Mathematical Tools MATHEMATICAL TOOLS Mathematics isthe language of physics. It becomes easier to describe, understand and apply the physical principles, if one has a good knowledge of mathematics. Tools are required to do physical work easily and mathematical tools are required to solve numerical problems easily. f 3 Differentiation Integration Vector MATHEMATICAL TOOLS To solve the problems of Physics Newton made differentiation and integration. eo Cutting a tree with a blade Cutting a string with an axe ignificant contributions to Mathematics by inventingMathematical Tools ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA “QUADRATIC EQUATION Analgebraic equation of second order (highest power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation, The equation ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0...) is the general form of quadratic equation where a'0. The general solution of above equation is b+ Vb* ~4ac ‘b= vb* ~4ac If values of x be x, and x, then x, == *°—"** ang x, =? 2a : 2a Here x, and x, are called roots of equation (i), We can easily see that b c sum of roots = x, +x, =~ — and product of roots > %i%2 = — a a ILLUSTRATIONS : 1. Find roots of equation 2x x—3 =0. Sol. Compare this equation with standard quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢ . b=-1, c=-3, we have a Now from x= le vie24 ae 2. In quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ =0, if discriminant D =b? — dae, then roots of quadratic equation are: (a) real and distinct, if D > 0 (b) real and equal (repeated roots), if D = 0 (c) non-real (imaginary), if D <0 (@) None of the above Ans. (ABC) BINOMIAL EXPRESSION : An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression. aay For example (a+b), (a¥b)', @2x—3y)", | 4) ete, ae binomial expressions Binomial Theorem n(n-I) 5 a(n=1) 2424 (+x)? = 1+ nx + x4 2x1 2x1 na 'b! + (axby" 24Mathematical Tools Binomial Approximation Ifx is very small, then terms containing higher powers of x can be neglected so (4y)"= 1+ nx ILLUSTRATION : 3. The ma m of a body moving with a velocity v is given by where m, = rest mass of body = 10 kg and c = speed of light = 3 x 10° m/s, Find the value of m atv =3 x 107 m/s. Sol. “ LOGARITHM Common formulae + log mn = log m+log n¢ log © slogm-log n *logm’=nlogm + log, m=2,303 log,,m log, b 1 « log, b= 2 «log .b = cB b= log,. b= “tog, b ILLUSTRATION : 4, Iflog 2=0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771, find the value of tog V24 Sol. log V24 =10g(24)"? = Log (2? x3) 3{t0g2 +1083] 30301004771) = 0.69005 “ COMPONENDO AND DIVIDENDO RULE a +q_atb 1 == then 24= qb p-q Arithmetic Progression (AP) General form : a, a+ d,a+2d, ....a + (n-L)d Here a= first term, d = common difference a a Sum of n terms S, = > [atat(n—1)d] = > [1 term +o term} 25Ean” Mathematical Tools ILLUSTRATION 5. Find sum of firstn natural numbers. Sol. LetsumbeS,then §,=14+2+3+...4n; S.= ‘Geometrical Progression (GP) General form : a, ar, ar’,..., ar! Here a= first term, common ratio Sum of n terms S, if rl <1 then sum of infinite term S,, ILLUSTRATION : 6. Find 1+ Sol. Here, a= 1,1 =—72 1- 2 TRIGONOMETRY ANGLE it is measure of change in direction. Are(s) Angle ()= Ragius() Angels measured in anticlockwise and clockwise direction are usually taken positive and negative respectively. System of Measurement of an Angle Sexagesimal system is system, angle is measured in degrees. em , | right angle = 90°, 1° = 60" (are minutes), 1 Circular system In this system, angle is measured in radian. if are = radius then 0=1 rad Relation between degrees and radian 2n rad = 360° 60" (are seconds) mrad = 180° = I rad = =57.3° ‘To convert from degree to radian multiply by To convert from radian to degree multiply byMathematical Tools ILLUSTRATIONS A circular are of length x cm. Find angle subtended by it at the centre in radian and degree. s_mem_& on So. Oe om 6 rad=30° ‘When a clock shows 4 o'clock, how much angle do its minute and hour needles make? 2n (A) 120 (B) al rad © Frat (b) 160° ac 2 Sol. From diagram angle 8 = 4%30°=120° = 7 rad 9, The moon's distance from the earth is 360000 km and its diameter subtends an angle of 42’ at the eye of the observer, The diameter of the moon in kilometers is, (A) 4400 (B) 1000 (C) 3600 (D) 8800 Ans. (A) Sol. Here angle is very small so diameter = are lon _ I xx = = rad 60 180 1800 7.22 ameter = RO = 360000 x >= 4400 km Diameter 1800 “TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS (T-RATIOS) Following ratios of the sides of a right angled triangle are known as trigonometrical ratios we 4 ( z Tay sind cos0 = 8 tano=2 coseed = = 4 1 H B sind P cot = wie l tan@ 27Ean” Mathematical Tools % — Trigonometric Identities (Py (By : a H? Divide by H?,| =| +| =) =1=>sin?0+cos*O \H) In figure . P? +B? \HJ Divide by Be, (© vide by BY | | = 1+cot?0= (BY (HY Divide by P2, 1 +l Commonly Used Values of Trigonometric Angle | 0] 30 a ae wo 90 3 H 4 A sino | 0 ae Be : y 5 RA 5 2 ' woo | 1 |2f 4 ft] 3 L 0 2 | 5 z 1 3 4 ~ an 0 ae a e mo | o |] 3 1 : a 0° Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. 1" quadrant | 1* quadrant sin All In second quadrant, only sino and coseco are positive. 0 180° 360° In third quadrant, only tano and cov are positive. tan 4,608 Tir quadrant | TV" quadrant In fourth quadrant, only cosd and 8 are positive 270° — Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae) (i) Trigonometric function of an angle 2nx +0 where n=0, 1, 2, 3..... will remain same, sin(2nx +9) ind cos(2nn+8)=cos® ——_tan(2nn4 ano Gna ax i) Trigonometric function of an angle | “+8 | will remain same ifnis even and sign of trigonometric (20°) function will be according to value of that function in quadrant, sin(x-0)=+sin —cos(n-6)=-coso——_tan(x-0)= tan sin(x10)}=-sind ——_cos(x+0)=—cos0 tan(x+0)= Hand sin@2x-0)=-sind —_cos(2n-0)=+c0s0 ——_tan(2r-0)=-tand 28ALLEN! Mathematical Tools nt (iii) Trigonometric function of an angle (= ) will be changed into co-function if mis odd and sign of trigonometric function will be according to value of that function in quadrant, fn.) fn.) x x si 740 %+6)=+c0s8 cos } 2} x cos) = \2 (iv) Trigonometric function of an angle -0 (negative ang! sin(-© Sine Formula or Sine Rule : cos(-9)=+c088 ed sinA sinB- sin Cosine Formula or Cosine Rule : In ABC, In AABC, (i) cosA = +e -2becos A (ii) cosB = 2 2° gy b? =a? +c ~2accosB 2ac +b? cos (iii) oe ILLUSTRATIONS : 10, The two shorter sides of right angled triangle are 5 cm and 12 cm. Let 0 denote the angle opposite to the 5 em side. Find sino, coso and tano. P_ Sem _ 5 Sol. sin8 =— bo H I3em_ 13 5 B_ 12cm _12 hes cos0 = — = H I3cm = 13 Scr Tem tang = B= Sem B 12cm 12 11. Find x, y and perimeter of the triangle 4 s¥=l—y=4em and Perimeter of the triangl x+y4+5Mathematical Tools Ye_and 3 (notin order), for some angles 12, The values of sin0,, cOs0, and tan 0, are given as 6,,0, and 0,. Choose incorrect statement. (A) The value of tan could be 4 (B) The value of sino, can not be 3. (©) The value of cos Ans. (D) can't be -Y (D) The value of cos’, could be 3. Sol, —1 & Gi) ax 24 coe (iii) ro he i) y= constant => 5 ii) y= =a ii) yoo FE =e znxo%e ( = a cos ee ivy yen > = V) y= sink > =cosx (vi) y= cosx=> Fe =—sinx mtan x=! moc? ee (vii) y=tan x= FE = soe? x. (vill) y= eotx=> Fe = -cosee"x % Rules of Differentiation: dy _ Len ) Funetion muttiplied by a constant ic... y= kf(x) > 4°= KE'(x) ‘i 1 dy _ 1 Gi) Sum or Subtraction of Two functions i. y= f(x) #808) > g= F(x) *9'(x) (iii) Product rule i.e. y= f(x) - g(%) of (x)-a(x)+#"(x)-9(x) F(x) _, dy _PO)a(X)-F 8) g(x)” de [s(s)]} (v) Chain rule: Let f be a function of x, which in turn is a function of t. The first derivative of f w.t. (iv) Quotient Rule : tisequal to the product of 2 ana %. Therefore Sf is equal to the product of [= and >. Therefore 33Ean” Mathematical Tools ILLUSTRATIONS 21, Find derivatives of the following functions : 4 @y=2 Gdy= = Giiy=3e" —iyy=6Inx — (—y=Ssinx sd ‘ A 4 dy 74 Sol. (i) y=2x aa 3x?! |= 6x? Giyy=F=4xt os Beaa[Cye = «dy _ay di 1 6 a iii) y =3e’ ane Gy y=onx > B=6f4)=$ iy) y=Ssiny > =s(c08x)=Seosx 22, Find differentiation of y w.r.tx. @y=x-6x Gi) y=x5 420° (iii) y=4 In x + cosx dy _yuo1 dy Bese ep oysen, (ald) 4. Si 6(1)=2x-6 Gi) 2 2 2 pyaar, (LN cin Sol.) B= 2% (1)=2x we +2e\= 5x" +2€° Gli) ge i) (-sinx) = sinx 23, Find first derivative of y war.t. x. @) y = ? sin x (ii) y =4(e*)o0s x ayy 2 Sol, (i) Ge =x" (c0sx) +(2x)(sinx)= x? osx + 2xsinx ix gy dx Gi) = 4| (e*)(cosx) +(e*)(-sinx) |= 4e* [cosx ~sinx] ax? sinx 24, Find differentiation of y wort. x.) ¥=—— i) ¥= Sol. (i) Here f(x) =sinx, g(x) =x So f(x) =cos x,, g'(x) =1 x)(x)=(sinx)(1 - “Therefore &Y. =L6088)(x)=(sinx)(V) _ xe0sx —sinx dx x x (ii) Here f(x) = 4x°, g(x) =e* So f"(x) =12x’,g'(x) =e" dy 12x°(e')-4x%(e') 1 Therefore, Gx ey Se 25, Find first derivative of y watt. x.: @y Gi) y =4 sin 3x Sol. (i) y =e =e" where 2=-x (ii) y=4 sin 3x = 4 sinz where z= 3x x? 2x =4e where z (iii) y = 4e*Mathematical Tools Maximum and Minimum value of a Function Higher order derivatives are used to find the maximum and Maxima minimum values of a function. At the points of maxima and minima, first derivative becomes zero. At point ‘A’ (minima) : As we see in figure, in the neighborhood : minima 2 x & OFA, slope inereases so SF >0. ix dy & Condition for minima ; | =0 and 2 > 0 dx dx 7 oy ; or value of > corsses zero from negative to postive ix 4 At point ‘B? (maxima) : As we sce in figure, in the neighborhood of B, slope decreases soto ix a Condition for maxima : |; = 0 and <= eorsses zero from postive to negative ix ILLUSTRATIONS : 26. The minimum value of y = 5x*- 2x + Lis: A : ‘B) 2 C) 4 D) E Ws 5 OF OF Ans. (C) di 1 Sol. For maximum/minimum value 5 0 5(2x)-2(I)+0=0>x=4 27. The radius of a circular plate increases at the rate of 0.1 cm per second. At what rate does the area 5 increase when the radius of plate is > em ? (A) Lem*/s (B) 0.1 ¢1 (C) 0.5 cm/s (D)2 cm/s ‘Ans, (A) Sol. Area of disk, A = ar” (where r= radius of disk) dA (4dr) dr dA 2 —=n| 2r— |= 2nr— —=2nx=x0.1=lem’/s aa a a x i: 35Mathematical Tools 28. Aparticle moves along the curve 12y =x". Which coordinate chang 0 (A) x-coordinate (B) y-coordinate (©) Both xand y-coordinate (1) Data insufficient ‘at faster rate atx: Ans. (B), Sol. by =x? = I2dy = 3x'dx = -(¥) (4) Ms, (B), Sol, 12y=x' = 12dy = 3x'dx= Go= [5] lad (x¥ Therefore for | | >1 or x >2, y- coordinate changes at faster rate. s 29, Water pours out at the rate of Q from a tap, into a cylindrical vessel of radius r. The rate at which the height of water level rises when the height is h, is Q Q _Q- oh ® oP © ae Oh Ans. (B) Sol. 4, Volume :Vearth , 9Y 2th Buy IY _@ go Sh a a dt dt 30. If y = 3x! —8x* — 6x? + 24x. Find values of x where function is maximum or minimum. Sol. To find values of x for maximum & minimun 1208 - 2x? = x +2) = 12-1) (K+ D(K-2 ama/mmimima 2 ni ; ‘Tocheck maxima /minima = (+) = minima or ()=>maxima if 1244-1) = (+) minima 4=1) =) maxima 1202-8-1)=(+) minima 31. If surface area of a cube is changing at a rate of 5 m7) moment when side length is 1 m. 8, find the rate of change of body diagonal at the o (A) 5 mls (B) 5v3 m/s (© $15 mis ODF as m/sAll (D) Surface area of cube S=6a? (where bay” Mathematical Tools side of cube) Body diagonal ¢ = J3q. Therefore S=2!* 2(2 d! dt 7: ak aa) Differentiating it wart. time INTEGRATION iven, We are required to find the function, while Integration is basically u J sign is used for continous function. ed for summation . ¥ is used for summation of discrete value: rl al f(x) dx [we can check —~=f(x)] dx integration of f(x) with respect to x then = d Let us proceed to obtain intergral of x" watt. x.<—(x"") = (n-+1)x" dx Since the process of integration is the reverse process of differentiation, J o+dx'ax or (n+ 1) f x'dx=x" or f x°dx = n+l The above formula holds for all values of n, except n Itis because, forn =-1, J x'dx = f x'dx =f dae: Log.) J tae = 109. x dx OOF x Similarly, the formula for integration of some other functions can be obtained if we know the differential coefficients of various functions. Few basic formulae of integration : Following are a few basic formulae of integration asl 1, J x"dx= ; Provided n = —1 d 2, f sinxdx =—cosx +e (+ F-(C0S x) 3, “ a . J cosxdx=sinx ke (+ Gosin x 4 f daxatogxte ( Lec tx dx ieee ene 3. fedsme'+e Levee) 6.1f [f(x)dx = Fos) +e then {fax +b) dx = trax +b) +e 37Mathematical Tools Definite Integrals : When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, d it is called a definite integral. If fo) =f"(x), then J £ (x)dx is called indefinite inte; and [/'f'(x)4x is called definite integral Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the variable x. After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated between upper and lower limits as explained below : Jf das = [rool = f(b) - flay Area bounded by the curve = f."ydx ILLUSTRATIONS : 32, Integrate the following w.t. x at es : cos (4x43) (v) cos’ (4x Gi) xs Gi) 5 (iv) cos (4x43) (v) costs Sob (i) [4x'dx=4[ <—]+0= 4e=xt te ffx-2 c= fade floc = OLS} aaa dx__In(2x Gio Fa (iv) foos(4x-+3)dx = : 2eosx, _ p(I¥+0082x), 1p, Ly cos? xdx = f 2225 Bay = FPSO. Td Lf cos 2nd wf Re PS Jaco) Sy hsinde CX doings te 2°2 33. The integral fx ‘dx is equal to: 5 we (B) ee (c) ; (D) 45 3 3 3 Ans. (B)Mathematical Tools EXERCISE -I Differentiation : 1, Find dy/dx for the following functions : =1+3x-x? (i y=x°-2x7-3 (iii) y= 3 % Gy = vox (Wy =(ax +b? 2. Ineach of the following evaluate when x=2: L ax (i) y=8x—x (i)y=ax?+bx-+e (iii) y=(x +a) (ivyy= wo (AY) 3. Find rae ] of given functions (i) y= ax" where ais constant, (i) y=xe™ (iii) y=(cotx) (Inx) (iv) y=sin 2x + sin 4x + sin 6x @ ysortertl Given a function y 2vx. What is rate of change in y with respect to x when x = 1? (A) Zero @)I 1s (D)-L5 Given a function y = x? — Jx . What is rate of change in y with respect to x when x=0.25 ? (A) Zero (B) 05 (C)-05 (D) 15 Miscellaneous : 6. Find all points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding maximum and minimum values of following functions any. @. y =x? - 6x? + 9x + 15. i). y=(K-1) (x +2)? . (av_,) ; - 7. the volume of a sphere increases atconstant rate | i } If radius of the sphere is denoted by r, the surface area of the sphere incr (A eS B) 3 (Cc 2 ) us) dF ®)- ) = = A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles spreading out radially at the speed of 5 emis. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 8 em, how fast is the enclosed area increasing? (A) 80 x cm/s (B) 90 x emis (C) 85 x cms (D) 40 x em’ss 39Mathematical Tools 9, Water pours out at the rate of Q from a tap. into a cylindrical vessel of radius r. The rate at which the height of water level rises when the height is h, is Q (B) es Q (D) ah 10, Momentum of a body moving in a straight line is p = (t° + 2t+1) kg m/s. Force acting on the body at t=2sis (AON (B)8N (4Nn (D) 2N 11, A particle moves along a straight line such that at time tits displacement from a fixed point O on the line is 3° —2. The velocity of the particle when (= 2s: (A) 8 ms (B) 4 ms? © 12 mst (yo 12, The maximum and minimum values of expression (4-2 cos 6) respectively are (A) 4 and 0 (B) 4 and 2 (©) 6and0 (D) 6 and 2 10 13, Given that ¥=———p— sinx +3 cosx Minimum value of y is (A) zer0 (B)2 Os (D) 10/ (1443) 14, Iftan 0 = and sind is negative then value of cos8 willbe ye By o 2 p) 24 35 ®) 95 Os O95 15. A man moves in an open field such that after moving 10 m ina straight line, he makes a sharp urn of 60° to his left. Find the total displacement of the man just after 7 such turns, (A) 10m (B) 20m (70m (D) 30m Integration : 16, Integrate the following expressions : @ Jsax Gi) [x -5) dx i) [(x-7) dx (iv) fone» dx ds d ole wlaaz (vi [sin Qn + 30°)ax (viii) [sinxcosxdx (ix) [(Gx"=5x? + 2)dx_ (x) [Qe™ Jax 40maser 17. 18. Integrate the following expressions : f JO-x) dx Gi) JOxtx) dx (iy Ja -VaY as 1) vy J] +) dx wll x) (vity [0° -4x? +5x -10) dx oo), free Integrate the following expressions : (i) JAX 43x 42x44) (iii) fisinx+cosx)dx (J see?xax wi J (wit) foos(7x)de Mathematical Tools iy [x(x +P dx wip fw +1)dx ‘J (cosx—sinx)dx (xi) [vtat i) [vkG8? -7x°? 49x") (iv) fox +eax arEan” Mathematical Tools EXERCISE -II SUBJECTIVE TYPE find the values of x for which f"(x) = 0. 1. Iff(x)=x~3x7, 2. Find f” (x) in each of the following. @y=8Q-1) — Gi)y=—@-) x43) Gi) 2x’ 3. Inach of the following evaluate dy/dx when x = at atbx” Wi y= atx x Wy 4. The area ‘A’ ofa blot of ink growing such that alter t see. its area is given by A = Cem? Caleulate the rate of increase of area at t= 5 sec. 1 ‘The momentum of a particle moving in straight line is given by p = In (+ | (in mis). Find the (time > 0) at which the net force acting on particle is 0 and its momentum at that time, 6. rocket rises vertically up from the surface of earth so that its distance varies from the earth's surface as (= ct? where c is a constant. After 10 sec the rocket has travelled 2 km. Determine its speed in m/s) at that moment. Fe Ba Find value of constant a, if (3? +8x+2)ds=* and a> 0. Find the value of x, so that fy dx =5 x —x" and y =3 when x=I, express the function y = f(x). 9% 10, Figure shows a cylinder of height H and radius R.A parallel horizontal beam of light is incident on cylinder, Draw diagram of shadow of cylinder on screen and find its area, Light - l a2Mathematical Tools II. In figure is shown graph of function y=3cosax. What is numerical value of y (0,a)p \ f/f \o.9/ ax 12, Use the approximation (1 +x)’ = 14+ nx,|x|<< 1, to find approximate value for I (@) 99 ©) Dor 13. Use the small angle approximations to find approximate values for (a) sin 8° and (b) tan 5°, MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE 14, Which of the following statements are true based on graphs of y-versus x as shown below: (A) Slope at xy is positive and non-zero in graph (i) and Gi) (B) Slope is (C) Slope at x, is negative in (iv) at x, (D) Slope at x, is negative in (ii) 15. Which of the following statements is/are correct? onstant in (iit) (A) Ete +2) =4x (B) E © A fsin(ax +b)} =acos(ax sb) (py AG eae = 2(3x? +3)(x3 3x +1) ix ix 16. In the figure is shown graph of function y=sinx. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true? (A) Slope of the chord in interval x=0 to x=n is zero, (B) Slope of tangent at x=0 is unity. (C) Slope of tangent at x=0 is less than unity and greater than zero. (D) Slope of tangent at x=x/2 is zero. a3Mathematical Tools 17. 4 (A) The value of a is 2. (B) The value of bis 4. (C) The area of shaded region is 16/3 units. (D) The slope of tangent at point (-a, 0) is 4 4 18. Forastraight line ¥ 4, Choose correct alternative(s) dy cae dx a aae —=tan53° —s=tan37° Ak By (C) x-intercept is 3 (D) length of line between x-axis and y-axis is 5 units COMPREHENSION TYPE Paragraph for Question nos. 19 to 21 Position-time relationship of a particle executing simple harmonic motion is given by equation ( 2n) x=2sin | 50mt-+=*) where xis in meters and time tis in seconds 19. Whatis the position of particle at t= (A) Jam (B) 3m (im (D)2m 20. Whatis the position of particle at t=1s ? (A) 2m B) 3m (C) Im ()2m 21. Whatis the position of particle at t=0.58 ? (A) 2m ®) Bm O-V3 m (D)2m MATRIX MATCH TYPE 22, A parallelogram ABCD is shown in figure, Column I Column (A) Equation of side AB (P) 2y +x =2 (B) Equation of side BC (Q)2y-x=2 (C) Equation of side CD (R) 2y +x=-2 (D) Equation of side DA (S)2y-x=2 (T) y + 2x =2 44Ean” Mathematical Tools 23. Depending on in which quadrant an angle 6 lies, functions coso and sind may be positive or negative. In the second column of the given tabl re specified whether these functions are positive or negative and in the first column are specified quadrants, Column-I Column-II (A) First (P) sino is positive (B) Second (Q)sino is negative (©) Third (R) cos0 is negative (D) Fourth (S) tano and sind both are negative (T) seed is negative and sind is positive INTEGER TYPE 24, The charge flowing through a conductor beginning with time t=0 is given by the formula q =2 rr 431+ 1 (Coulomb). Find the curenti = Gat the end ofthe Sth second) 25, The height (in meters) at any time t (in seconds) of a ball thrown vertically varies according to equation h(t) =—16t* + 256t, How long after in seconds the ball reaches the highest point. 26. Gi ph of an exponential function y = 2 + ae~* is shown in figure. What is the value of a? 7 27. Aninsect crawls starting from origin of a x-y plane along a line making angle of 30° with the positive x-direction ata speed of 2 cm/s. What is its distance from the x-axis 8 s after it starts crawling? 28. Acurve is represented by y = 1000 (In x). What is approximate change in y, when x changes from 10 to 10.05? 29. Graph of the function y=4-x? is shown in the figure. What is value of (a+b) ? 45mamas Mathematical Tools ANSWER KEY EXERCISE -I 13. 16. 17. 18. @B-2x) Gi) Bx -4x] Gif @H1 a+b] Gi) BA +a)*] @. a? xe! Gi). eX +x) (iv). 2.cos 2x +4 cos 4x +6 cos 6x By Se) (i). local max. at x = 1 1 [Ee] ores D «| a Gil), —cosec’ any) +S W). @x+DeP +x41) « local max. value = 19; local min, at x = 3, local min, value = 15 (ii), local max. at x = -2, local max. value = 0; local min, at x = 0, local min, value = —4 B) 8 (A) 0) © 14. (B) 15. (A) (ISx+C] Gid[x'-Sx+C] iii) wi $in(2e+3)+€ vin tn 3 +2x+C (x) 69 * (i) 3/2 (ii) 16/3 (iii) 73/12 ii) 3 (viii) (V2 - (ixy4 @. tax +x?+4x+C (ii). 1 yo = ¢0s(2mx +30°)+C 10, (A) uw © 12, (D) 1 viti) -—cos2x+C (vii) ~7pe082x (iv) 6a? () B93] (vi) 12 12 2: ai (x) 240 oF +c Gi). -cos x + sin x +C (wv, Fmax+seebasen 1. 14, 18. 22, 23. XERCIS! {€0,2)] 2. (i) (0x4 -3x*) =p iill-a/a) 4, (10. em*/see) 8) 8& 3) 9. 9 12. (a)9.95.(b) 0.99 13. ABO, 15. (B.C.D) 16. (ABCD) 19. (B) 20, (ABQ; BP); (CS); (DR) (APEP):B) PRD (C)AQR); D)(QS) (23) 25. (8) 26. (4) I (ii) [(6x° - 4x +3)] (see, 1 kg m/see) (a) 0.14, (b) 0.09 (ABD) @) 27. (8) Gi) bt 6. 10. 17. te Mathematical Tools 2 4 2x19) (400 m/s) (Atea= Hx 2R) (ABCD) © Sper 2086 a7Ean” Mathematical Tools Important Notey