Muhammad Arsalan Paracha – 12697

While technological change may have contributed to the polarization of the workforce and the widening
of wage inequalities, for example the deregulation of financial and labor markets, the decline in the
progressivity of income taxes and weakening social protection have also exacerbated these trends in
some countries.

Concerted, coordinated and multilateral action is also needed. MOBILIZING SUPPORT FOR POLICY
RESPONSES TO INEQUALITIES MAY BE CHALLENGED TO address other challenges affecting inequalities
within and between countries, namely tax evasion, cross-border financial flows, cross-border crime,
international trade and rights of intellectual property.

Income inequality has increased in most developed countries and some middle-income countries,
including China and India, since 1990. For the first time as part of internationally agreed development
goals, the 2030 Agenda contains targets for reducing income inequalities based on income.

Within countries, people living in poverty and other disadvantaged groups - including indigenous
peoples and small landowners - are disproportionately exposed to climate change.

Levels and trends of inequalities differ between countries which are at a similar level of development
and are also exposed to trade, technological innovation and even the effects of climate change.

A country's actions against climate change or international migration - or the lack thereof - have costs
and benefits for other countries.

The difference between the percentage of urban and rural residents with access to electricity has
increased in 23 of the 55 countries with data.4 For the first time in history, more people now live in
urban areas than in rural areas .

Left unchecked, climate change may even reverse current progress in reducing inequalities between
countries.

Almost 87 percent of the population in developed countries has access to the Internet, compared to 19
percent in least developed countries.3 Access to basic technologies such as mobile phones has improved
rapidly, but gaps in Internet and computer access persist.

Skilled migration can help increase international inequalities when high-income countries, usually
destination countries, earn more than low-income countries.
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Restoring confidence in solving international problems, among others, requires multilateral institutions
that give an appropriate voice to regions and countries with increasing influence over the global
economy and to groups and communities left behind.

Remittances help reduce the levels and severity of poverty in these countries and even reduce
inequalities between countries.

Measures to reduce poverty and inequality can in turn help reduce the negative effects of climate
change and empower low-income households to advocate for environmentally sound livelihoods.

Many of the benefits of new technologies that developing countries could realize could only be realized
if governments and large companies, often based in developed countries, remove barriers to entry and
diffusion of these technologies.

Migration is not just the result of inequalities or failed development: middle-income countries send
more migrants abroad than low-income countries.

The disruptions caused by climate change are likely to reduce the livelihoods of future generations,
especially in the hardest-hit countries, and increase downward intergenerational mobility.

Given the comparative advantage of early entrants in many emerging technology sectors, gaps in access
can leave poorer countries and disadvantaged groups even further behind.

In economic terms, the Gini income coefficient in cities is higher in most developed and developing
countries than in rural areas.

The Gini coefficient of income inequality has declined in most countries in Latin America and the
Caribbean, as well as in several African and Asian countries, over the past two decades.

The extent to which developing countries - and migrants themselves - benefit from migration and
whether migration reduces or exacerbates inequalities depends to a large extent on the conditions
under which migration takes place.

The proportion of income going to the richest 1% of the population increased in 59 out of 100 countries
with data from 1990 to 2015.1 Meanwhile, the poorest 40% of the 92 countries with data earned less
than 25% of the returned.

More than two-thirds (71%) of the world's population live in countries where inequalities have
increased.
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Most destination countries in developed regions encourage the reception of highly skilled migrants and
offer few possibilities for the legal entry of less skilled or educated migrants.

In the countries of origin, the benefits are provided by remittances and other remittances from migrant
communities abroad.

Rising temperatures have hampered economic growth in countries in the tropics, which tend to be
poorer than countries with temperate climates.

Providing legal channels for migration to less educated workers can benefit both developed and
developing countries.

Countries that restrict the immigration of less skilled workers reduce remittance flows and their
potential offsetting effects.

Whether they affect infrastructure, livelihoods, resources, health, or even loss of life and housing, these
effects are by no means uniform across countries or population groups.

Social protection systems that provide unemployment and disability benefits, family allowances, old age
pensions and access to health care provide income security at all stages of the life cycle and minimize
the risk of fall into poverty.

While economic inequalities have increased in many countries, inequalities between countries are
decreasing in relative terms.

Yet social considerations can be part of adaptation and mitigation policies as countries move towards
green economies.

The current public debate focuses on the effects of migration on the labor markets of destination
countries.

This would allow migrants to succeed in destination countries and avoid skills shortages in their
countries of origin.

For example, differences in secondary school attendance by ethnic group, wealth quintile, and
household head education level have increased with data since the 1990s in developing countries.

INEQUALITY IN A RAPID CHANGING WORLD 13 Universal access to effective social protection is essential
for reducing poverty and inequality, as the evidence presented in this report shows.
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Every year, millions of people travel across countries and continents in search of better employment
opportunities, study, marry, reunite with family members, or flee conflicts or natural disasters.

Instead, growing inequalities and over-reliance on the capacity of markets to deliver social justice
threaten the social contract in many countries.

While reducing inequalities may require actions targeting specific groups to meet their particular needs,
a universal policy framework is needed to address the root causes of inequality and ensure that the
policy is sustainably supported by the population.

Social and economic policies will have a limited impact on inequalities if societies continue to
discriminate on the basis of ethnicity, race, gender, or other characteristics that should not affect
performance or well-being.

If new technologies increase wage inequalities, this is mainly due to the growing polarization of the
workforce and atypical labor regulations, which often lack the benefits and stability of regular jobs.

To fill some gaps, governments of destination countries may also consider funding training in countries
of origin.

The current speed of urbanization, especially in poor countries, makes municipal administration and
appropriate urban design and planning increasingly urgent.

In addition, in many countries, the extraordinary profits generated by new technologies are captured by
a small number of dominant companies.

Indeed, as high and widening income gaps lead to polarized political debates across the globe, a
consensus has emerged that all should have equal access to opportunities - that the odds for success in
life should not. not be determined by circumstances beyond one's control. Individual lie.

This can hamper economic growth and predominantly richer countries with highly skilled workforces.
For example, ethnic minorities often remain at a disadvantage, even in countries where special efforts
are made to promote their inclusion.

In fact, over 75% of officially recorded remittances were made to low- and middle-income countries in
2018.
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A just and gender-responsive transition to green economies requires the integration of climate action
into macroeconomic, social, and labor policies aimed at job creation, skills development and adequate
support for those who suffer from it.

Despite the progress made in some countries, income and wealth are increasingly concentrated on the
top.

However, it can be assumed that destination countries may benefit even more from the influx of skills
than countries of origin.

In general, once countries start to grow and develop economically, migration increases.

However, the costs and benefits are not shared equitably between or within countries.

It all depends on how these policies work, especially how governments and international institutions
address redistributive effects and maximize the benefits and opportunities of new technologies.

Third, efforts to bridge technological differences within and between countries should be intensified.

The 2030 Agenda also calls for ensuring equal opportunities and draws attention to the characteristics
and circumstances that influence access to opportunities, namely age, gender, disability, race, ethnicity,
origin, religion and economic or other status.

The results on the impact of intra-country transfers are less conclusive.

Although spatial segregation and exclusion based on income, race, migration status, or other factors is
common in many urban areas, cities are unique and have different histories and patterns.