WESTMEAD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

The Life, Works and Writings of Jose rizal

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WESTMED INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

COURSE TITLE: THE LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL

CHAPTER II : #RIZALLife
PROFESSOR: PROF. ANTONIO A. MALIGAYA
SY AND SEM: 2020-2021/ FIRST SEMESTER
 CHAPTER DESCRIPTION

This chapter introduces students to Rizal's life specifically his context. In studying
the context of a certain individual or historic event, one must take into consideration the
time, place, and the people or the overarching ideas present during the time in question.
Rizal lived in the late 19th century, a time when various reforms were being implemented
in the country. The sítuation of the Philippines, however, was not as inclusive and the gap
between the rich and the poor created a tense atmosphere that eventually created
nationalistic activities and organizations like the propaganda movement in Spain and the
revolutionary movement (KKK) in the Philippines. It is important for students to know the
events during Rizal's time, the places that he visited, as well as the people and ideas that
he encountered to further understand the formation of Rizal's personality and
consciousness.

Chapter Outcomes:

At the end of the chapter,you will be able to:

Appreciate how Rizal’s context influenced the development of his consciousness.
Relate how the different events in the 19 century as well as the different ideas he encountered during his
travels were translated to his works.
Assess the importance of one’s context in the formation of one’s character.

WHAT THIS CHAPTER WILL COVER

LESSON 5: 19th Century Philippines
LESSON 6: Memorias de Un Estudiante de Manila
LESSON 7: Life of Rizal

LESSON 8: Rizal, the Polymath

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COURSE TITLE: THE LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL

CHAPTER II : #RIZALLife
LESSON NO 5: 19th Century Philippines
PROFESSOR: LORD EILEEN M. LAGRISOLA
SY AND SEM: 2020-2021/ FIRST SEMESTER

 INTRODUCTION TO THE LESSON

The late 18th and the early 19th century marked the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution led by the British. Through the development of steam engines and the
integration of machinery in production, Britain experienced rapid development and
urbanization. While other countries were quick to emulate British industrialization, Spain
lagged behind its neighbors mainly because of its engagements with the Napoleonic
and Carlist Wars and the internal power struggle between liberal and conservative
factions in Spain during the early 19th century. These changes in Spain eventually
affected its relations towards its colonies and the Philippines experienced liberal policies
and reform for the first time. This lesson explores the political and economic situation of
the Philippines during the 19th century to further contextualize the life and times of Dr.
Jose Rizal.
 CONTENT’S LIST

The Conditions of Europe, America and Spain

Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines
Education and the Rise of Illustrados

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

discuss important changes in Spain and in the Philippines;

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THE UNIT
enumerate the policies that enabled Filipinos to organize and ask for reforms; and

relate how the conditions of the 19th century Philippines and Europe affected the formation
of Rizal's consciousness.
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 TIME ALLOCATION FOR THIS SUBJECT: 3 HOURS / WEEK

 EQUIPMENT AND APPS TO BE USED

 Laptop/ smartphone
 Zoom, Messenger, Google Classroom,

 RESOURCE MATERIALS YOU NEED TO LEARN THIS UNIT

1. Read The Life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal page 26-31
2. Link to my audio visual presentation:
3. Additional Information about the GOMBURZA http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

Pretest
1. Who is the parents of Rizal?
2. How many siblings Rizal have?
3. Why do you think Rizal choose to study abroad?
4. What course did Rizal took up in abroad?
5. Is Rizal really a genius?
6. Who is Rizal’s greatest love?
7. Is Rizal married?if yes , with whom?

 LESSON DISCUSSION

The conditions of Europe, America and Spain

The 19th century was a century of change. During the last two decades of the previous century, the age of
enlightenment reached its zenith in France, culminating in the French Revolution of 1789.. The French Revolution
resulted in the topling of the monarchy of King Louis XVI and the ushering in of the French Republic. The struggle for
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equal rights has spread over the world. Europe went up in revolution from 1848, with the regimes of the absolute
monarchs in France and Austria being toppled by people seeking more responsible governments.

In 1861, the year of Rizal's birth, Tsar Alexander emancipated Russian serfs. That year, the Italians, under
Giuseppe Garibaldi, threw out the Austrians and took over the papal lands. Italian nationalism ended the domination of
the Church and united the various Italian states as one country Germany, on the other hand, was in the process of
unification which lasted until 1871.

In the United States President Abraham Lincoln emancipated the black slaves but also triggered the American
Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865. At the south of the U.S. border, Mexican troops dealt a humiliating defeat on
the French-supported regime of Archduke Maximilian. In France, the regime of Napoleon l was crumbling after the
debacle in Mexico. Later, the French overthrew the monarchists and established a republic.

At this time, however, most of Spain's colonies such as those in South and Central America, such as Mexico
Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and others have won their
independence from Spain through revolution. The Philippines was one of Spain's remaining colonies along with Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and the Spanish Sahara.

Note: This is the reason why 19 century was the era of challenges and responses.
It is the period of major changes that affect man and society. It is the age of
enlightenment. With French revolution and American Civil war ideas of freedom,
liberty and equality, and the belief in the sovereignty of the people in determining
government have flourished all across the world..

Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines

Some historians refer to the 19th century as Note:

a long With thein abolition
century Philippine of the Galleon
history because of the numerous
trade
changes that happened during this period. In terms and the
of political andopening
economicof the Philippines
changes, to
the brief occupation of Manila by
world trade,
British forces in 1762-1764 and the rapid development the economic
of economies in Europe activities in administrators
made Spanish the in the
Some of the more
colonynotable policies so as not to get leftcountry
reforms
rethink their behind byand
theirthe entryand
neighbors of tofirms from
prevent other
another incident such as the
Britishwere the abolition
occupation of
from happening European
again in the near future states increases. And also the entry
the Galleon trade
and the opening of of foreign ideas mostly through the form of
the Philippines to books and other printed media during that
world trade in 1830
time.
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Rizal was able to read various European Literature's such as Alexander Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo and
the Three Musketeers and Andres Bonifacio was also able to read literature s on the French revolution that later on
influenced some of the works of both individuals.

NOTE: Count of Monte Cristo is about the revenge of Edmond Dantes who is falsely accused of treason, arrested,
and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If, a grim island fortress off Marseille.

The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel.

The end of Spain's wars with the Dutch and the British, as well as the nullification of the slave raiding activities of the
Moro, also led to the development of agricultural lands and the discovery of new frontiers in the Philippines.

Note: This eventually created a change in the social and economic class in
the country with the principalias and mestizo benefitting from these changes, thus
the consequent emergence of local elites. In Laguna, Jose Rizal's family was
considered to be one of the local elites in the province since they were leasing
large blocks of lands from friar estates in Calamba.

These developments however did not help in bridging the gap between the local elites and the poor and
marginalized sectors in the country. This gap led to different revolts such as the Basi Revolts in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos
Norte during the early 19 th century. These revolts showed the growing gap between the rich and the poor because they
were directed not only against the Spanish authorities but also to the babaknangs or elites in the two provinces.

The implementation of the Cadiz Constitution in 1812 also provided a brief legal justification for the quest for
Note:
equality The
since Constitution
it was ofdocument
slated in the Cadiz had
thataallnovel feature
citizens of including
of Spain, allowingthose
colonies
in theto be represented
colonies, were equal in
under
the Spanish parliament called the Cotes. The Philippines therefore was given representation
the law.
for the very first time, and Ventura de los Reyes, a Spaniard born in the Philippines, was
selected to represent the colony. However, after Napoleon was defeated, Ferdinand, who had
become King Ferdinand Vl, abolished the Cortes, saying that the body encroached on
powers he believed belonged solely to him. The decision was unpopular as Spain's American
colonies began to revolt
 and sought independence.
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In Southern Tagalog areas, brigandage and tulisanes increased their robbing, kidnapping, and pillaging activities,
prompting the colonial government to create the Guardia Civil in 1868. Some movements such as the Cofradia de San
Jose in Tayabas, Quezon, on the other hand, had more religious overtones that challenged the dominance of the
Catholic Church and the discrimination between the religious orders and secular priests.

Note: The last of the series of revolts took place in 1841-1842 when Apolinario de la Cruz
refused to disband his religious organization, the Cofradia de San Jose. De la Cruz aspired to
be a priest but was refused by the Spaniards because of his race. Instead, he founded the
Cofradia which gained popularity among ordinary people and was seen as a threat by the
Catholic Church. After his execution and the suppression of the Cofradia, members of the
Tayabas Regiment of the Spanish army, who tuned out to be province-mates of de la Cruz,
mutinied and almost took over Manila. The arrival of native reinforcements saved the Spanish
colonizers from certain defeat.

Note: The defeats of native revolts demonstrated that the Philippines was disunited
because of lack of a national identity. The Spaniards used this disunity to divide and
rule the country. Demographically, the Spaniards were a minority in the Philippines.
The peninsulares, or Spaniards born in Spain but at that time were working in the
Philippines, were very few, consisting of the governor-general, some officials and
priests, and the insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines who were also few in
comparison to the native population. In large towns, the parish priest and the head
Note: However, The Filipinos in this time were unfortunate victims of the evils of an
of local police were the only Spaniards. The colonial order was maintained largely by
unjust, biased and deteriorating power.
native officials. This explains why Spain controlled the Philippines for more than 300
These are:
years. Spainofcontrolled
Instability the natives through the native leaders.
colonial administration
2. Corrupt Colonial Officials
3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
5. No Equality Before the Law
6. Maladministration of Justice
7. Racial Discrimination
8. Frailocracy
9. Forced Labor
10. The Guardia Civil
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Education and the Rise of the Ilustrados

But through all these reforms, perhaps the most notable was the increase of educated Filipinos as the colonial
government, under directives from Spain, also started to reform educational institutions in the Philippines

Filipino and Chinese Mestizo elite families who were able to capitalize on the opening of the Philippine markets
to the world sent their children to school to take professional courses not only in the Philippines but also in Europe.
Travelling to Europe during that time was also made easier with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1859.

Note: There are lots of criticisms received in the educational system of the Philippines in
the late 19th century. And this is also the reason why the illustrados decided to study
abroad.
DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME
1. Emphasis on Religion
>Fear of God was emphasized.
>Obedience to friars was instilled in the mind of the people.
>Indios were constantly reminded that they have inferior intelligence and were fit for
manual labor only.
>Will of God was also emphasized.
2. Absence of Academic Freedom
> Most schools were not opened to the natives.
> Students were not allowed to express their opinion.
3. Racial Discrimination
> prior to educational decree of 1863, the schools were not opened to the natives.
> Spaniards hesitated to consider the indios as educable as themselves.
4. Limited curriculum
> Education was limited to the 3Rs, that is, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic
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With their education and exposure outside the country, these individuals, who later on were referred to as
illustrados, eventually formed the core of a new emerging movement that asked the colonial government for much
needed reforms in the Philippines. The new movement is called the reform and propaganda movement.

Note: The Reform and Propaganda Movement was different from earlier revolts because it had
a more nationalistic and racial dimension fueled by the sufferings and discrimination’s
experienced by Filipinos under the Spaniards. This was also supplemented by the liberal
policies applied by liberal administrations of Spain in the Philippines such as the Cadiz
Constitution in 1812.

This movement also drew inspiration from the earlier efforts of the native secular priests such as Padre Jose
Burgos who fought for equal rights among the clergy in the 1860's. The secular priests' move, along with the students'
involvement from different higher institutions in the country during that time, to gain equal rights, however, was
interpreted by the Spanish administrators and friars as an attempt to overthrow the government leading to massive
breakdowns made against students along with some local elites in the country in 1872. Burgos, along with fathers
Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gomez, were executed on February 17, 1872.

Note: The Three Priest were executed using a garrote due to "false accusation" charged against them by the
friars. Their alleged crime include treason and sedition for being the masterminds of the uprising insurrection of
Indios (native Filipinos) working in the Cavite arsenal. Furthermore, according to the Spanish military tribunal,
they were believed to have been a part of a movement aimed to overthrow the Spanish government, making
them a threat to the Spanish Clergy.

The execution of Gomburza is one of the most controversial issues that is deeply embedded in Philippine
history, however their tragic end lead to the dawn of the Philippine Nationalism in the 19th century, intensified
by the Filipino's' national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, in dedicating his second novel entitled El Filibusterismo which
condemns the Spanish rule and the elite Filipinos.

Rizal was born in 1861 a midst all of these political and economic reforms and turmoils. He belonged to a local
elite family who was fortunate enough to capitalize on the existing conditions at the time. He was sent to school in the
Philippines; and despite the hardships that his family had to go through during the latter part of the Century, he was
able to study in Europe. Rizal actively participated in the propaganda movement while he was studying in Europe. Later
on, he moved back to the Philippines in 1892 establishing the La Liga Filipina. Rizal's involvement in the revolution is still
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a controversial issue among historians today, with some arguing that Rizal was not in favor of the revolution; while
others see Rizal being one of the main influences of the KKK.

 SELF ASSESSMENT

In the spaces below, answer these questions in two to three sentences.

1. What are the Spain’s remaining colonies after other colonies have won their independence through revolution?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________

2. Who is the founder of Cofradia de San Jose? What did he founded Cofradia de San Jose?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________

3. Why did Illustrados choose to study abroad?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________

4. Who are the Native Secular Priest who were executed on February 17, 1872? Why did the three priest were
executed?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________

 LESSON SUMMARY

This chapter aimed to situate Rizal’s life within the larger context of nineteenth century. It focused on the
economic and social developments in the century. It focused on the economic and social developments in the century
that shaped the world in which Rizal lived. With the deveopment of the economy and the opening of Manila and other
cities to world trade, the economy boomed in the nineteenth century.

This development in the economy has a profound impact on the social and political landscapes. The new
economy resulted in changes in policies about education and heightened the surveillance and regulatory mechanisms of
the state. Furthermore, the nineteenth century saw the ascendance of the mestizo and principalia classes that would
assert their relevance in society. In the process, they became more affluent and formed the nucleus of the middle lass.
The increased wealth allowed middle-class families to have better houses and sent their children to colleges and
universities for tertiary education. They obtained higher education degrees which they thought made them equal with
the Spaniards. With their education and exposure outside the country, these individuals, who later on were referred to
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as ilustrados, eventually formed the core of a new emerging movement which is the Reform and Propaganda
movement that asked the colonial government for much needed reforms in the Philippines. Eventually, they became
concerned with issues of equality including secularization. By the time of Rizal's vouth the quest for equality was the cry
of the times. It influenced Rizal throughout his life and it became his lifelong quest.

Key Notes
Galleon Trade Insulares Peninsulares Principalia
Mestizo Ilustrado Reform and Propaganda Movement
GOMBURZA Cadiz Constitution Cofradia de San Jose La Liga Filipina

Assignment :

STUDENT'S JOURNAL no. 5

Reflect on the importance of a person's context and his/her awareness of the various
problems in society. What are the different problems in your community today? How do
these problems affect your daily life? How can these problems be addressed by an ordinary
student or a citizen?

Exercise 2.1 : Developing a Positive Self-Concept

Specific Objectives:

At the end of this exercise, you will be able to:

1. Have undergone the first steps toward the development of a positive self-concept
2. discuss and realize the importance of having a positive self-concept
3. give the relationship of positive self-concept with the characteristics of a person with
a healthy personality and ideal Filipino citizens;
4. relate Dr. Rizal's self-concept with his being an ideal Filipino; and
5. apply the leanings gained from this exercise.
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Present Realities:

Self-concept or self-esteem is a set of beliefs about one's personal qualities and typical behavior. Moretti and
Higgins (1990) stated that: "when people live up to their personal standards ideal selves), they experience high/positive
self -concept, when they don't meet their own expectations, their self-concept suffers." Harter (1993) said that: "the
foundations for the high or low self-concept appear to be laid early in lite" For this reason, psychologists have focused
much of their attention on the role of parenting in sell-concept development. Indeed, there is ample evidence that
personal involvement, acceptance, support, and exposure to clearly defined limits have marked influence on their
children's sell-concept. The nature of man's self-evaluation has profound effects on his thinking process, emotions,
desires, values, and goals. It is the single most important key to his behavior, therefore, his becoming an ideal Flipino
citizen who is socially productive, and morally upright is dependent on his having a positive or good self-
concept."Colonial mentality" (preference for foreign ideas and goods), "hiya" (shyness or unexplained humility) "inggit"
(envy for anothers goad fortune) among Filipinos are contributony factors to the Filipinos' obvious low sell-concept
which probably hinder their development into concerned, patriotic, ideal Filipino citizens who could help in nation-
building

Activity:

Follow the instructions and write your answers in the space provided.

1. List down your strengths and your weaknesses and explain how these developed. Do this list at home, in the
privacy of your room, or in any quiet place.
2. Have the above mentioned list ready on the day set for this exercise on developing a positive concept.
3. What is the importance of having a positive self-concept?
4. Give the relationship of a positive self-concept with the characteristics of persons with a healthy personality and
ideal Filipino citizens.
5. How can you apply to yourself these learning’s gained from this exercise?

Integration:

In two or three statements, answer the following after completing the activity.

I realize that:

I resolve that:
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