Chapter 7 - Stresses in Beams - Part 1 - Mark Ups Lecture

STRESSES IN BEAMS
INTRODUCTION
Stresses in Beams
❑ Forces and couples acting on the beam cause bending

(flexural stresses) and shearing stresses on any cross
section of the beam and deflection perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the beam.
❑ If couples are applied to the ends of the beam and no

forces act on it, the bending is said to be pure bending.
❑ If forces produce the bending, the bending is called

ordinary bending.
ASSUMPTIONS
In this chapter we derive the relations between the bending moment and the flexure
stresses it cause, and between the vertical shear and the shearing stresses. In deriving
these relations, the following assumptions are made:
1. Plane sections of the beam, originally plane, remain plane.
2. The material in the beam is homogeneous and obeys HOOKE’S Law.
3. The moduli of elasticity for tension (T) and compression (C) are equal.
4. The beam is initially straight and of constant cross section.
5. The plane of loading must contain a principal axis of the beam cross section and the
loads must be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam
6.2 Bending Stress
Major Axis gives the

algebraically larger
moment of inertia.
Minor Axis gives the
relatively smaller
moment of inertia.
Vertical Axis (Minor Axis)

(Major Axis)
Longitudinal Axis
6.1
6.1)
http://web.ncyu.edu.tw/~lanjc/lesson/C3/class/Chap05-A.pdf
6.1

(Major Axis)
Longitudinal Axis
6.1
(Major Axis)
Longitudinal Axis
6.1

(Major Axis)
Longitudinal Axis
6.2
Longitudinal Axis
6.2
Longitudinal Axis
( 6.1 )
(6.1)
Neutral Axis
(Major Axis)
6.3
Longitudinal Axis
6.3
(6.2a)
(6.2b)
(6.2) (6.1)
(6.3)
(6.4a)
(6.4a)
(6.4b)
(6.4)
(6.4)
(Major Axis)
Resisting Moment is equal to the couple created by Area in
the resultant compressive and tensile forces Compression
T = C = (σave ) (Area) = ( ½ σ)(b * h/2)

σC(Compression)
k = 2/3 *h
k = 2/3 *h
σT(Tension)
M = Mr = Ce = Te = ( ½ σ)(b * h/2) (2/3 *h); k = (2/3) c (Major Axis) Area in Tension

M = σ (bh2 /6 )
Some Steel
Handbooks
use “Z” for
Section
Modulus
Figure(6.4)
e. Procedures for determining bending stresses
Stress at a Given Point
• Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M

at the cross section containing the given point.
• Determine the location of the neutral axis.
• Compute the moment of inertia I of the cross- sectional area
about the neutral axis.
• Determine the y-coordinate of the given point. Note that y is
positive if the point lies above the neutral axis and negative if it
lies below the neutral axis.
• Compute the bending stress from σ = -My / I. If correct sign
are used for M and y, the stress will also have the correct sign
(tension positive compression negative).
Maximum Bending Stress: Symmetric Cross Section
If the neutral axis is an axis of symmetric of the cross section, the

maximum tensile and compression bending stresses are equal in
magnitude and occur at the section of the largest bending moment.
The following procedure is recommended for determining the maximum

bending stress in a prismatic beam:
• Draw the complete shear & bending moment diagram. Identify the
bending moment Mmax that has the largest magnitude (disregard the sign)
• Compute the moment of inertia I of the cross- sectional area
about the neutral axis.
• Calculate the maximum bending stress from σmax = [Mmax]c / I,
where c is the distance from the neutral axis to the top or bottom
of the cross section .
6.1
EQUATION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
USED FOR
SOLVING
REACTIVE FORCES
11KN
EQUATION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
6.2 USED FOR
SOLVING
REACTIVE FORCES
MD
RD
6.3
MD
RD
6.4
The resultant internal

moment must be calculated
about the beam’s neutral
axis at “section of arbitrary
position”.
y
cg2
0.8 in.
6 in.
CG
A2
2.91 in.
0.8 in.
NA
x
Y2 8 in.
5.89 in.
A1 cg1
y1
Centroidal Coordinates and Moment of Inertia Illustration

COMPRESSION FIBER
TENSION FIBER
6.3
Working stress is the safe

stress taken within the elastic
range of the material. For
brittle materials, it is taken
equal to the ultimate strength
divided by suitable factor of
safety. However, for materials
6.5(a) possessing well defined yield
point, it is equal to yield stress
divided by a factor of safety.
6.5
6.5(b)
6.5(b)
6.5(c)
6.5(c)
6.5(d)
Any supportive structural item that spans an area and is designed to support a load is broadly termed
as ‘steel beam’. Each different steel beam offers some unique properties that ensure you get exactly
the level of support you need for your type of construction. The classification of steel beam depends
on the geometry and the way they are supported. They can be both curved and straight, however, the
most common ones used are the straight beams.
Here are some common steel beam shapes listed below:
I-Beam:
These steel beams are shaped like the capital letter ‘I’, just as the name implies. They are commonly
used in industrial applications and have tapered flanges. I-shaped cross-section steel beams come in
two different styles, one has a parallel flange surface (wide), whereas the other one has a slope on the
inner flange surfaces (S-beam).
W-Beam:
These are similar to I-beams and they are also called as ‘wide flange’ beams. They have a straight
flange and are most often used in residential construction.
H-Beam:
These are generally heavier and longer than I-beams. Appearing like the capital letter ‘H’, they have
longer flanges. Often, the term is interchangeably used with I-beams, so this can be confusing at times.
H-beams have webs and flanges that have the same thickness in many cases.
Channels:
Like one half of the I-beam, these have a C-shaped cross-section. The top and bottom part of the beam
have sloped inner flange surfaces that come out only on one side of the beam. They are used in
supporting lighter loads since they are not as strong as the other beam shapes.
Angles:
Steel Angles are the most basic type of roll-formed steel. They are formed by bending a single angle in
a piece of steel. Angle Steel is ‘L’ shaped; the most common type of Steel Angles are at a 90 degree
angle. The legs of the “L” can be equal or unequal in length. Steel angles are used for various purposes
in a number of industries. Framing is one of the most common uses for steel angles, but steel angles
are also used for brackets, trim, reinforcements, and many other uses. The larger the steel angle, the
more weight and stress it can bear.
❑ Properties of W – shapes are given in the Table.
▪ In SI units, the designation W610×140 indicates a wide-flange

beam with a nominal depth of 610mm and a nominal mass per
unit length of 140 kg/m. The Table indicates the actual depth of the
beam is 617 mm and the actual mass is 140 kg/m.
▪ In U.S. Customary units, a W36×300 is a wide-flange beam with

a nominal depth 36 in. that weighs 300 lb/ft. The actual depth of
this section is 36.73 in.
▪ Referring to the Table, in addition to listing the dimensions,

tables of structural shapes give properties of the cross-sectional
area, such as moment of inertia (I), section modulus (S), and
radius of gyration (r)4 for each principal axis of the area.
Actual or
Computed (6.5)
Section Modulus
Working stress is the safe
stress taken within the elastic
range of the material. For
brittle materials, it is taken
equal to the ultimate strength
divided by suitable factor of
safety. However, for materials
possessing well defined yield
point, it is equal to yield stress
divided by a factor of safety.
EQUATION OF
EQUILIBRIUM SHALL
BE USED TO SOLVE
REACTIVE FORCES
Refer to Singer
& Pytel
FORMULAS
A bending moment tends to produce a linear variation of
normal strain within a straight beam. Provided the material
is homogeneous and linear elastic, then equilibrium can be
used to relate the internal moment in the beam to the stress
distribution. The result is the flexure formula,
σmax = Mc/I
where I and c are determined from the neutral axis that passes
through the centroid of the cross section.

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STRESSES IN BEAMS

❑ Forces and couples acting on the beam cause bending

❑ If couples are applied to the ends of the beam and no

❑ If forces produce the bending, the bending is called

1. Plane sections of the beam, originally plane, remain plane.

2. The material in the beam is homogeneous and obeys HOOKE’S Law.

4. The beam is initially straight and of constant cross section.

Major Axis gives the

Vertical Axis (Minor Axis)

Vertical Axis (Minor Axis)

Vertical Axis (Minor Axis)

Vertical Axis (Minor Axis)

T = C = (σave ) (Area) = ( ½ σ)(b * h/2)

M = Mr = Ce = Te = ( ½ σ)(b * h/2) (2/3 *h); k = (2/3) c (Major Axis) Area in Tension

Stress at a Given Point

• Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M

If the neutral axis is an axis of symmetric of the cross section, the

The following procedure is recommended for determining the maximum

The resultant internal

Centroidal Coordinates and Moment of Inertia Illustration

Working stress is the safe

Here are some common steel beam shapes listed below:

▪ In SI units, the designation W610×140 indicates a wide-flange

▪ In U.S. Customary units, a W36×300 is a wide-flange beam with

▪ Referring to the Table, in addition to listing the dimensions,

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