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 HISTORY AND TRADITIONALISM: MAURRAS AND

THE ACTION FRANQAISE

BY STEPHEN WILSON

The Ac ion F angai e ha ecei ed con ide able a en ion e-

cen l f om hi o ian ; i hi o a a oli ical mo emen ha been
me ic lo l died; 1 i ha been e a a o o e of Fa ci m.2
Ne e hele , he e ha been m ch mi nde anding of he eal
ignificance of he mo emen . In i e of i name, he Ac ion F an-
gai e a ima il a g o of i e i h ome alen fo o a-
ganda, conce ned mainl i h he heo e ical demon a ion of an
o moded oli ical doc ine h o gh hi o iog a hical a g men .
Thi o aganda and a g men ecei ed ide ci c la ion h o gh a
dail ne a e . The mo emen ndo b edl a ac ed Ca holic ,
Ro ali , an i emi e , and malcon en ho had li le in e e in he
nice ie of i doc ine, b i main a eal a o den and in el-
lec al , o a lea o ho e fo hom a dail ei e a ion of In eg al
Na ionali m a a ac i e. Doc ine a all-im o an o he Ac ion
F angai e, bo h a he in men of a na o a di ci line and,
a ado icall , al o a he cen e of a ac ion fo m a hi e of all
hade f om P o and Lea a d o Daniel Hale and Geo ge
So el. The o e helming em ha i in Ac ion F angai e li e a e in
e iodical o book fo m a hi o iog a hical; among he leading
fig e of he mo emen e e Jac e Bain ille, Lo i Be and,3
Pie e Ga o e, and F an F nck-B en ano, all of hom e e (and
a e) a l cce f l a hi o ical o la i e ; and a ho of mino
name co ld be added o he e. The in en ion, di ec o indi ec ,
behind all hei i ing a o demon a e he h of In eg al
Na ionali m a fo m la ed b Cha le Ma a . Thi la ge- cale hi -
o iog a hical en e i e had i oo in ea lie F ench adi ional-
i m; b i al o e e en ed an a em o emanci a e igh - ing
oli ical ho gh f om he limi a ion of adi ionali m, an a em
ha a la gel ain and elf-defea ing.
Ma a and hi di ci le laid g ea em ha i on hei deb o
ea lie adi ionali : Jo e h de Mai e, Taine, Renan, F el de
Co lange , b he in e e ed he i ing of he e "mai e de la
Con e-Re ol ion" 4 in a ic l In eg al Na ionali a , a -
1 E. Webe , Ac ion F an ai e (S anfo d, 1962).
2 E. Nol e, Th ee Face of Fa ci m (London, 1965).
3 Lo i Be and a a mo e inde enden fig e and b e en l b oke i h he
Ac ion F angai e in fa o of Fa ci m.
4 Lo i Dimie , Le Mal e de la Con e-Re ol ion (Pa i , 1917).
365

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366 STEPHEN WILSON

ing f om he o k of he ma e onl ha i
o e . Ma a follo ed Jo e h de Mai e and T
in hei eac ion again he a ionali oli ical
a embodied in he F ench Re ol ion and i
oli ical em ha igno ed he fac of F anc
and ha ed in i a ic la a b hi o . B
cio ha adi ionali m co ld no emain ina ic la e and n elf-
con cio , ha i co ld no be onl a blind de e mined a i de. I
a in fac an in ellec al eac ion again he i m h of ha i
a a oo in ellec al an a oach o oli ic , an a oach ha
i hed go e nmen o be a ional and hence ni e al. Na ionali m
and egionali m, oli ical e e ion of adi ionali m, claimed o be
eali ic mo emen ha called he a h me a h ician of ocie
back o he fac . Al ead he con adic ion in adi ionali m e e
becoming e iden . The adi ionali e e faced i h he a ado of
i hing con cio l o join an n hinking T adi ion ha had been
b oken. The a ealed o in inc and c om i h ca ef l a g -
men ; he a ealed o hi o , b hi o had led hem in o he
i a ion he e he had o make ha a eal; he e e like men in
a back a e ho called o he ide eam ha had a ed hem b
o e e e i co e. Ma a ho ed ha b a clea eali a ion of hi
o i ion i migh omeho be o e come: "Ce e no ance e on
fai a co me e a en imen , le o i e no -meme a ec
l'a ance e la ne e e cien ifi e, a ai on e a olon e." 5 Thi
fo m la acc a el m he og am of he Ac ion F angai e b ,
a ill be een, i a a og am ha co ld no be gi en a eall
con incing heo e ical backing, a fail e ha a eflec ed in he old-
fa hioned na e of he hole mo emen .
Ma a ' diffic l ie a a adi ionali e e con ide abl in-
c ea ed b he fac ha he a a mona chi .6 Fo Ma a , all
F ench hi o ince he Re ol ion a a jo ne in o a c l-de- ac
ha o ld ha e o be e aced. Thi claim e Ma a and he
Ac ion F angai e off f om hei adi ionali edece o and con-
em o a ie . The di e gence be een Ma a and Ba e i e e-
ciall ignifican he e. The Ac ion F angai e emmed f om he a-
di ionali mo emen of he la e 1880' and 1890' . Al ho gh one
i e 7 called i he ng a ef l hei of Bo langi m, i o o ed e
clea l ce ain Bo langi cha ac e i ic ha Ba e con in ed o
and b . Ba e had a g ea infl ence on he Ac ion F angai e a on all
mode n F ench na ionali m, b he e iod of hi g ea e infl ence
a eci el he ea l e-mona chi e iod befo e Ma a came
5 Ma a , En e e la Mona chie (Pa i , 1911), 599.
Ma a , like mo of he Ac ion F angai e leade , did no come f om a
o ali backg o nd, and hi in ellec ali ed b and of o ali m hocked man ho did.
T L. D mon -Wilden, Le c e c le de mai e (B el , 1947), 174.

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 MAURRAS AND L'ACTION FRANVAISE 367

o domina e he mo emen . Ba e o ed he e , he mo e in-

inc i e adi ionali hen he c i ici ed he mona chi ' ejec ion
of all F ench hi o ince he Re ol ion: "Je me i o jo a e A
de donne mon adhe ion e e e a mo emen de Ma a e de
Bo ge con e la Re ol ion," he o e, " a ce e je con ide e
'on ne e e di en e and on e adi ionali e, and on e
o mi a la loi de con in i Y, de end e le cho e dan l'e a oi on
le o e." "Vo en e e la Re ol ion a fai de ie le de inee
d e le f angai ? Eh bien! con ide e e elle elle la F ance e
la con e ence de ce e enemen e o de lo e .... No e-
on de i e le meille a i de ce i e i e." 8 The aim of he
Ac ion F angai e e e mo e ambi io . Whe ea Ba e emained an
an idemoc a ic e blican, he o ali mo emen i hed, ho e e
heo e icall , o o e h o he Re blic. Pe ha hi diffe ence can
be e lained a l b he diffe ence of gene a ion . Ba e ' oli ical
idea had been fo med b Bo langi m; he Ac ion F angai e a
bo n of he D e f Affai . Wi h i iolence and eco e o ee
ac ion, he Ac ion F angai e did main ain a link i h Bo langi m
and Bona a i m, b i delibe a el ejec ed he o la elemen in
bo h. The Ac ion F angai e a an eli e and a ealed o an eli e; and
fo hi ea on i co ld no longe be con en i h he ag e efe ence
o hi o , he a eal o "la e e e le mo " ha had a i fied
ea lie na ionali m. Ma a , a Peg oin ed o ,9 in od ced a
ne in ellec al elemen in o an i-D e f i m ha belied he adi-
ionali claim ha he Affai a " n com lo in elec el." Ma a
and hi follo e en be ond Ba e , and claimed ha he o-called
in ellec al of he D e f a d cam e e no in ellec al a all. The
o gh o o e ha in elligence i elf a co n e - e ol iona .10
The a ib ed he fail e of Bo langi m and he ineffec i ene
of he Lig e de la Pa ie F angai e, a of all ea lie adi ionali
o na ionali effo , o hei lack of doc ine." Thi doc ine, an
in ellec al em, Ma a a o o ide.
Ma a ' doc ine can be een a an a em o e ca e f om he
an i-mona chi and o a ce ain e en f om he i a ionali im li-
ca ion of adi ionali m. S ch an a em a bo nd o be f ll of
con adic ion . I a no i ing ha Ma a lef hi " em"
ca e ed in ho and of a icle , hich onl he ie of di ci le
a able o ga he in o a ne Enc clo edie.l2 The incon i encie in
8 Ma ice Ba e , Me Cahie (1902-4), III, 175-6; Ba e , Scene e Doc ine
d Na ionali me (Pa i , 1925), I, 75.
9 Cha le Peg , No e je ne e, Oe e Com le e (Pa i , 1916), IV, 200-3.
10 Ma a , En e e la Mona chie (1911), 240.
11 Ma a , En e e la Mona chie (1924), 483-8.
12 Ma a him elf ed he e m "Con e-Enc clo edie" o de c ibe he i ing
of hi chool (En e e, 1911, In od c ion); hi o n e e ga he ed in o a fi e ol me
al habe ical Dic ionnai e oli i e e c i i e (Pa i , 1932-3),

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 368 STEPHEN WILSON

Ma a ' ho gh a e no he e l of change i
hi idea had been fo med a he ime of he Af
nchanged fo a life ime; he incon i encie e
i ing a e e e i i e, o hi ical, banal, b h
ea on be igno ed. Hi effo o econcile na io
i h hi o and adi ion e e he co e of
mo emen , and e lain i a eal o men like
ion of he e effo ma hel o gge h
"L'ho i on oli i e de in ellec el f angai e
mine a le fo d o an cce d g o e d'Ac ion
Ma a al a claimed ha mona chi m a a
ha co ld no be a g ed again . He a d a n
"le magie d ai o a la d e chaine de ai
e e ond e." 14 He ega ded hi oli ical a g
deci i e: "A ec no . . . i ai , ma chai , iegeai
e emen ne g ande amie, la ce i de de eni l
ion." 15 Thi ma hema ical a g men , a he
o en ibl a e blican and e ol iona ie , b
gene all no o en o e a ion, i emained ma
con ince o defea adi ionali . Ma a b oke in b al fa hion
i h he old en imen al o ali m.l Sen imen and adi ion e e
no eno gh a o oli ical ac ion, no e e he effec i e a
o aganda. A mo e mode n and a mo e com elling a g men o ld
ha e o be c ea ed, and mona chi m be gi en a cien ific ba i .'7
Ma a belie ed ha he had fo nd ch an a g men in Po i-
i i m: "Le i e confe ionnel i me con ien le mie e ai cel i
de o i i i e.. .." "Je ne i a de ce i e eci en el e -
ne de fo m le de Com e en le accom agnan de igne de cabale
e de eligion; mai , familia i e a ec elle de i long em , je ne
i donne a a c ne n en indiffe en . Le l ab ai e en
a a ence me o chen . . . d' ne magne i e l mie e . . . je ne
connai a c n nom d'homme 'il faille ononce a ec n en imen
de econnai ance l i e." 18 The e o a ion , hich da e f om
13 Y e Simon, La g ande c i e de la Re bli e f angai e (Mon eal, 1941), 47-8.
14 Ma a , En e e (1911), In od. 15 A igne de Flo e (Pa i , 1931) - i.
16 Dimie , ho o ed he Ac ion F angai e fo a ime, e o ed in hi Ving
an d'Ac ion F angai e (Pa i , 1926), 70: "Bon nomb e de o ali e . . . no
ega de en comme on ega de la ein e c bi e a Salon." A Pa i ian o ali
old him: "Vo d6flo e la mona chie; o iolence en o illen le ablea .. ."
(o . ci ., 187). Ne e hele , he Ac ion F angai e became he official e e en a i e
of o ali m in F ance f om 1911 o 1937.
17 The e m "In eg al Na ionali m" o de c ibe Ac ion F angai e doc ine, a
no a no el ; he e had been o he In eg al "-i m ," no abl In eg al Ca holici m,
b he e m a in ended o con e a mode n cien ific image; one Ac ion F angai e
i e oin ed o ha i a ed in he calc l .
18 Ma a , Po n je ne F angai (Pa i , 1949), 75; Ma a , Oe e Ca i ale
(Pa i , 1954), III, 459-60.

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 MAURRAS AND L'ACTION FRANCAISE 369

1949 and f om 1905, e if o Ma a ' end ing en e of deb o

he fo nde of Po i i i m. Hi e m a he ic e o i ion of
Com e' idea in L'A eni de l'In elligence ha e en, de i e he e -
e a ion abo Po i i i m a a eligion o ed abo e, hel ed o gi e
c edence o he idea ha Com e' eligion a officiall a gh a he
In i e of he Ac ion F angai e.19 Ma a fo nd m ch o a el
i h in he i ing of Com e, b he claimed o be in ag eemen
i h he e en ial a ec of Po i i i m. Com e' hie a ch of he
cience a , Ma a aid, one of he g ea achie emen of he
h man mind. Com e added ne la of ocie , a ic and d namic,
o he a ic one of A i o le. Com e oin ed o ha he e a no
"lib e e amen" in he na al cience , and o o ed o ho ha he
ocial cience e e no diffe en in kind. Socie co ld be eo gan-
i ed h o gh inci le ind ced f om hi o ; he c i ical inci le
of "lib e e amen" and e ali had me el e ed o de o heolog-
ical ocie , and co ld no be ed a he ba e fo a ne e manen
ocie . Ma a elcomed oo Com e' ela i i m, hi aking he
famil a he ba ic ocial ni , hi em ha i on bmi ion, hi ie
ha he li ing e e go e ned b he dead.20 I i ea o ee ho
Ma a a able o ake Com e a he o he of " cien ific" adi-
ionali m. B Ma a en f he ; he a he mona ch a he
onl , he nece a go e nmen fo F ance, beca e i a he onl
ol ion ha ind c ion f om hi o ecommended o demanded, be-
ca e i a he Po i i i ol ion: ". .. de 'on abo de l'e de
di ec e, l'hi oi e o e de henomene ecia a l'homme, la doc-
ine a i oc a i e e mona chi e e demon ee a a lace e a a
manie e ... le loi ecifi e i ga den de la mo l'homme en
ocie e ne on a celle de abeille e de fo mi , elle on d
meme o d e . . . e 'acco den a efo le o eme de democ a ie
dan le ca ali e d mal e de la mo ." 21
The acc ac of Ma a ' e ion of Po i i i m need no conce n
. Ho e e , i im lica ion fo hi idea on hi o and adi ion a e
con ide able. T o oin a e im o an a he o e . Fi , Ma a
a eno gh of a adi ionali o in oke he a ho i of a ma e
e en fo a hole line of a g men ha a aimed a making good he
deficiencie of adi ionali m. Secondl , Ma a in oked Po i i i m
hile den ing he alidi of ociolog . D kheim, fo e am le, a
he con in al b fo hi a ack .22 Wha Ma a ook f om Com e
a a el oli ical demon a ion; he hole em ha i of he Ac-
ion F angai e a on oli ic ; i logan a " oli i e d'abo d."
19 Thi idea a gge ed b Lo i Dimie , ho a ho ile o Po i i i m: Ving
an , 95-8. W. M. Simon, E o ean Po i i i m in he Nine een h Cen (I haca,
1963), 160-61, e ea he nfo nded cha ge.
20 Ma a , Oe e Ca i ale , III, 459-98.
21 Ma a , Me idle oli i e (Pa i , 1937), 100.
22 Ma a , Q and le F ancai ne 'aimaien a (Pa i , 1926), 100.

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370 STEPHEN WILSON

The non- oli ical mo i e fo hi oli ical em ha

la e . Wha i ignifican he e i ha i a back
ie ha he had fo nd a ma hema ical oof f
ne loi d'hi oi e oli i e ... ne jo i a de e le
bonne loi de h i e; elle a a i la an a ence
geom6 ie; a cla 6 'on e a ele ma h6ma i
e de fai con an de l'hi oi e la ai on e ma
ance." 23 A ho gh ome nce ain la behin
deci i ene of "ma hema ical a g men " f om
main ained ha he migh be a alleled b e
he e migh onl be b idia . Ma a had ha
Thomi hilo o h ,24 b i did no ake him
oad o ling i ic e ac ne . He all made he j
ci m o a ionali m, f om e e ience o ea on
B in hi em ha i on ea on, Ma a a ignifi
a ionali hilo o he hom he a acked o o
ho e ho hailed he i e of in inc , adi ion
Ma i , ho kne bo h men ell, o e: "Ma a
Ba e ca il n'a jamai de ecie la ai on . . 25
a g men f om hi o , f om he fac , a no m
mo e ob io . The adi ion ha he efe ed o
elec ed in acco dance i h ea on. "Le nom de T adi ion ne e
a di e la an mi ion de n'im o e oi. C'e la an mi ion d
bea e d ai." "Rien n'e o comme le fai , l'o d e dan le fai ,
oila ce i im o e." 26 Al ho gh he ne e aid o, i i o ible ha
Ma a ' ega d fo ea on a in i ed b he fac ha e adi-
ionali m and i a ionali m e e he e in he e e of he Ch ch; fo
Ma a , ho gh an nbelie e , claimed o be a defende of he
Ch ch and i doc ine.
Ma a ' ejec ion of blind adi ionali m in fa o of a ionali m,
hi ie ha oli ic a an e ac cience, did no mean ha he
ejec ed adi ionali hi o ical a g men al oge he . He belie ed
ha hi o co ld be ed in a " cien ific" a and ha h o gh he
o e a ion of ea on on collec i e e e ience gene al la co ld be
e abli hed. Thi a indeed he o e of i ing hi o : "Sa oi
'hi oi e o le im le lai i de la a oi e ai a emen la l
aine de en e i e ." "No ne che chon dan le a e de o e-
23 Ma a , Le Condi ion de la Vic oi e (Pa i , 1918), IV, 220-25.
24 Ma a ' fi bli hed o k a an a icle in Annale de Philo o hie Ch &-
ienne, hich a aken o be he o k of an old Thomi . L. S. Ro die , Ma a
j ' a l'Ac ion F ancai e (Pa i , 1957), 137.
25Hen i Ma i , J gemen (Pa i , 1923), I, 205.
26 Ma a , Ba ba ie e oe ie, In od c ion, ci ed b W. C. B hmann, The Ri e
of In eg al Na ionali m in F ance (Ne Yo k, 1939), 125, no e; Ma a , Re e
Enc clo edi e (J ne 1, 1895), ci ed b Ro die , o . ci ., 194.

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 MAURRAS AND L'ACTION FRANgAISE 371

ni , no che chon de elemen digne d'e e admi e e e die

comme de modele ." 27 Hi o o ided le on and inci le of
ac ion, and al o a gh ha inci le and ac ion o a oid; fo
e am le "... l'im i ance ofonde de l'in e na ionali me n'e a
n acciden mai n f i e en iel de ing iecle d'hi oi e h -
maine." 28 Hi o a in fac "la cience de la bonne fo ne," 29 no
he d of he a fo i o n ake, b a ea ch fo ha had
o ed beneficial and cce f l. Thi emi m on cce macked
of ocial Da ini m, a conce ha Ma a did no o enl adhe e
o. Hi a ionali m him in a cam o o ed o ho e ho
fo a d o ganic conce ion of hi o . He ecificall e o ed
Bo ge , fo e am le, fo in od cing biological lang age in o oli i-
cal di c ion,30 and he a acked "Ce ain ma ai edan d'Uni-
e i e [ i] on fo e age e le analogie en e la ie de anima
e la ie de E a ." 31 Ma a a an i emi ic, b he had a ho o
of Gobinea and of he biological conce ion of ace ha a ac ed
o he F ench igh - ing i e .32 B Ma a a no con i en .
He efe ed, fo e am le, o " ne fo me o gani e . . . de 'Hi oi e
de F ance." 33
The incon i enc of Ma a ' a ionali m i b o gh o e
clea l in hi a em o a e hi F ench na ionali m i h hi
belief in he o ibili of de i ing gene al la f om hi o . He
claimed ha con an e e ob e able in hi o : "L'hi oi e n'e
a ne e e e de cabine : ce endan e e e i ion indeniable ...
e me en de d e e . . . de ablea de e ence, d'ab ence e
de a ia ion com a able a ce i fa o i en le og e de l'e de
de na e." 84 Hi ie of con an in hi o , ba ed on an nchang-
ing h man na e, a in fac ha of he cla ical i e of he
XVII h cen hom he e e ed, ho e en ed he he oe and
he oine of ancien G eece a if he had been co ie a Ve aille .
Thei a he ie ha he e e ed in An hinea: "A bel in an
o elle n'a e e 'elle-meme, l'A i e f le gen e h main." 85 He e
again he a clo e o XVIII h-cen a ionali m and hi ie
e e en ed a eac ion again he Ba e ian c en in F ench adi-
ionali m, ho gh i a a e e ed and m ddled eac ion. Ma a
o o ed he el an i a ian conce ion of hi o . He a acked
Cha ea b iand fo hi a achmen o he a a ch, and e c ed
him elf le hi o n hi o ical e lana ion had gi en he im e ion
27 Ma a , Dic ionnai e oli i e e c i i e, II, 229; Ma a , Page li e ai e
choi ie (Pa i , 1922), 53-60.
28 Ma a , Le Condi ion de la Vic oi e, I, 22. 29 Oe e Ca i ale , II, 78.
80 Ma a , En e e (1911), 115, no e. 31 De Demo a Ce a (Pa i , 1930) I, 24.
32Ma a , Ga loi , Ge main , La in (Pa i , 1926), 29-30.
33 Ma a , La con e- e ol ion on anee (L on, 1943), 73.
34 Ma a , Me idee oli i e , 110. 8 An hinea (Pa i , 1920), 56.

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 372 STEPHEN WILSON

" e no o lon fai e de la ie a ec de la mo

bo non a e end e l'e i d' n oce , i f
a li e, le ede iend ai ." 36 Hi o , fo Ma
e , a ni . Ne e hele he a elled i h Ge
all eo le, beca e, he aid, he did no nde
cha ac e of a e och ;37 and he him elf ideali
gime and ended o e i a a ni e al no m.
and hi na ionali m cla hed i h hi a ed gene
and i h hi " ni e ali m." He illingl acc
hi o ical cha ini m. He main ained Jo e h de M
oli ical con i ion e e ec lia o hei co
co ld no be an lan ed.39 Ma a o gh
dialec icall , econciling hi " ni e ali m" and h
in e e in F ance in he claim ha F ance a n
lic F ance e e en ed and con in ed he ci ili a
Wo ld.40 Hi iden ifica ion of F ance i h he ni e al ha echoe
of he Re ol iona co mo oli an adi ion b in eali i a
e diffe en . The ci ili a ion ha F ance e e en ed a e cl -
i e; Ge man and England fo med no a of i . Fo Ma a ,
F ance a no a con e ing ideal, b a land h ea ened and l-
ne able. Hi na ionali m diffe ed li le in fac f om he defen i e
na ionali m of Ba e .
Like Ba e , Ma a fed hi na ionali m on memo ie of 1870-
187141 and ho e of Re anche. Like ha of Ba e , he na ionali m
of Ma a had a o incial o igin. An e amina ion of Ma a '
egionali m ill demon a e he com le na e of hi adi ional
na ionali m and of he a g men hich he ed o o aga e i .
Ma a di ed en imen , a e ha e een, b egionali en i-
men ne e hele la ed a la ge and e ha dominan a in hi
de elo men , and nde la hi doc ine. De i e hi life ime a a
jo nali in Pa i , he a no a de acine; he ke hi ho e a Ma -
ig e , and emembe ed ha hi oo e e he e. Hi local a-
io i m a ong. He old Xa ie Valla in hi la ea : ".... je ne
a donne a a A. Da de d'a oi con ib e a idic li e le gen de
ma ace." 42 Hi main a ack on he Re ol ion a ha i had de-
86 Ma a , Le Pa e, la G e e e la Pai (Pa i , 1917), 67.
37 Ma a , Ga loi , Ge main , La in , 22-5.
38 E . Ma a , Jeanne d'A c, Lo i XIV, Na oleon (Pa i , 1937).
39 Ma a , Le Condi ion de la Vic oi e, IV, 256-57; Ma a , Dic ionnai e,
III, 13-15.
40 E.g. Ma a , Le De F ance , Q and le F angai ne 'aimaien a , 163-207;
Ma a , An hinea, 86. 41Le P oce de Cha le Ma a (Pa i , 1946), 52.
42Xa ie Valla , Cha le Ma a , N me o d'ec o 8321 (Pa i , 1953), 254. Al-
hon e Da de ' on Leon a of co e a ominen leade of he Ac ion F angai e,
and a g ea f iend of Ma a .

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 MAURRAS AND L'ACTION FRANVAISE 373

o ed local libe ie and life. He had kno n P o engal f om child-

hood,43 b hi eal a achmen o hi na i e lang age and o ince
came onl af e he had lef i . Of Ai , he o e: "Je ne l'ai aimee e
de long e annee a e l'a oi i ee."44 The e a ome hing
a ificial and oman ic e en in he egionali m of Ma a a in ha
of Ba e , hich made him e e e he mo e na al o inciali m of
Mi al. Hi mee ing i h Mi al a he fo n ain of Va cl e a
one of he g ea e en of hi life. Ma a aid ha Mi al f eed
him f om he nihili m, hich he ha ed i h o man o ng men of
hi gene a ion. Mi al old him ha he enai ance of he P o engal
lang age a a ma e of ill and ac ion: "Ain i 'affi mai e e
d e ai de an moi la belle e noble image d e o offen if de
l'e i de l'homme e de a olon 6 eflechie, concen ee e di ci -
linee, and il l i lai de 'o o e a el e fl d'e enemen infe-
ie e a l'h mani e." He e fo Ma a e onall a he con e
of hi o ical de e mini m. "La dee e E ol ion m'a ai fai a o -
a ie o e le l mie e de la ai on ... e j'a ai o o bli . . .
dan le henomene de lang e , ce e ac ion de l'e i de homme
e o de g and homme , lo 'il comba en ce de inee
don il on a i le mini e ." 45 We hall e n o Ma a '
g a ling i h de e mini m belo , b i i mo ignifican ha he
eached he ol ion of hi oblem b e ning o hi na i e oil,
and o Mi al, he geni , he Home ho e e en ed i ,46 and ha
ch a e n led Ma a no o i a ionali m b o a belief in he
efficac of ill backed b ea on.
Ma a ' ol ion of he oli ical oblem of F ance a a hole
emmed f om hi conce n fo hi na i e P o ence; he a , af e hi
e e ience i h he Pa i Felib ige f om hich he had been e elled
fo ing o i i o oli ical ac ion, ha local e i al co ld no
come f om belo . He concl ded ha i m come f om abo e, i h
he mona ch , hich o ld be he ole o e ong eno gh o kee
i i hin bo nd .47 Ma a , ho e e , igo o l o o ed an en-
denc o a d e a a i m. Fo e am le, he a acked ho e ho e -
e en ed he Albigen ian c ade a an a ack on a e io ci ili a-
ion: "Con ai emen a ce e b aillen el e egionali e i ne
a en a le hi oi e, il e fo he e o no e a ie e
Mon fo ai ec a e Ra mond VI o le m de M e ." 48 P o -
43 Ma a , Oe e Ca i ale , IV, 11-14. B hmann i mi aken hen he a
ha Ma a did no lea n P o engal ill he came o Pa i . B hmann, o . ci ., 185.
44Ma a , Oe e Ca i ale , I, 435. 45Ibid., III, 247-53.
46Ma a , "La age e de Mi al," L'E ang de Be e (Pa i , 1928), 181-220;
Oe e Ca i ale , III, 254.
47 Ma a , "La Mona chie fede ali e, L'E ang de Be e, 147-155; Oe e Ca -
i ale , III, 246-7 and 272-4.
48 Valla , o . ci ., 227.

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374 STEPHEN WILSON

ence a he mbol of F ance, a F ance a

ci ili a ion and of h mani : "I1 ne 'agi a d
la i e na ionale , comme a ic la i e na ional
fo me le l acce ible e le l emo an
h mani e ." 49 He e again e ee Ma a ' o
na ionali m ing o e ch be ond hei adi i
Mi al had a ed Ma a f om a de ai ing d
Ma a a ne e able o e e hi al a ion
hi a a l on e adi ionali m a , a al a , f
and ecoil . T adi ionali m ended b defini ion
Ma a ' gene al o o i ion o de e mini m
hen i a co led i h a belief in og e :
e enemen n'a ien de ec iligne. .. ." "Ce bien
de oi e ne e ece de Me ie de l'e i . .. ."5
con an l o e of he binding and nchanging
o e, fo e am le, of he connec ion be ee
F ench Re ol ion and Ge man na ionali m: "Ce cho e . . . e
iennen a de chaine de a o inf angible . .. .51 O again
in 1916 on he bjec of F ench anne a ion : ". .. o oi fai e
a o e l'hi oi e? o oi a e e la ma che de l'e i la in ...
de l'o e a l'e ? Elle e con an e de i de iecle ." 2 B
Ma a belie ed ha he e a a one he e h man ill co ld
o e a e, he e h man being co ld ac , if he had he nece a
kno ledge of he la ha bo nd hem: "Pl fo e e le
homme , l fo e e le combinai on . .. il e de nece i e
gene ale i menen o . L'habili e con i e a de ance , a e eni
ce co de de in." 53 The e i ome hing he e of Ma , of Miche-
le , of Vico, ho gh Ma a eem no o ha e eali ed i . He e
abo defining hi one in hich libe co ld o e a e: "I1 a de
momen dan l'hi oi e i e emblai a a ic la ion , a join-
e d' n co : a ce momen ne fle ion en di e en e e
od i e, le e enemen e en end e elle di ec ion o elle
a e; mai , la di ec ion ado ee, o 'enchaine, o e ien , o
e i de nece i e im lacable e igide." 54 Vic o fo F ance in
1918 e e en ed ch a defini e ning- oin in hi o . Ma a
o e a he ime: "No omme a e an de iecle . De la deci-
ion d' n e i nomb e d'homme , o e no e hi oi e e celle d
monde e en de end e o de long age ." 5 Fo all hi Ma a

49 Ma a , An hinea, 118.
50 Ma a , Page li e ai e choi ie , 252-59; Ma a , La oli i e eligie e
(Pa i , 1914), 30.
61 Ma a , Ga loi , Ge main , La in , 81-2.
52 Le chef ociali e (Pa i , 1918), 174.
63 Ma a , Le Ma ai T ai e (Pa i , 1928) I, 237-38.
4 Ma a , Dic ionnai e, II, 227. 55 Le Ma ai T ai , I, 43.

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 MAURRAS AND L'ACTION FRANCAISE 375

ended o ee hi o fa le a a oce nc a ed b effo of

ill han a he con an ggle be een ci ili a ion and ba -
ba i m, o de and chao , and hi main aim a o di co e he fac o
ha had en ed and o ld en e he i m h of ci ili a ion and
o de .
Ma a a lied hi " cience de la bonne fo ne" ima il o
he hi o of F ance. Fo Ma a , he e a a a e n in F ench
hi o : i endenc o a d ni . F ench hi o a he o of a
cce ; i a f ll of chi m , hich had been healed and ab o bed
in o ni , a e fo he la and g ea e , he Re ol ion, hich fo
ha ea on, Ma a ef ed o call F ench.66 He o e: "Le e i-
able hi o ien f angai , lein d'a en ion, lein de e ec e de ie e
o o le elemen i l e en dan l'effo i no engend a, a
o an d'acco de n l d'a en ion, de e ec e de eligion
o le elemen i ain i en , ca ce -ci f en deci if e
donne en le ma e e le di ec ion a o e o gani a ion i
i i ." 57 The oblem a o di ing i h he elemen ha had c-
ceeded i ho anc ioning ha had me el i ed. We ha e een
ha Ma a o gh o a oid a adi ionali acce ance of an e-
gime ha ha ened o e i , and ha he did no ega d he con em-
o a i m h of he Re blic a deci i e. He anno nced a ide
and gene o ie of F ance, like ha of Ba e , b he ended
i h a na o and e cl i e one: "... il a lace o ne doc ine
de la F ance a e a e o ne ien e cl e," he o e, b he
added, "ab ol men ien e ce i la de i . . . . Une adi ion
na ionale .. . com o e o l'ac if de no ac i i ion cce i e de
manie e a n'elimine e le a if...." 58 Thi mean a e n o he
mona ch , he ac i e elemen in F ench hi o and he fo m la fo
na ional cce . "No e olon e d'abo i no a fai demande a
l'hi oi e a loi . . . la condi ion de l'e i ence de la na ion. . . . E
l'hi oi e mon e ce e condi ion a i fai e a le egime i a fonde,
ga de e l ie foi a e le ca i al f angai ." 59 The igh of he
mona ch a no di ine, no a i ba ed on c de fo ce, b on
cce o e a e iod of ime. Onl ime co ld con ec a e a go e n-
men . Ma a a al a efe ing o he ho and ea of Ca e-
ian le; of he Re blic he o e: "Je ne c oi ai jamai e el e
cho e i da e de 1866-1870 oi a l'e e e de o le a a
imaginable e c ee o l'e e ni e." 60 De h in he a ga e a-
bili and a be e ie of he f e. Ma a o e of he Po e:
"S le iege ele e de di -h i iecle ... le ha e d a e l i
donnen la i ance de eni n com e e en iel, e e ni e de
56 Ma a , Le Condi ion de la Vic oi e, IV, 39-46; Ga loi , Ge main , La in ,
46-7.
57 Ma a , Refle ion la Re ol ion de 1789 (Pa i , 1948), i.
58 Ma a , Le Condi ion de la Vic oi e, I, 277.
59 Ma a , De Demo a Ce a , II, 89. 60 Le Condi ion de la Vic Qi e, IV, 240.

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376 STEPHEN WILSON

l'a eni ." 61 Ma a a he e ing o ike

me e con e a i m and a a ionali ed adi ion
o ed hi o i ion i h mo e ac ical a g men .
The mona ch a an in i ion, and Ma a
in i ion , ho gh hi belief in an in i ion
en ed b one indi id al allo ed him al o o
e onal o e and ac ion. He e a he n he i o
ol n a i m in ano he fo m. Fo Ma a el
dange o and n able; he Bona a e had me
F ance.62 B Ma a admi ed ch dic a o ial leade a M olini
and L a e ho e e able o im o e hei ill on e en : "San le
chef , an le ain , an le he o , an le oi , l'hi oi e e inin el-
ligible." "Cel i i oi combien d'effe di e e de con e ence
loin aine e en nai e de la l e i e ini ia i e d' n homme o
d' n g o e d'homme . . . and elle n'e a e e cee a ebo
de la mecani e gene ale de la na e, cel i-la de ien o a fai
inca able de de e e e ." 63 On ch an o inion a he hole en-
e i e of he Ac ion F angai e fo nded. B indi id al , eli e , had
o o k l ima el h o gh in i ion in o de o be effec i e: "...
la aie ie n'e oin dan le memb e cce ifi , acciden el e
e heme e , mai dan le liai on in i ible i donnen a l'en emble
el e ni e. . . ." 64 The ac ion of he oe a concl i e in hi o ,
a a he ba le of he Ma ne he e "la fa ali e a e e ainc e le
de in b i e .. ."; 65 b ch he oic effo e e ele nle he
e e embodied and made e manen in in i ion , ch a he
a m , he Ch ch, o he mona ch . The onl fig e ho did fi
e ac l in o Ma a ' f ame o k of he in i ion-he o a Lo i
XIV, one of he main objec of Ac ion F angai e d and e o i-
ion. Fo Ma a , he a l'Homme-Roi, almo a Nie chean
e man.66
In o fa a adi ionali m co ld be iden ified i h de e mini m
Ma a ejec ed i . He efe ed o e a g men ha lef oom fo
ill and ac ion. B fo all ha hi link i h adi ionali m e e
ong and i a a a e ion of adi ionali m obabl ha hi
idea e e ed hei g ea e a eal. We m emembe ha Ma a
a a oe and ha hi adi ionali m de i ed ima il f om hi
fac . "Le felib ige de Ma a ," o e he ma i de Ro , "e la
61 Ma a , La oli i e eligie e, 316.
62 E . Ma a , Oe e Ca i ale , II, 341-375.
63 Ma a , Me idee oli i e , 111; En e e (1911), 498.
4 Ma a , Me idee oli i e , 111. 65Le Ma ai T ai e, I, P eface.
66Ma a , Lo i XIV o l'Homme-Roi (Pa i , 1939); al o Lo i Be and,
Lo i XIV (Pa i , 1930).

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 MAURRAS AND L'ACTION FRANgAISE 377

acine meme de on na ionali me." 67 Be ide being an e e ion of

o incial feeling, he Felib ige a a g o of oe . Ma a
ne e claimed o be a hi o ian, and he a he a k of jo nali m a
a b den; hi eal oca ion, a he concei ed i , a oe .68 He a
a jo nali of e ce ional alen , and he de o ed mo of hi life o
jo nali m, b L hi e e en ed fo him a delibe a e en ncia ion of
li e a e. He efe ed o he c cial oin in hi life, a he ime of
he D e f Affai , "o la li e a e f obligee de e mo e de la
li e a e en 'a li an a a de l'ac ion." 69 He en e ed oli-
ic , he aid, o oli ical jo nali m, a one ake eligio o ,70
and he e lained he ea on fo hi ainf l choice: "J'ai ba aille di
an o le adi ion d go f angai ; mai je n'ai cong l'e e ance
de le oi ele ee e le jo o i j'ai cong la o ibili e de e abli
l'en emble de no adi ion na ionale .""7 He began hi li e a
ca ee a a c i ic, b "Le Le e no on cond i a la Poli i e.
. ." "Si le o ci oli i e e al e a e le a e o ci ,
c'e e le oli i e d'abo d e j ifiai emie emen dan no
efle ion a le oe d'a e le al de e o e l'h mani e
ni e elle a c ee e an mi j 'a no e e o e." 72 Like Com e,
he ho gh ha a , eligion, oli ic , and ocie fo med a of
one hole, and he hi em ha i , a a e imi and a a adi-
ionali , le on he condi ion nece a fo c ea ion han on ho e
nece a fo i al: "Main eni c'e c ee .. ." "I1 fa ne
ci e debo , de m in ac , de f on ie e e , n o d e in e ie
a e e e i an o main eni la ie comm ne de l'e i aille
e dan la g o e de e mi e o dan la ca e de con i a e ...." 73
Thi ie domina ed Ma a ' ho gh f om he ime of hi i i
o G eece in 1896. He a ob e ed b ha he had een he e, and
o e la e : "Le heo ie hilo o hi e e e he i e d'An hinea
fo men le fondemen meme de ma oli i e." 74 In An hinea he
celeb a ed he bea of G eek a in a one of nea a e. I e e-
en ed " ne en ee h maine e ie e a a ia ion de l'hi oi e e
de la na e.... Ho ... de ce e ain e adi ion, o e faible, che-
67 M. de Ro , Cha le Ma a e le na ionali me de l'Ac ion F an ai e (Pa i ,
1927), 217.
68 Ma a , La M i e In e ie e (Pa i , 1925), P eface. 69 Ibid., 47.
70 Ma a , Oe e Ca i ale , I, 267.
71 Ma a , Ga e e de F ance (12 Decembe 1901), ci ed b B hmann, o . ci .,
252.
72 Ma a , Q and le F anCai ne 'aimaien a , P eface; Ma a , Le Condi-
ion de la Vic oi e, III, 228-29.
73 Ma a , Page li e ai e choi ie , 229 and 139.
74 Ma a , L'Ac ion F ancai e e la eligion ca holi e, 139, ci ed b A. Thiba de ,
Le Idee de Cha le Ma a (Pa i , 1919), 24-5.

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 378 STEPHEN WILSON

if e ec e emen icie."75 Abo e all, he a c

of hi bea , a he me c of na e and man' o
He e ned o hi heme again and again. C ea ion
he mi acle: "le bien n'e ' n mi acle infinimen
e n acciden , n ilo e d la me de chao
de l facile e le e ol ion ; l'hi oi e en e
le difficile, c'e d'e i e la eco e, de a e a
Na ig e e cond i e a o , d e e fai e d
cle ." 76 The e e a ion of a and ci ili a ion
kno ledge and kill: "... il ne ffi a a l'homme d
non ne Ac o ole, il fa enco e le ga de e le f
fo ce na elle e hi o i e e en iellemen enn
na al and hi o ical fo ce of Na e and Time e e elemen ha
man m ecogni e and kno o ha he migh fea and a fa a
o ible ame hem. I a hi conce n, hi medi a ion on dea h a
Daniel Hale called i ,78 hich ga e Ma a hi di inc ion a a
adi ionali and a a oli ical hinke , and hich, mo e han an -
hing, g o ed o man i e and in ellec al a o nd him. Ma -
a ' li e a adi ionali m a he oo of hi ho gh and ac ion,
ho gh he di ec ed i in o he na o channel of oli ical jo nal-
i m. In o de o e e e F ance and ci ili a ion, he fel hi ac ifice
o be nece a . Hi no o io a ack on Roman ici m a e ha a
ojec ion of hi elf-denial. The Ba e ian e of adi ionali m
a i elf a fo m of Roman ici m, and Ma a ne e f eed him elf
en i el f om ei he .
Ma a claimed o ha e ac ificed li e a e o oli ic and oli -
ical a g men , b he ac ifice a ne e com le e. He allo ed li -
e a f iend hi and enmi ie , fo e am le, o affec hi oli ical
a i de ; he con in ed o defend Ana ole F ance, hi old ma e ,
de i e he la e ' e ol ion o a d comm ni m; Be na d de Va l ,
ho a Ma a ' ec e a fo a ime, gge ed ha hi e
i h he Lig e de la Pa ie F ancai e a mo i a ed in a b an old
li e a a el i h Co ee.79 Li e a con ide a ion ended o
colo Ma a ' hole conce ion of hi o . He aid ha he a
hi o a oe , and he ie ed he a in mbolic e m . "Ce
logicien, ce ai onne ," o e Robe B a illach, "e a an o , n

75 Ma a , An hinea, 55 and 57.

76 Ma a , Re e Enc clo edi e (11 Se embe 1897), ci ed b Ro die , 228;
Ma a , Le Chemin de Pa adi (Pa i , 1921), P eface; Ma a , Page li e ai e
choi ie , 296.
77Ma a , Le Condi ion de la Vic oi e, II, 58-9.
78Daniel Hale , Cha le P6g e le Cahie de la Q in aine (Pa i , 1918), 146.
79 I. P. Ba ko, L'e he i e li e ai e de Cha le Ma a (Gene a 1961), 159.

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 MAURRAS AND L'ACTION FRANCAISE 379

c ea e de m he ." 80 Fo Ma a , he conflic be een ci ili a-

ion and ba ba i m, o de and chao , hich nde la all hi o a
an almo Manichean ggle be een he fo ce of Good and E il.
He e e ed hi ggle in F ench hi o h o gh hi m h,
L'E ang de Ma he e le ha e d'A i a che; Ma he, he S ian
i ch, mboli ed he i i of Re ol ion and ana ch , he b len
mo emen ha o igina ed in he Heb e de e and he Ge man
fo e ; A i a che e e en ed he G eco-Roman adi ion.81 Ma -
a ' hole em ha i on he e manen co d'e a ha he cha ac-
e i ic of a So elian m h. Wi h hi a achmen o m h en o he
fea e hich b o gh hi ho gh clo e o he chool of in inc i e
adi ionali m. Ma a e e ed hi co n fo e di ion and he
a a a of chola hi : "... l'a a eil de no e a ba de age ...
a ie inedi e ... a e colifiche a la mode." 82 S ch an a i de
migh ell be con ed a h mani , b he en on o ai e he
i e of igno ance. He aid of he o k of a in he m e m a
A hen : "L'ine i able e o de mon igno ance me oc ai le
mo en de le admi e . .. ."83 Again, he o e: "l'e e e e-
cie e i elle me me en e a de com end e e de e en i ce e
l'hi oi e in ellec elle de l' ni e no e en e de memo able." 84
Ma a , oo, had g ea in li e a on anei : "Ra emen le
idee m'a a ai en l belle 'en ce g acie e a nai an , a la
min e o elle e degagen de cho e . ... La gene ali e n'e a
enco e e a ee de obje o de fai i l'engend en e l'eclai ci -
en ." 85 A a olemici Ma a elied on le han a ional e a-
ion. "Dan le domaine de idee e de di c ion ," o e Geo ge
Fon eg i e, "M. Ma a e on g o e en la gemen de fo e . ...
Il ignifie e la iolence a, elon e , a ale mmme comme oce-
de de di c ion . . . la di c ion ne doi a i e e lemen a
con ainc e la ai on . . elle a o b de e ade , de fo ce
'e i a l'a en imen . .. ." 86 Ma a an ed le o con ince hi
eade of he h han me el o con ince: "J'ec i ... bien o ....
Mai j'ai la a ion de e ade ." 87 Wha he aid of L c e i ,
hom he admi ed o m ch, he migh ha e aid of him elf: "Sa f e
d'e li e , de di e , de e ade , e emble a l'ambi ion d' n
con e an ... ." 88
80 B a illach, Po ai (Pa i , 1935), 30. 81 Ma a , An hinea, 217-245.
82 Ma a , Le Aman de Veni e (Pa i , 1916), IX, ci ed b Ba ko, o . ci ., 78.
8 Ma a , An hinea, 36-7. 84 Ibid., 17-18.
85 Ma a , Q and le F angai ne 'aimaien a , i- ii.
86 Geo ge Fon eg i e, L'E ol ion de idle dan la F ance con em o aine (Pa i ,
1917), 301.
87 Rene Benjamin, Cha le Ma a , ce fil de la me (Pa i , 1932), 70.
88 Ma a , Oe e Ca i ale , I, 334.

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 380 STEPHEN WILSON

All of hi indica e ha Ma a ' a ionali

en ific me hod, did no go e dee . Ma a a
gai e co ld no mo e oo fa o a d a ionali m
nde mining hei mona chi and na ionali
immen e im o ance on he o e of idea in
F angai e a abo e all an in ellec al mo emen
leade ; b hi em ha i on idea , on o ag
Ma a ' gene al acce ance of he adi ionali
a me el an hei , he g a dian of a ca i al.89
mode ni e adi ionali m a ho h o gh i
ba ed hi doc ine on allegedl cien ific and o i
he co ld no e i he a eal of he i a ional; h
eading, fo e am le.90 He ca iga ed he fo
anach oni m of adicali m, "le cha me o ingien de la demo-
c a ie"; 91 e he looked back him elf o an ideali ed Ancien Regime.
The h of he ma e a ha he Ac ion F angai e had failed o
o ide he Righ i h mode n a eal and mode n doc ine . I
en ncia ion of ch a ene al o ed a g ea a ac ion a fi , b
a he mo emen e led do n o an old- le "O leani " con e a-
i m, ho e ho an ed a eall mode n igh - ing og am lef i
fo Fa ci m; fo e am le, Robe B a illach and Pie e D ie La
Rochelle.92 Thi fail e in he mo emen a eflec ed in he con-
adic ion of Ma a ' ho gh hich anima ed i , b he fail e
a no en i el nega i e. Ma a , in i e of hi "an i emi i me d'e-
a " and hi iolence of lang age, ne e fo go hi o iginal h mani
a m ion . Ma a ' a infl ence on he F ench Righ and he
cce of he Ac ion F angai e a an in ellec al cen e of a ac ion,
he ide ead a eal of hi o ied a em o ee amine and o
e a e adi ionali o i ion , e e e idence of a e io gene al con-
ce n fo ha a be in T adi ionali m, hich he e ine of
m ch Ac ion F angai e a g men a ion and he n lea an na e of
m ch of i ac i i and o aganda ho ld no be allo ed o ob c e.
Uni e i of Ea Anglia.
89 Ma a , A igne de Flo e, 14. 90 Valla , o . ci ., 84 and 152.
91 Ma a , Le Condi ion de la Vic oi e, IV, 30-1; Ma a , Le Chef Social-
i e , 104-111.
92 E.g. D ie La Rochelle, Le F ancai d'E o e (Pa i , 1944), 144-45. D ie a
ne e a clo e o he Ac ion F an ai e a B a illach, b he a e m ch in-
fl enced fo a ime b Ma a .

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