull after transformation of displacement.
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13. Tanks
Illustration 13.3:
13.3: Invalid compartment.
13.2 Edit
Illustration 13.4 shows the tank editor window. There is no menu, all edit commands are accessible through the
toolbar at the top. The tree to the right shows all
the available tanks and compartments. By
selecting a tank or compartment a panel
displayed at the top of the windows shows the
properties of that item. Only the item that is
currently selected is drawn. If no tank or
compartment is selected all the available tanks
will be drawn. This can be done by clicking on
the white area at the bottom or to the right of the
tree.
Illustration 13.4:
13.4: Tank editor window showing tanks and compartments.
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Illustration 13.5:
13.5: Tank properties
13.2.1.1 Abbreviation
A short description of the tank. The full description can be changed by clicking on the name of the tank in the tree.
13.2.1.2 Group
All tanks must be assigned to a weight group by
selecting the appropriate group from the drop-down
list. Weight groups are, just as the name implies,
groups of weights (or tanks) having the same
properties. This is especially useful if you have multiple
tanks with the same contents. To manage the weight
groups you should press the button from the toolbar
with the weight groups icon:
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DELFTship
13.2.1.7 Non-buoyant
This property enables user to directly connect he selected tank with the surrounding (sea) water. This feature is
particularly useful when modeling non buoyant volumes such as moon pools, bow thrusters or sea chests. The
volume of all these tanks is automatically subtracted from the displacement and other hydrostatic properties such
as water plane area, sectional area curve etc. The relative density can not be modified since the program
automatically uses the water density as specified in the project settings.
Illustration 13.7:
13.7: Compartment properties.
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input field for breadth values. You can switch a compartment from the port side to starboard as
described in paragraph 13.2.2.2 on page 58.
● Advanced. In some cases compartments have tilted sides. If you set the compartment type to advanced
you can enter the coordinates of each of the 8 cornerpoints of the compartment's bounding box. For each
side DELFTship fits a plane through the four cornerpoints. This plane is used to build the compartment.
Illustration 13.9:
13.9: Input of an advanced box compartment.
13.2.2.3 Positive/negative
Sometimes tanks contain recesses that are difficult to model. In
fact it might be simpler to model that recess and subtract it from
the total tank rather than modeling the parts of the tank
surrounding the recess. If a compartment is set to negative all
properties such as volume, COG, free surface moment etc. are
subtracted from the total tank. Be careful not to subtract a
compartment from a tank that has a larger volume than the total
tank volume! Negative compartments show up in a different
color than positive compartments to make them easier to
identify. In most cases the tank can also be build using only
positive compartments but is easier to create by using negative
compartments. An example is shown on illustration 13.11 Illustration 13.10:
13.10: Tank containing negative compartments (in
where two identical tanks are displayed. The green tank to the red).
Illustration 13.11:
13.11: Two identical tanks build in a different
way.
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If one of the input fields contains the value shell then the compartment is automatically trimmed at the shell
and this option is disabled.
13.2.2.6 Select
This enables you to select which layers should be used when the selected
compartment is being build. As stated in paragraph 13.1 a compartment must
be fully closed along all edges. By carefully excluding layers from the selecting
sometimes errors can be avoided. Layers containing boundary edges can
sometimes cause problems. Also it might be clear that layers that contain
items such as sails, masts etc. should not be included in the selection.
Illustration 13.12:
13.12: Selecting layers.
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DELFTship
feature to generate a layout automatically based on a selection of tanks. The option is located in the edit
menu from the tank arrangement form. First a window opens where you select one or more weight groups
containing tanks. Based on this selection 1 profile view on the centerline is added and a number of
bodyplan and plan views. These views are created in such a way that each tank is visible at least once in
the plan views and also in the bodyplan views. Once the layout has been created you can still add, delete
or modify the views manually to adjust it to your needs.
13.5 Overview
Illustration 13.14 shows an example of the report that is produced by the tank overview option. Here you can
clearly see the use of weight groups as explained in paragraph 13.2.1.2 on page 56. Tanks are grouped according
to their weight group presented in the same order. If a tank arrangement layout has been created (see paragraph
13.3 on page 59) then it will also be included in the report.
Illustration 13.14:
13.14: Example of the tank overview report.
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14.2 Edit
Illustration 14.1:
14.1: Load case editing window.
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Illustration 14.1 shows an overview of the load case window. It can be subdivided into the following 5 main areas:
1. A 3D view on the model is displayed at the top. The
model is initially shown in a level position. Once the
load case has been solved and an equilibrium could
be established the model will be drawn in that
position. The submerged areas of the hull are
shaded in a different color. You can choose between
a shaded view of the hull or a wireframe view which
offers a better view on the the contents of tanks.
Both views are shown on illustration 14.2. The
amount of transparency for shading hull surfaces
can be adjusted in the preferences window Illustration 14.2:
14.2: 3D view on load case.
(paragraph 8.6 on page 27).
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5. The final area shows two tab pages that either show
the numerical results for each heeling angle or the
stability curve. By default the tab page with the
stability curve is selected. The actual appearance of
the graph depends on the settings for the selected
set of stability criteria as every single criterion of the
set can be plotted in the curve or hidden. For more
information on the use of stability criteria the user is
referred to paragraph11.11 on page 46.
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63).
2. All of the tanks or weights from the weight group are already in use in the load case.
Illustration 14.8:
14.8: Calculation of GZ
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Clearly this is not a valid distribution as the weight near the aft boundary
becomes negative and is subtracted. The software will display a warning
for all invalid weight distributions that are encountered during the
calculation process. Most of the times the invalid distribution is caused by
erroneous values for either the center of gravity, the aft boundary or the
forward boundary. In case the center of gravity really is outside the
1/3-2/3 range and a trapezoidal distribution cannot be used it is best to
split the weight in multiple items in order to create a valid distribution.
This is shown on illustration 14.10.
Illustration 14.10:
14.10: Valid distribution by splitting
the weight
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Illustration 14.11:
14.11: Graph showing wind silhouette, weight distribution, sectional areas, load, shear forces and bending moment.
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Illustration 14.12:
14.12: Definition of wind silhouettes
The right side of the input window can be subdivided into 3 different areas:
• The top area shows the numerical properties for the selected wind silhouette, such as wind area, lateral
area, center of effort etc. You can also specify the area of bilge keels here and the bilge type. This is only
used to calculate the rollback angle for the standard IMO wind criterion as defined in the IMO A.749
resolution.
• The middle part contains a tree-structured list with all the wind silhouettes. Each silhouette may consist out
of multiple sub-items, each one representing a closed contour. This way you may build up complex
silhouettes, for example by modeling each sail of a sailing yacht as an individual sub-item. DELFTship
identifies two different types of sub-items: hull or sail. Sails are treated differently in order to be able to
calculate sail area, center of effort and lead. Also, areas of sails that become submerged at large angles of
heel are not included into the lateral area.
• Below the list with silhouettes a grid is displayed that shows the coordinates of the currently selected sub-
item. You can insert, delete or modify these coordinates manually but you can also drag the coordinates
with the mouse on your screen.
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4. Create a copy of the currently selected silhouette or sub-item. A copy of a sub-item can be moved to
another silhouette by dragging it with the mouse.
5. Print a silhouette
Illustration 14.13:
14.13: Example of a wind silhouette.
Illustration 14.14:
14.14: Input screen for the calculation of wind
moments.
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15. View
15.1 Intersections
Intersection curves are calculated from the surface model. Only their
location needs to be specified. Diagonals are always at an angle of 45
degrees to the center plane. Each time the model is modified the
intersection curves are dynamically recalculated and updated. The
buttons on the toolbar will let you switch between the different types of
intersections you want to add or delete. You can add one intersection at
a time by selecting the +1 option in the menu. A window is displayed
asking for the location of the intersection. It is also possible to add a
whole range of intersections by pressing the +N option. In that case the
location of the first and last intersection are requested as well as the
spacing between the successive intersection curves. If an intersection
with a surface has been found then it will be added to the model. The
intersection curves appear in an increasing order of their location with
respect to the origin.
To delete a single intersection, just select it and press the delete key on Illustration 15.1:
15.1: Intersections window.
your keyboard.
All intersections in the currently selected group can deleted in one pass by pressing the recycle bin button on the
toolbar.
Next to the recycle button there's another button on the toolbar that will let you convert all the intersections from
the currently selected group into markers.
The checkbox displayed to the left of each intersection indicates if the curvature
plot of that specific intersection curve must be plotted (see also paragraph 9.7.1
on page 34) Due to the limited size of the computer screen it is almost
impossible to determine if a curve is fair. To overcome this a curvature plot is
often drawn. A curvature plot means that in a large number of points of a curve
the curvature is calculated and plotted perpendicular to the curve ( the purple
line). Since the curvature can be positive as well as negative, the plot can swap
from one side of the curve to the other (illustration 15.2). Where the plot
coincides with the curve the curvature is zero. So in areas of a curve where the.
At a knuckle point on the other hand the curvature is infinitely high. So the
higher the absolute value of the curvature, the further the curvature plot is drawn
Illustration 15.2:
15.2: Curvature plot of a
buttock. away from the curve. Smooth curves are characterized by curvature plots with
no unexpected humps or hollows. The scale of the curvature plot can be
decreased by pressing the F9 key and increased by pressing the F10 key. Make
sure that the curvature plot is switched on in you the display settings.
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15.2 Linesplan
Illustration 15.3:
15.3: Example of default linesplan output.
DELFTship enables the user to view the complete formatted linesplan of the ship. This can be done in two different
modes, wireframe mode (to the left) and the filled mode (to the right). The linesplan shows all the intersection
curves, regardless of the display settings of the corresponding intersection curves. So stations are always shown
in the linesplan, even if they are switched off in the display settings. Currently this linesplan can be saved as a
bitmap, to a dxf file, or sent directly to the printer/plotter. The linesplan can also be drawn in black & white by
clicking on the appropriate button in the toolbar. Using fill colors is not possible in black & white mode. Only if the
model contains no diagonals, the plan view might optionally be mirrored so that both sides are visible. Some layers
can be hidden from the linesplan. How this is done is described in paragraph 9.8.1.
15.4 Hydrostatics
This option is used to perform hydrostatic calculations at a range of
drafts. An initial trim can also be specified in the professional version of
DELFTship. In addition the professional version shows some extra
data that is not displayed int the free version of software. The report
can be fully customized (see paragraph 7 page 24) and sent to either
the printer or saved to a HTML file. Illustration 15.4 shows an example
of the produced output.
Illustration 15.4:
15.4: Hydrostatics report.
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15.6 Crosscurves
If the optional crosscurves extension is included into the
software then stability calculations are also provided in the
form of cross curves. For a number of heeling angles, trims
and displacements KN*sin(ø) is calculated and presented in
both graphical and tabular form. If only one single
displacement is specified KN*sin(ø) curve is displayed. If
multiple displacements are provided the graph shows the
standard graph for cross curves as can be seen on illustration
15.6. The crosscurves are calculated while the hull is free to
trim. For each displacement the calculation is started with the
specified initial trim and subsequently for each heeling angle
the trim is adjusted to maintain a constant center of
buoyancy. In combination with the critical points extension the
report also shows a tabulated downflooding overview. For
each heeling angle the first submerged downflooding point is
displayed in combination with the corresponding
displacement. Other options are:
Illustration 15.6:
15.6: Example of crosscurves report.
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To the right of the window a list is visible with all the unfolded parts. By clicking on the check boxes each plate
development can be made visible or invisible. At the top some crucial information about the developments is
shown. After the plates have been unfolded to 2D, DELFTship compares the length of the unfolded interior edges
to the length of these edges in 3D. If this length is smaller then the edges are compressed (drawn in blue). If the
unfolded edges are longer then these edges are stretched (drawn in red). The minimum error shown at the top is
the largest compression error that occurred (in world space dimensions, so meters or feet). The maximum error is
the largest amount of stress of an edge. Compressed or stretched edges may be visualized by turning both the
visibility of interior edges and highlighting of compressed edges on. The difference in area between the 3D surface
and the unfolded surface is also shown. Below the displayed edges the number of iterations it took to unfold the
selected panel is shown. DELFTship makes up to 25 developments of each panel and uses the one with the
smallest overall error as the final one. Generally surfaces that are truly developable are unfolded in 1 iteration, and
have min. and max. errors of 0.0. Surfaces that are not exactly developable can in most cases still be unfolded but
might have significant errors due to the fact that the surface is curved in two directions. Think of it as the top half of
a sphere, you can not press this surface down to a flat surface without stretching or compressing certain areas,
unless you make some cuts in the surface. So it's very important to check these errors if you actually want to use
the unfolded plates for construction purposes!
There are also two input fields to adapt the grid spacing. The grid can be turned on and off from the toolbar. Each
intersection of a grid line and an unfolded panel has a number displayed next to it indicating the coordinate of that
intersection.
The two panels that are created from layers that border the center plane of the hull and are completely flat, such
as for example a flat transom or bottom, are merged into 1 unfolded panel.
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15.9 Resistance
DELFTship currently contains two
methods to predict the resistance of a
model. The resistance module is created
such that all data relevant to the different
prediction methods only needs to be
specified once and is shared by all of
those methods. This way optimal
consistency is ensured and the required
amount of user input is kept to a
minimum. To make things easier most
hullform parameters can be extracted
automatically from the model. Of course
it is also possible to enter those
parameters manually. The first tab page
contains a list with all the methods that are available. By clicking on the check box next to the name of each
method that particular method can be included or excluded from the calculations. You can easily compare the
results of different methods by plotting them simultaneously in the resistance graph as shown on the image above.
This resistance module has been completely rewritten in preparation of the addition of more resistance prediction
algorithms that will be added with the next release.
The report button shows the numerical results from the calculations for the selected prediction methods in a single
report.
15.9.2 Kaper
The KAPER resistance method is intended for canoes and kayaks. It was originally developed by John Winters, a
naval architect now specializing in designing canoes and kayaks. (See http://www.greenval.com/jwinters.html) It is
based on statistical data obtained by model tests. His method is later extended by Matt Broze to higher
speed/length ratios and to incorporate more variables into the equations. This extended version is available in the
form of an Excel spreadsheet from http://www.marinerkayaks.com/mkhtml/downloads.htm. However while
implementing this method in DELFTship two serious discontinuities showed up in the curve of residual resistance.
These consist of a sudden drop in resistance of about 10% at speed/length ratios of 1.4 and 1.6 and are the result
of a correction implemented by Matt. After careful consideration the decision was made to only allow calculations
up to a speed/length ratio of 1.4 in order not to give the user a false sense of accuracy.
The center of buoyancy used in the Kaper method is measured from the bow and made dimensionless by
dividing the distance by the waterline length.
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16. Selection
For some objects there are some additional ways of selecting which can make life easier:
● Points. If a point is selected, and the user clicks on a different point, this new point will be selected and
the previous point will be deselected. Selecting multiple points however is possible by keeping the CTRL-
key pressed while selecting the new point.
● Edges. If the CTRL key is pressed while an edge is being selected, the program tries to trace the edge
until a irregular point is encountered or an edge with a different crease-property. This way it is easy to
select an entire row of edges (edge loop) such as for example the sheerline or a hard chine.
● Faces. Faces also can be CTRL-selected. In that case all the faces belonging to the same layer and
connected to the selected one are also selected or deselected. Faces that are isolated from the selected
face because they are totally surrounded by crease edges are not included.
With this command (also available by pressing the shortcut Ctrl-A) all visible objects are automatically selected.
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Alphabetical Index
A
Appendage coefficient..............................................................................................................................................................................................26
Automatic fairing...........................................................................................................................................................................................30, 35, 44
B
B-Spline............................................................................................................................................................................................................6, 9, 17
Background image..............................................................................................................................................................................2, 15, 16, 23, 41
Box..........................................................................................................................................................................................2, 26, 37, 45, 57, 58, 76
C
Compartment................................................................................................................................................................................3, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
Position...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3, 58
Control curve........................................................................................................................................................2, 13, 18, 29, 30, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42
Controlnet.................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 13, 39, 44
Coordinate system..........................................................................................................................................................................................2, 10, 14
Critical point..........................................................................................................................................................2, 26, 27, 41, 44, 47, 48, 53, 73, 78
Cross curves.......................................................................................................................................................................................................27, 73
Cross curves,............................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Curvature................................................................................................................................................................2, 7, 14, 15, 34, 35, 37, 41, 42, 70
Plot.............................................................................................................................................................................................34, 35, 41, 42, 70
Cylinder.................................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 45
D
Damage stability...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
Probabilistic........................................................................................................................................................................2, 3, 27, 28, 56, 59, 77
Deck line.....................................................................................................................................................................................19, 27, 34, 43, 47, 53
Downflooding....................................................................................................................................................................................26, 48, 49, 51, 73
Draftmark..................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
Drawing mode.......................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 14
E
Edge..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Boundary............................................................................................................................................................................7, 9, 30, 31, 32, 43, 59
Crease............................................................................................................................................................................2, 7, 8, 18, 30, 32, 36, 78
Interior....................................................................................................................................................................................2, 33, 36, 39, 74, 75
Entrance angle..........................................................................................................................................................................................................76
Extrude..................................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 31
F
Fairing.................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 30, 34, 35, 44
Automatic...............................................................................................................................................................................................30, 35, 44
Flowline...............................................................................................................................................................................................2, 13, 29, 39, 41
Free surface............................................................................................................................................................................................57, 58, 62, 65
Freeboard.......................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 27, 47
H
Hydrostatics...........................................................................................................................................2, 3, 9, 24, 25, 26, 37, 38, 40, 43, 54, 71, 72
Inclined...............................................................................................................................................................................................3, 25, 38, 72
Settings...............................................................................................................................................................................................................25
I
Incremental distance.................................................................................................................................................................................................14
Inesplan....................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
Intersection curve.........................................................................................................................................13, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 53, 70, 71, 74
Buttock......................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 37, 40
Diagonal.......................................................................................................................................................................................2, 37, 40, 70, 71
Station........................................................................................................................................................2, 9, 17, 19, 25, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 71
Waterline........................................................................................................................................................2, 19, 25, 37, 39, 40, 41, 54, 72, 76
K
Knuckle line..........................................................................................................................................................................................7, 8, 15, 32, 34
L
Layer.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Active..................................................................................................................................................................................................2, 31, 36, 45
Leak point.................................................................................................................................................................................2, 9, 26, 37, 40, 41, 43
Linesplan..........................................................................................................................................................................3, 15, 16, 25, 37, 38, 39, 71
Load case....................................................................................................................2, 3, 24, 25, 27, 46, 47, 50, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68
Lock....................................................................................................................................................................................................................31, 46
M
Margin line................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Marker..................................................................................................................................................................2, 18, 26, 29, 31, 35, 42, 44, 45, 70
Max VCG......................................................................................................................................................................................3, 27, 46, 47, 50, 74
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