Transformation textures in steels
R. K. Ray and J. J. Jonas
During the controlled rolling of steel, the
parent y phase develops a crystallographic
texture which is later acquired by the material
after transformation. The major components of
the deformation texture of austenite are the
{110}(112) and {112}(111) which give rise,
respectively, to the {332}(113) and {113}
(110) orientations in the transformation
products. The recrystallisation texture of
austenite, {1OO}(001), is similarly
transformed into the {100}(011) component
in the ferrite. The latter orientation can also be
strengthened by ferrite rolling. During
processing, the recrystallisation of y
should be avoided in order to prevent the
formation of {100}(011) component, which
has a deleterious effect on the delamination
behaviour of steels~The {332} (113) is the
most beneficial among the transformation
texture components from the point of view of
achieving good deep drawability and improved
strength and toughness. The effects of
compositional and processing variables, during
controlled rolling, on the overall sharpness as
well as on the relative intensities of the
components of the transformation texture are
described. While the {332}(113) component is
significantly affected by some of these
parameters, the {113} (110) remains relatively
insensitive to these factors. Variant selection
does not seem to occur during ferrite
transformation. By contrast, martensite
textures are generally much sharper than
ferrite textures, and this is attributable to
variant selection during transformation.
Several analytical tools are available for the
prediction of transformation textures. With the
aid of information obtained in this way,
suitable processing routes can be devised to
produce desirable texture components in the y,
which are then inherited by the a'. There is
much scope for research along these lines.
IMR/207
© 1990 The Institute of Metals and ASM
INTERNATIONAL. At the time the work was carried out
the authors were in the Department of Metallurgical
Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada. Dr Ray was on sabbatical leave from the
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Insti-
tute. of Technology, Kanpur, India, where he has
returned.
Introduction
The processes that give rise to textures and texture
changes in wrought steels are of three types, namely,
deformation, recrystallisation, and transformation.
For the production of sheet materials such as the
aluminium killed drawing quality (AKDQ) and
interstitial free (IF) steels, where most of the pro-
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1
cessing is carried out in the ferrite phase, texture
control is achieved largely by controlling the first two
processes, i.e. deformation and annealing, or recrys-
tallisation. Here, the y-to-eX transformation only
plays a minor role by providing the starting texture
for the cold rolling operation. The effects of rolling
reduction, heating rate, holding temperature, and
alloying on the annealing textures formed in low
carbon and deep drawing steels have recently been
reviewed by Mishra and Darmann1 and by Hutchin-
son,2 and so are not dealt with here.
Steels can also be employed in the normalised or as
hot rolled conditions, in which cases the texture
changes accompanying transformation play a much
larger role. Some of these steels are finished by
controlled rolling, in which reductions are applied in
the unrecrystallised y region, optionally followed by
deformation in the intercritical (eX+ y) region before
controlled cooling to room temperature. Figure 1 is a
schematic illustration3 of the three stages of the con-
trolled rolling process, as it applies to reversing mills,
together with the microstructural changes accom-
panying deformation at each stage. The review by
Tanaka3 covers several aspects of the controlled
rolling process, including ferrite grain refinement, the
properties of controlled rolled steels, and industrial
controlled rolling practices. However, it does not
deal with the effect of transformation on the textures
found in hot and controlled rolled steels. The prop-
erties of such materials are dictated, not only by the
ferrite grain size and presence of solute elements and
precipitates, but also by the overall crystallographic
texture of the grains.
The various kinds of transformation textures
encountered in steels and their possible modes of
origin have been briefly surveyed by Inagaki4 in 1981.
This review is by no means complete and requires
updating and further elaboration. The present paper
has therefore been prepared to bring together some
of the more recent results in this area and also to
present a critical assessment of the subject as a whole.
Orientation relationships and texture·
inheritance during transformation
Depending on the type and amount of alloying
elements in a given steel, the cooling rate after defor-
mation processing, and the 'state' of the austenite
(i.e. strain free or worked), the austenite can trans-
form: (a) by a diffusional mode to polygonal ferrite or
pearlite; (b) by a shear mode to martensite; or (c) by
mixed diffusion and shear modes to acicular ferrite or
bainite. If the parent material (austenite in the
present instance) possesses a crystallographic
texture, the material after transformation (ferrite,
martensite, acicular ferrite or bainite) will also
acquire a texture that can be related in a precise way
to the texture of the parent material. Thus, textures
2 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

I : Recrystallization ~ Def?rmed t
region' grams

--950°C--- - ----- --.-

Deformation
1 band'

1
a>
L-

•...
:J
o
L-
a>
.m: ( i+ tJ.) region
Co
E
a>
J- - Art

Equiaxed grains Subgrains

Strain ~

1 Schematic diagram illustrating the three stages of the controlled rolling process and changes in microstructure
with deformation in each stage (after Ref. 3)

present in the high temperature y phase can be in- relationship corresponds to a 95.3° rotation about a
herited by the transformation products. common (hkI) axis where h = -1 + Y2 + Y3, k = 1
A first step in any attempt to examine the + Y2 + Y3, and I = Y2. This has been found out
relationship between the textures of the parent and using the method of Davies et aI.lO
product phases is to specify the crystallographic ori- In an alternative approach, the transformation can
entation relationship which describes the transfor- be specified in terms of the set of Euler angles (1', (3,and
mation. In general, orientation relationships are y which relate the crystallographic axes of the parent
expressed in the following form and product phases. These angles can be determined
if A, JL, and ill are known; the appropriate
{hlklIl}/I{h2k2I2}, (UlVlWl) II (U2V2W2) (1) relationships have been presented by Davies et aI.lO
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the parent and Table 1 shows that, depending on the specific ori-
product structures, respectively. In the case of steels, entation relationship assumed between the lattices of
four such orientation relationships have so far been the parent and product phases, one parent ori-
employed; these are the ones proposed by Bain,5 entation can transform into a fixed number (24 in the
Kurdjumov and Sachs,6 Nishiyama7 and Wasser- case of K-S) of product orientations, also known as
mann,8 and Greninger and Troiano. 9 The last one is variants. For a given transformation, it is necessary to
intermediate between the Kurdjumov-Sachs and establish the axis-angle pair for each possible variant.
Nishiyama-Wassermann relationships. The principal
characteristics of the first three are given in Table 1.
For any specific orientation relationship, there Table 1 Orientation relationships between y and a'
exists an axis which is invariant with respect to the Lattice
transformation. In such a case, the transformation Orientation correspondence Number of Total number
may be described as a rotation of angle ill about this relationship relation alternatives of variants
axis. The invariant axis can be defined in terms of Bain (B) {001 hll {001}(1' 3
polar and azimuthal angles, A and JL, with respect to (110),,/1(110)(1' 1
3
the crystallographic axes of the parent phase. Kurdjumov-Sachs {111},,/I{011}(1' 4
According to this notation, the Bain relationship (K-S) (011),,11(111)(1' 3 24
corresponds to a 45° rotation about a (100) axis (twin related
common to each crystal, whereas the K-S variants) 2
relationship can be described as a 90°rotation about a Nishiyama- {111h/l{011}(1' 4
12
Wassermann (N-W) (112),,/1(011)(1' 3
common (112) axis. On the other hand, the N-W
International Materials. Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1
 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 3

Table 2 The 24 variants of Kurdjumov-Sachs ori- The orientations of the Bain variants differ by
entation relationship; symbols y and a refer 11.06 and 9.7 from those of the K-S and N-W
0 0

to fcc and bcc crystals, respectively variants, respectively. 14The K-S and N-W relations
Symbol Variant involve the same parallelism between planes and
there is a difference of only 5.30 between the parallel
o 1. (111)yll(110)£1' [101]yll(111]£1'
directions. 15A schematic (002) pole figure of the bcc
2. [101]yll(111]£1'
3. [110]yll(111]£1' variants formed from a single (001) [100] oriented fcc
4. [110]yll(111]£1' crystal following the Bain and K-S relationships is
5. [011]yll(111]£1' presented in Fig. 3a (Ref. 14). The corresponding
6. [011]yll(111]£1'
relationship for the Bain and N-W variants is demon-
o 1. (111)yll(110)£1' [110]y II (111 ]£1'
strated in Fig. 3b (Ref. 16). The relative positions of
2. [110]yll(111]£1'
3. [1 01]yll (111]£1' the three orientation relationships in Euler space (see
4. [101]yll(111]£1' the next section) are given in Fig. 3c (Ref. 17). It can
5. [011]yll(111]£1' b.e seen from these figures that the Bain relation gives
6. [011]yll(111]£1'
rIse to a much narrower pole distribution than either
the K-S or the N-W relation. This is because each
• 1.
2.
(111)yll(110)£1' [101]yll(111]£1'
[101]yll(111]£1'
Bain variant is surrounded by a number of K-S or
3. [011 ]yll (111]£1' N-W variants. It is also evident that, because of the
4. [011]yll(111]£1' multiplicity of variants, a relatively sharp parent
5. [ 11 0 ]y II ( 111 ]£1' texture generally decreases in intensity on transfor-
6. [110]yll(111]£1'
mation.
1. (111)yll(110)£1' [011]yll(111]£1'
2. [011]yll(111]£1'
Methods of representation of
3. [11 O]yll (111]£1'
4. [110]yll(111]£1' transformation textures
5. [101 ]y II (111 ]£1' Texture description by means of
6. [101 ]yll (111]£1'
pole figures
Detailed descriptions of the X-ray methods18,19 that
Thus the Euler angles corresponding to each of the 24 lead to the determination of pole figures can be found
variants of the K-S orientation relationship can be in the monograph on textures in metals by Hatherley
obtained, for example, from the crystallographically and Hutchinson2o and in several texts on X-ray dif-
equivalent sets of A, JL, and w. fraction, e.g. by Cullity.21 From an inspection of pole
Experimental evidence indicates that the K-S ori- figure data, it is possible to describe a well developed
entation relationship is generally followed during the texture by relating the positions and intensities of
austenite ~ ferrite or martensite transformation in specific orientations with those of the specimen
steels.ll,12 All the 24 K-S variants that are possible geometry. For example, textures in rolled sheet
are g~ven in Table 2. A plot of the {002} poles for all metals are frequently represented as being of the type
these variants is illustrated in Fig. 2 on (111)1'stereo- {hkl} < uvw) , which means that the orientations of the
graphic projection.13 grains in the sheet are such that their {hkl} planes lie
parallel to the plane of the sheet (i. e. perpendicular to
the normal direction (ND)), whereas their < uvw )
directions lie parallel to the rolling direction (RD).
When the texture is more complex, which is usually
the case, it is possible to describe it as consisting of a
6. number of components of different severity such as
111

2005 texture = ~Ai . {hkl} < uvw ) (2)

3 • .0..1 60.1
6. .0..4 where Ai is a weighting factor which is introduced to
4.03
o 03 5.0...0..2
200 allow for the relative intensities or strengths of the
6
5 various components.
The positions of the (200) poles of some useful
texture components are presented in pole figure form
in Fig. 4. The copper {112} < 111), brass {110}(112),
and S {123}(634) orientations, which are the major
50 02 111
60 .1 components of the deformation texture in fcc materi-
30 -4 als (such as y), are shown in Fig. 4a. The cube, {100}
5A .6.2
(001) , which is the major component of the recrystal-
lisation texture in fcc materials, is included in this
3 figure. The (200) poles of the main components of the
6 bcc transformation textures in steels are illustrated in
Fig. 4b. Of these, the {332}(113) component forms
2 Stereographic plot showing positions of {002}a
poles for each of the 24 K-S variants in (111)y single
by transformation from the {lID} (112) orientation
crystal matrix after Ref. 13. See Table 2 for codes of present in the deformed austenite (Fig. 4a), and the
symbols and numbers {113}(110) component is derived in a similar way

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

 4 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

y y

o o
o 0
y

o Starting Orientation (1) o Starting Orientati on (1)

• Bain Variant (3) • Bain Variant (3)

o K-SVariant (24) o IN -W Variant (12)

r'r-~!-----------
I
'l' I K-S
I
I
I
B N -W
1
I
1 K-S y
1
1
I
1......:::: •••••• >-
(c) I

3 a and b schematic (002) pole figures of all variants of bcc a phase formed from (001) [100] oriented fcc y crystal
following, respectively, the Bain and K-S relationships (after Ref. 14) and the Bain and N-W relationships (after
Ref. 16); c relative positions of the three orientation relationships (Bain, K-S, and N-W) in Euler space (after
Ref. 17)

from the fcc {112} < 111) orientation. Furthermore,
the {100}(011) bcc component is produced from the
major recrystallisation component in the austenite,
i.e. the cube {lOO}(OOl) (Fig. 4a). These are discus-
sed in more detail below. Finally, some other
important ideal orientations, which often constitute
part of the transformation texture of steels, are plot-
ted in Fig. 4c.
Texture description by means of
orientation distribution functions
Although pole figures provide a useful description of
the texture present in a material, the information they
contain is incomplete and at best semiquantitative.22
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35
This difficulty can be removed by the use of the
crystallite orientation distribution function (CODF
or ODF), which describes the frequency of
occurrence of particular orientations in a three-
dimensional orientation space. This space is defined
by three Euler angles which constitute a set of three
consecutive rotations that must be given to each
crystallite in order to bring its crystallographic axes
into coincidence with the specimen axes. The
complete ODF consists of the sets of rotations per-
taining to all the crystallites in the specimen. Mathe-
matical models have been developed which allow the
ODF to be calculated from the numerical data
obtained from several pole figures.
The most widely adopted methods are those
No.1
 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 5

RD RD RD

• • x X
A A 0 0

• • • • • •
• • ~• I.

• • ~ ~
• • • • • • • •
A A
~ ~ xO Ox
• •

(c)
(b)
(0)
• l110! <112>Bross • l332l <113> • (111\ <112>

A(112~ <111>Cu ~~113! <110> ~ !554~ <225>

• (123) < 634> S Dl1001 <011> ° 1111j <110>

o (100) < 001 > Cube X 1112J<110>

a major deformation and recrystallisation texture components in y; b major transformation texture components in a; c some other important
orientations in transformed a
4 (200) pole figures showing ideal positions

proposed independently by Roe23 and by Bunge, 24who metry, a three-dimensional orientation volume may be
used generalised spherical harmonic functions to rep- defined by using three orthogonal axes for cjJ1,cjJ,and
resent the crystallite distributions. A thorough math- cjJ2with each of the Euler angles ranging from 0 to 900•
ematical treatment of this subject can be found in two This volume is divided into three basic ranges in
books by Bunge and co-workers. 17,25The three Euler which each orientation appears once. The value of
angles employed by Bunge to describe the crystal the orientation density at each point in this volume is
rotations are qh, cjJ,and cjJ2,whereas the set of angles simply the strength or intensity of that orientation in
proposed by Roe are referred to as 'II, 8, and <1>, multiples of random units. Regions of higher and
respectively. lower orientation density are separated by three-
According to Bunge, an ODF may be expressed as dimensional cohtour surfaces and it is usual to take a
a series of generalised spherical harmonics in the series of parallel sections through this space for ready
form: visualisation of the data contained in the three-
+1 +1 dimensional plot.
2: 2: ernPF
m=-1 n=-1
n
( cjJ) A three-dimensional view of the Euler space is
presented in Fig. Sa. Here the location of the techno-
logically important {Ill} fibre as well as some
important ideal orientations can be clearly seen. A
where ern are the series coefficients and PFn( cjJ)are two-dimensional <I>= 450 section (Roe notation), in
which a few ideal orientations are identified, is repro-
certain generalisations of the associated Legendre
duced in Fig. 5b. The availability of ODFs has made
functions.
In Roe's notation, an ODF may be expressed as possible the quantitative comparison of textures; fur-
thermore, the higher resolving power associated with
+1 +1 ODFs has enabled researchers to recognise more
w(W, 8, <1» = 2:
1=0
L 2: WlmnZlmn( cos
m=-1 n=-1
8) clearly many details of individual textures which may
be smeared out and difficult to identify in a pole
x exp (-im'ljJ) exp (-incjJ) (4) figure.

where W1mn are the series coefficients and Zlmn( cos 8)

is a generalisation of the associated Legendre func-
tions, the so called augmented Jacobi polynomials.2
6 Technological importance of
The relationships between the Roe and Bunge angles transformation textures
are the following27 ' Transformation textures and R values
Numerous investigations of texture formation during
(5) cold rolling and subsequent recrystallisation have
been carried out with a view to producing cold rolled
Although the two methods are equivalent, there are sheets with high R values.1,2 Recently, however, the
some minor differences of detail, which are discussed demand for low cost, deep drawing quality steels has
in Ref. 28. stimulated research on developing as hot rolled sheet
For cubic/orthorhombic crystal/specimen sym- steels with satisfactory R values for use in place of

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

6 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

(001) (113) (112) (i 11) (i 10)

: ;(001)[110) 90 ["nO] [110] [110] [110] [110]

! TDII[110] ~ (4411) (223)

I (337)(776]~
80 [110] [110]

: ; (111)[112]
.(011)[011) ; / (101)[101
70 < 111 > II ND -.:

1
:
,J"
,:(5 54)[ii 5)
~(332)(113]
60 , (111)
[121]

, ,I' ;(110)(001] be
o Q)
'"d
50
(001)
(001)[1101: _ <_, ,~3.?~(~C!.~ ~3':~~!~ 90
(013)(100) _ .(113)(1~0) .' ~l~l)[Oll)
~ 40
[010]
(337)(110~ (111)(12~/ 80 (j 10)
30 (111) [112]
(112)[110~ ' 70 30 ~
en (223)[110~ ,'~ _ 60 [01l]
(1)
• , (101)(010]
~ 50 (011)(100] :,,- _ so : (5S4)
_ ~(111)[110] 40 oeO; 20
(111) : [2is]
RDI/[110] :.: 30 ~~
70 (001)
1 20
10 [112] : ~ (332) (; 10)
(031)(100) (301)(0;0] [110]
~: [113] [001]
90
:(110)(110)

o
10
0
0
" 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
----- ~=55~ ~2=45~<111>IIND
• ideal positions e,deg
(0) (b)

5 a three-dimensional view of Euler space with locations of some important ideal orientations (Bunge notation)
and b <I>= 45° section of Euler space showing locations of some important ideal orientations (Roe notation)

certain cold rolled grades. Since the plastic aniso- and 45° ears (~R < 0). Similar predictions were
tropy of a material is very much a function of its published by Lequeu and Jonas, 30 who employed the
texture, the transformation textures produced in hot method known as the continuum mechanics of
and controlled rolled steels will determine their deep textured polycrystals (CMTP). This method
drawing capabilities. For this reason, the manufac- combines aspects of both the crystallographic
ture of deep drawing quality, as hot rolled steels will approach and a macroscopic analysis employing
require the production of suitable transformation various continuum yield functions.
textures and some knowledge of how their formation It is shown in the section 'Common transformation
and modification can be controlled. textures in steels' below that the texture components
The major transformation texture components obtained after controlled rolling in the (y + a) and a
inherited by ferrite from both recrystallised and ranges are not precisely the same as the transfor-
deformed austenite are listed in Table 3. For each mation texture components presented in Table 3. The
texture component, calcu!ated values are presented of positions of some of these modified components,
the average strain ratio R and the planar anisotropy however, are not far from those of the inherited
~R. These were estimated by Daniel29 by using components in Euler space. These latter orientations,
crystal plasticity and the relaxed constraint method; together with their relative positions via-cl-vis the
they indicate the contribution that each textur~ {332}(113)a- and {113}(110)a- components, are
component is likely to make to the deep drawability R listed in Table 4. The calculated values of R and ~R
and to the tendency to form 0 and 90° ears (~R > 0) (Ref. 29) for each ideal orientation are also 'included.

Table 3 Major transformation texture components

Table 4 Texture components obtained after control-
inherited by a from y in controlled rolled
led rolling of steel in (y + a) and a ranges
steels
Texture
Texture
component Relative position R !!J.R
component Origin !!J.R
*{554} (225)a Differs from {332}(113)a by a 4° 2·6 1·1
{332} (113)a {110}(112)YI 2·7 1·9
rotation in a- about TOil (11 0)
rolled y texture
component (brass
*{111}(112)a Differs from {332}(113)a by a 10° 2·6 0·0
rotation in a- about TOil (11 0)
component)
{113}(110)a {112}(111)YI 1·0 -1·7 *{111}(110)a Differs from {113}(110)a by 30° 2·6 0·0
rolled y texture rotation in a-about RDII(110)
component (copper {445}(110)a Differs from {113}(110)a by a 24° 1·2 -2·0
component) rotation ina- about RD" (110)

{100}(011)a {100}(001)YI 0·4 -0·8 *{112}(110)a Differs from {113}(110)a by a 10° 2·1 -2·7
recrystallised y rotation in a about RDII(110)
texture component
(cube component) * Ideal orientations observed in the textures of commercial deep
drawing quality steels.

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 7

Table 5 Effect of rolling on transformation texture regarding the desirable or undesirable natures of
components (Ref. 31) individual ideal orientations. For example, it is clear
Common rotation that for good deep draw ability (high R), the
axis Orientation changes in a during rolling {332}(113), {554}(225), {111}(112), and
{Ill} (110) texture components are preferred over
RDII(110) {113} ( 110) ~ {112} ( 110 ) {111}( 110) all the others. One of the major transformation

TDII(110) {332}(113) ~ {554}(225) ~

During rolling in the (y + a) range, the deforma-
tion of y followed by transformation into the a does
not lead to the formation of any new texture com-
ponents. Rather, continued rolling of the y leads
to the intensification of the copper {112}( 111) y
and brass {lID} ( 112) y components. These two
components, after transformation, are converted into
the {113}(110)a and {332}(113)a orientations,
respectively, as outlined in Table 3. The texture
modifications referred to in Table 4 are produced
instead by the deformation of the a phase. Rolling
simulation studies31 have clarified how the transfor-
mation texture components are reoriented by
deformation-induced rotation of the a phase (Table
5). Comparison of Tables 4 and 5 shows that the
texture components present after rolling can indeed
be produced from {113}(110) a and {332}(113) a by
the plane strain deformation of a (see the section
'Common transformation textures in steels' below).
These predictions are in £eneral agreement with
experimental observations. 2 . duction of a large volume fraction of the {lID} (112)
SOlne plots of R versus the angle a with respect to
the rolling direction, as predicted by the relaxed
constraint method,29 are given in Fig. 6: These dia-
grams, as well as the values of Rand I1R listed in
Tables 3 and 4, lead to some simple conclusions
t
{111}(112)
texture components, {332}(113), is found to possess
values of R = 2·7 and I1R = 1·9. By contrast, these
two parameters take the values 1·0 and -1·7 for the
other major component of the transformation
texture, {113}(110). Thus the {332}(113) leads to
an increase in R value and to the presence of 0 and 90°
ears, whereas the {113}(110) leads to a change in the
sign of I1R and therefore to the presence of 45° ears.
In this way, it is clear that there is a need to control the
C
volume fractions of these two components during
processing so as to produce relatively high R, with
minimum I~RI.
Among the other desirable components,
{554}(225) and {111}(112) lie within the usual
dispersion limits of the {332} (113) component,
whereas the {Ill} (110) component lies relatively far
from {113}(110). Thus, control of the transfor-
mation process to produce as much of the {332}(113)
component as possible is beneficial from the point of
view of achieving good deep draw ability . As discus-
sed below, the {332}(113) component is largely
derived from the {lID} (112) component of the
texture of the deformed austenite. This indicates
that, during the controlled rolling of steels, the pro-
component in y is desirable.
An overall view of the transformation texture
components observed experimentally and of the
modifications these undergo as a result of rolling in
the (y + a) and a ranges is depicted schematically in

{332}<113> {554}<225> {111}<110> {311}< 110>

5 5 5 3

4 4 4
2
3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1
0 30 60· 90 0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90 30 60 90

{1144}<110> {112}<110> {223}< 110> {100}<011 >

3 5 5 3

2 2

2 2

o o
R
30 60 90 30 60 90 0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90

a
6 Plots of R versus angle a with respect to rolling direction for selected ideal orientations predicted by relaxed
constraint method (after Ref. 29)

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1

8 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

I y Rolling Texture I
11. {110}<112> I 12.{112}<111> I

Sharpens with decreasing

finishing temp. in unrecrys. y •
Transformed a texture

t t
• Sharpens due to presence
of small amounts ofNb, V, etc.

I {332}< 113 > I I {113}-{4 411}<110>

Sharpens with Sharpens signi- 1

Decreasingfinishing
temperature in y+a •
I~,----,
{112}<110> I
\It
,
~----.
Sharpens little
decreasing y ficantly due to by addition of Relatively in-
grain-size and addition of sub- I{554}<225> I I{223}< 110> I substitutional sensitive to
increasing cooling stitutional solutes solutes like Mn, y grain-size and

r
rate like Mn, Ni, etc. Ni, etc. cooling rate

Deformation in Q ~

I y Recrys. Texture I Yfibre <lll>IIND a fibre < 110>IIRD from

{100}<001 > {OOl}<110> to {111}<110>

t Recrystallization
I Transformed a Texture'
{100}<011 > y fibre sharpens at the expense of a fibre

7 Schematic diagram showing effect of compositional and processing variables on the two major components of
transformation texture in steel

Fig. 7. In the same diagram, the effect of different
compositional and processing variables on the rela-
tive sharpness of the texture components is also
given. These will be discussed in more detail in the
section 'Common transformation textures in steels'
below.
Transformation textures and strength
and toughness
It has long been known that, for pure bcc polycrys-
tals, the anisotropies of yield strength (YS), ultimate
tensile strength (UTS), and the brittle fracture initi-
ation stress are closely related to the textures of these
materials.33-36 Since, as stated above, relatively sharp
transformation textures are encountered in many
controlled rolled steels, it is to be expected that there
will be a correlation between their textures and the
relatively large directionalities of strength and
toughness that are observed. Inagaki et al.37
attempted to establish a quantitative relationship
between the transformation textures of such steels
and their mechanical anisotropies. Using the method
of Hosford and Backofen,38 they calculated the yield
and tensile strength anisotropies, and then evaluated
the anisotropy of toughness (or brittleness) from the
densities of the (100) axes lying near the test direc-
tion. Their predictions were in good agreement with
the experimental results, as shown, for example, in
Fig. 8. Here the predicted and measured anisotropies
associated with the yield and tensile stresses for four
controlled rolled high strength steels, tested both at
room tem~erature and at -196°C, are plotted and
compared.37
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35
Inagaki et al. 37also calculated the anisotropy of the
relative yield stress for various ideal texture
components. The theoretical values of the relative
yield stresses obtained by them are plotted against the
angle with respect to the rolling direction in Fig. 9.
The anisotrogies of the orientation factor for brittle
fracture, cos 8, which is a measure of the toughness,
were also calculated for various ideal orientations.37
Such plots are shown in Fig. 10.
From Figs. 9 and 10 it is clear that, among the
transformation texture components found in control-
led rolled steels, the {113}(110) component is unde-
sirable because (a) it produces significant anisotropy
in both strength and toughness, and (b) it makes the
material brittle along planes oriented at 45° with
respect to the rolling direction. By contrast, the
{332}(113) component causes much less anisotropy
in strength and toughness and also leads to more
desirable values for these properties. Thus, the above
results show that the strength and toughness of con-
trolled rolled steels can be improved by controlling
the development of austenite textures so as to
strengthen the intensity of the {110}(112)
component. The latter, in turn, leads to the presence
of the desirable {332} (113), {554} (225) and,
{Ill} (112) components in the transformation
texture.
Transformation textures and delamination
behaviour
It has been emphasised33 that in order to establish a
quantitative relationship between texture and
No.1
 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 9

'028 Mn- %
HFT 1·28%.Mn-L FT '"55%Mn- L FT 2 OG'oMn- L FT
o

102 105
102
-196°C -196OC -196~ -196°C
100 • TS • 150
100
TS TS
98
• • 140
•
98 • •
98 YS
95 •
•
/00
• 100 130
• YS
96
• 98 YS • 115
95
N
IE 94 • 110
96 •
E 105
O'l 90
~ /00
lfl
lfl
66 /02
Q) RT
"-
+..I 62 RT 62 R.T. TS
(/)
TS TS 64 98
60 60
•
• • 94
62
•
58 80
46 YS 54

• • 76
•
44 48
• 72
42 .50
0 45 90 460
45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90
Angle from rolling direcfion , dfg

8 Plots showing predicted and measured anisotropies of YS, 0·2%PS, and TS for four controlled rolled steels,
tested at RT and -196°C; curves were calculated from textures, HFT and LFT indicate high and low finishing
temperatures, respectively (after Ref. 37) 1 kg mm-2 == 9·807 MN m-2

mechanical properties, the precise orientation distri-
bution must be taken into account, including even the
minor components. An example where a minor
component of the transformation texture in control-
led rolled steels has often been referred to as being
responsible for property deterioration is the case of
the {100}(011) component and its association with
the delamination process. It is well known that when
a ferrite-pearlite steel is controlled rolled and fin-
ished in the (y + a) region, a lateral split frequently
occurs on the fractured surfaces of Charpy impact
specimens tested in the neighbourhood of the transi-
tion temperature.39-48 The principal cause of such
through thickness embrittlement is the presence of
ferrite grains containing the {100} (uvw) type
texture.
It has also been proposed42,44 that separation could
be caused by the plastic anisotropy of the banded
structure typically found in controlled rolled steels.
According to this view, the pancake shaped bands are
composed of two families of grains, which can be
broadly classified into the {Ill} (110) and
{100}(011) types. Under an applied stress, the dif-
ferently textured bands are expected to behave dif-
ferently, thus producing a discontinuity in plastic
strain at the boundaries of the bands, leading ulti-
mately to intergranular fracture. However, a detailed
calculation by Inagaki47 has shown that the difference

1·0
4.0
5 :5
m m
c c
(1) d>
L
+-'
III
~
III
CD
"0
Qj
0>.
(1)
(1) l332}<1I3>
/ /
> >
+-' {IIO)<OOI>
0
Qj
0:: 20 (1101<001')
o
o 30 60 90 0 30 60 90
o 30 60 90 0 30 60 90 Angle from rolling direction I deg
Angle from rolling direction, deg
10 Plot of cos28 v. angle from rolling direction for
9 Plot of theoretical relative yield stress v. angle from various ideal orientations; 8 is angle between test
rolling direction for various ideal orientations (after direction and nearest {100} plane normal (after
Ref. 37) Ref. 37)

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

10 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels
in plastic anisotropy between the {100}(011) and
{Ill} (110) orientations is not likely to be large
enough to cause separation. Further work by
Inagaki48 has shown that separation is a cleavage
fracture which is initiated by cracking in coarse pearl-
ite colonies. When such colonies are surrounded by
coarse pancake shaped ferrite grains with near
{100}(011) orientations, the original cracks will pro-
pagate readily into these regions, ultimately causing
the delamination. Since such conditions can be read-
ily satisfied in controlled rolled steels rolled in the
(y + a) region, delaminations are often observed in
these materials, and the deleterious effects of the
{100}(011) component are now widely recognised.
Since {100}(011) in ferrite is known to form from the
major recrystallisation texture component of aus-
tenite, the cube or {100}(001), the importance of
preventing austenite from recrystallising during con-
trolled rolling is readily apparent. Similarly, heavy
rolling of ferrite is also to be avoided, as it leads to
strengthening of the {100} < 011) orientation (see the
next section).
Common transformation textures
in steels
Textures in deformed and recrystallised
austenite
In the upper temperature ranges of hot working (i.e.
in the roughing range), conventional (static) recrys-
tallisation takes place. At lower hot working tem-
peratures (i.e. in the finishing range), depending on
the composition of the steel, rolling is followed by
static recrystallisation (in plain C and similar steels),
or by the absence of recrystallisation and pancaking
(in Nb steels).
Pancaking or strain accumulation occurs when the
time available for carbonitride precipitation is suffi-
cient to prevent static recrystallisation (e.g. in revers-
ing mills). When this time is short, as in strip mills,
and when the presence of solutes such as Nb prevents
rapid static recrystallisation, dynamic recrystallis-
ation is initiated instead, followed by post-dynamic
recrystallisation in the interpass intervals.49 All three
of these processes (i.e. deformation, precipitation,
and recrystallisation) give rise to the development of
microstructural direction alities and therefore to
anisotropy in the mechanical properties of the hot
worked austenite. When the austenite recrystallises
before transformation, only a weak crystallographic
texture is present in the transformed ferrite.4 By
contrast, much sharper textures and more marked
anisotropy are encountered in the controlled rolled
steels which are finished below the 'no-recrystal-
lisation' temperature.
The ferrite textures are due to the inheritance of
the preferred orientation present in the original
austenite. The textures of steels finish rolled in the
(a + y) intercritical range, on the other hand, include
contributions from two sources, namely: (a) the
inheritance of texture from the austenite, and (b) the
development of a deformation texture in the ferrite.
The evaluation of austenite textures has been handi-
capped by the transformation it undergoes, with the
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1
result that it cannot be preserved at room tem-
perature in most commercial steels. This has necessi-
tated the use of indirect methods to study the
development of texture during the deformation
and/or recrystallisation of the austenite. Both con-
ventional pole figures and ODF analysis have been
used in these investigations.
One approach to the identification of textures in
austenite has been to take a representative pole figure
or ODF for a rolled fcc metal (to simulate austenite)
and transform it according to an appropriate ori-
entation relationship (K-S or N- W) to yield a predic-
ted pole figure or ODF for the ferrite phase. The
experimentally measured ferrite texture is then
compared with the predicted texture and a goodness.
of fit criterion is used to assess the correctness of the
assumed austenite texture. Such a process of match-
ing experimental and predicted textures can have a
reasonable degree of success provided a sufficiently
wide range of fcc textures is available. The various
analytical methods available for this kind of predic-
tion are summarised in the section 'Analytical meth-
ods for prediction of transformation textures' below.
Using the above approach, the rolling texture of
austenite has often been assumed to be similar to that
produced by cold rolling fcc materials with high stack-
ing fault energies, such as copper or aluminium.50,51
This texture normally consists of a continuous tube of
orientations running from {lID} (112) to near
{4 4 II} (11 11 8). From the results of a number of
studies involving the matching of predicted and
experimental ferrite textures, 52it is now clear that the
general features of the austenite rolling texture in
commercial steels do indeed correspond to those of
heavily cold rolled copper, aluminium, or nickel.
Similarly, there is indirect evidence to show that the
major component of the austenite recrystallisation
texture is the cube, {100}(001). The characteristics
of the deformation and recrystallisation textures of
austenite referred to above agree quite well with the
corresponding experimental textures observed in a
type 304 austenitic stainless steel. 53-55
It is of interest that, whether the final product from
deformed austenite is ferrite or martensite, the
texture consists of the same two major components,
{332}(113) and {113}(110) (Ref. 56). However, the
sharpness of the texture and the relative intensities of
the various components differ depending on the
composition of the steel, amount of rolling reduction,
finishing temperature, initial austenite grain size, and
cooling rate during transformation. 4,50-:00 The charac-
terisation of transformation textures in different
steels therefore involves an understanding of the
effects of the above compositional and processing
variables.
Effect of composition on
transformation texture
Investigators have shown that the chemical compo-
sition of steel has a significant effect on the nature and
sharpness of the final transformation texture. The
effect of Nb in modifying the transformation texture
of C-Mn steels has been dealt with in a number of
papers,59,60 which indicate that the texture severity
 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 11

~ ~ g ~ ~ 9 g ~ ~
5.3p'l1\

0<D
-
M

-
......•.

~ g g g ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ g ~ ~ 00

5.3p'l1\ 5.3p I 11\

~ ~ ~ £ ~ S g ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ S g 2 ~ 0° •..
5.3p'l1\ 5.3p 111\ •..

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

12 Ray and Jonas Transformation
increases sharply when Nb is added. The transfor-
mation textures of simple C-Mn steels, which are less
severe, can be described as a continuous distribution
of orientations from {001}(110) to near {Ill} (110).
The textures of C-Mn-Nb steels, on the other hand,
consist of an {hkl} ( 110) fibre centred around
{113}(110) plus some elements of the {lll}(uvw)
fibre, as well as an enhanced {100}(011) component
(Ref. 59).
From his work on a 0·lC-"1·3Mn steel and a O·lC-
1·24Mn-Q·03Nb-Q·07V steel, Inagaki60 concluded
that the addition of Nb and V affects the transfor-
mation textures of simple C-Mn steels over a wide
range of finishing temperatures. His results are
presented in Fig. 11. It is apparent from this figure
that, when processed at higher finishing tem-
peratures, the Nb- V steel displays a significantly
sharper texture than the Nb-V-free steel. The gene-
ral features of the textures and their severities are,
however, similar for the two steels when lower
finishing temperatures are employed. The difference
in the textures of the two steels finished above 800°C
has been ascribed as due to the difference in the
original austenite texture.60 The austenite rolling
texture in the Nb- V steel is much sharper than that
in the Nb- V-free steel due to suppression of y
recrystallisation in the former by the precipitation of
NbC and VC particles. Below 750°C, however,
recrystallisation in the Nb- V-free steel will also be
sluggish and therefore little difference in the y rolling
texture in the two steels is expected, except for the
obvious presence of the {001}(110) component in
the Nb- V-free steel.
Many investigators have discussed the effect of Nb
in retarding y recrystallisation in steels.61-72This has
been attributed to: (a) the strain induced precipi-
tation of fine Nb( C, N) particles61-63,70and (b) to a
combination of solute drag and precipitation
effects. 65,67,71,72
The effect of Mn on the transformation texture of
steels has been discussed in great detail by several
invest~ators. 4,56-58Figure 12, taken from Inagaki's
work, shows how the transformation texture in a
O·06C-Q·2Si steel changes as a function of Mn con-
tent. It is interesting to compare this diagram with
RD
(0)
a 1·6%Mn; b 2·5%Mn; c 4·1%Mn
12 (200) pole figures showing effect of Mn on transformation
International Materials Reviews 1990
textures in steels
Fig. 13, which depicts the effect of Mn on the trans-
formation textures found in a series of steels with a
basic composition of 0·lC-Q·4Si-Q·05Nb. The latter
figure shows that increasing the amount of Mn in the
Nb-containing steel leads to a more significant change
in the transformation texture.
cI> = 45° (Roe notation) sections of the 0 DFs57
representing the textures of the four experimental
steels with varying Mn content (Fig. 13) are repro-
duced in Fig. 14. It can be seen that the major
. components in all four steels are the {113}( 110) and
the {332}(113).The {113}(110) component is
already quite sharp at the lowest Mn concentration
and its sharpness increases only slightly. as the Mn
level is increased. The {332}(113) component, on the
other hand, which is rather weak at the lowest Mn
concentration, sharpens significantly with increasing
Mn. These features are evident from the skeleton
lines obtained by plotting the maximum orientation
densities in each constant 'ljJ section of the corre-
sponding 0D F (Fig. 15). Whether the observed
effect of Mn on the transformation texture of steels is
due to possible changes in the stacking fault energy of
yiron brought about by solute addition,73 or is simply
an alloyin~ effect on the transformation behaviour of
the steels, 7 is not yet clear. This aspect will be dealt
with in more detail below. It is apparent from Figs. 12
and 13 that Mn alone cannot produce a sharp trans-
formation texture without the addition of Nb in these
steels. It appears, therefore, that the suppression of
recrystallisation in the y phase caused by the presence
of Nb is essential to the formation of an intense
transformation texture in such steels.
The effect of Ni on the transformation texture of a
0·05C-Q· 26Si-1· 3Mn-Q·04Nb steel is depicted in Fig.
16 (Ref. 58). It is clear from this figure that the
{332}(113) texture component increases in intensity
,with the addition of Ni, and thus the effect of the
latter element is similar to that of Mn.
The transformation textures in Fe-Ni alloys are
also known to be strongly influenced by the Ni con-
tent.4,74 cI> = 45 sections (Roe notation) of the ODFs
0
of two Fe-Ni alloys containing 22·5 and 30·8%Ni are
compared in Fig. 17. The samples were heavily rolled
in the austenitic condition and then transformed to
RD RD
(c)
texture of 0·06C-0·2Si steel (after Ref. 58)
Vol. 35 NO.1
 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 13

R.D. R.D.

0'5
~~1'5::3 0·5

(b)

R.D. R.D.

(c)

• {332}(113); A {331}(011);. {100}(011)

a 1·28%Mn; b 1·78%Mn; c 2·06%Mn; d 2·48%Mn

13 (200) pole figures showing effect of Mn on transformation texture of 0'1C-0'4Si-0'05Nb steel (after Ref. 58)

martensite. Comparison between Figs. 14 and 17
shows that the texture of the Fe-22·5Ni alloy is
similar to that of the 2·48 Mn steel. It is evident,
%
from the skeleton line in Fig. 18 that the {332}(113)
is also the main component of the 22·5 Ni alloy.4
increase the sharpness of the transformation texture,
especially by increasing the intensity of the
{332} < 113) component. The possible reasons for this
behaviour are discussed below.
%

The transformation texture of the Fe-30·8Ni alloy is Role of substitutional solutes

somewhat different: although the {332}(113) ori-
entation is the major texture component in this alloy
as well, the {113} ,....,{112}(110) component is much
weaker and the skeleton line has much broader
maxima.
- jfi addition to Mn and Ni, Mo andCr have also
been found to cause a definite sharpening of the
transformation texture in steels.58
Overall, substitutional solutes in steel are found to
Inagaki57 first considered that the experimentally
observed effect of substitutional solutes on the trans-
formation texture could be a function of the stacking
fault energies of the alloys, which can modify the y
rolling textures. It is known that if the stacking fault
energy of austenite decreases with increasing alloy
content,73 a transition in the ~ rolling texture from the
copper to the brass type5~55,75 will occur. This is
expected to produce a corresponding change in the

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1

14 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

90 90

(nJ
O'l
60 (323)[jj1] lHal
<1J • I
"0

~ 30

30 60 90 90
e,deg

90 90
(d)

01
<1J
"0

30
.1332}(113) A f311} < 0 11)
a 1·28%Mn; b 1·78%Mn; c 2·06%Mn; d 2·48%Mn
14 <I>= 45° ODF sections (Roe notation) representing
transformation textures in steels with basic
composition 0'1C-0'4Si-0'05Nb as function of Mn
content (after Ref. 4)
inherited transformation texture. However, Abe and
Itoh,74 who worked on a series of Fe-Ni alloys with Ni
in the range 19·9-30·20/0, observed that, although Ni
has a strong effect on the transformation texture, the
y rolling textures of their alloys were all of the copper
type, irre~ective of the Ni content.
Inagaki then assumed the presence of a Cu-type y
rolling texture in his 1·28 and 2·48 % Mn steels consist-
ing of the {112}(111) and {110}(112) components.
He derived the corresponding (l' phase orientations
60 90
e,deg
% c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ro ~ ~
lP, dE?g
• {lOO} (011)
15 Variation in orientation density along skeleton
lines of three of low-C-Mn-Nb steels of Fig. 14
(after Ref. 4)
using the K-S relationship and the assumption that all
variants of this relationship are equally favoured. He
observed close agreement between the calculated and
experimental textures in his two steels. Thus he con-
cluded that the transformation textures were inher-
ited from the same type of y rolling texture, namely
the Cu type. The most important difference between
the two textures was that the {332}(113) component
was perceptibly weaker in the 1·280/0Mn steel. Since
these textures were assumed to form from the same
type of y rolling texture, he concluded that, during
transformation, the {332}(113) component must be
weakened with respect to the other major
component, the {113}(110), in the low-Mn steel.

RD RD RD

(c)

a 2·1%Ni; b 3·4%Ni; c 4·50/0Ni

16 (200) pole figures showing effect of Ni on transformation texture of 0'05C-0'26Si-1'3Mn-0'04Nb steel (after
Ref. 58). See Fig. 13 for key to components

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1

 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 15

90

80
70

60

30
F.-30.8·'. Ni
20

10

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ~ 90
(b)

18 Variation of orientation density along skeleton

lines of Fe-Ni alloys of Fig. 17 (after Ref. 4)

process, the texture produced during the nucleation

stage can be weakened by the characteristics of the
subsequent growth process. This will occur at higher
temperatures (low Mn levels), at which there is
substantial growth; at lower temperatures (high Mn
levels), there is less growth, so the relatively sharp
30 'nucleation texture' undergoes less modification.
Some insight into the latter process can be gained
20 from the stored energy of deformation, which is
known to be strongly orientation dependent. In
heavily rolled eu single crystals, the stored energy is
i(
the greatest for the {112 111) and the least for the
{lID} < 112) orientation. 6 Assuming that the defor-
mation texture of the y phase of the Mn-containing
00 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 eo 90 steels is similar to that of deformed copper, the
8} deg nucleation of a grains during transformation should
a 22·5%Ni; b 30·8%Ni be more frequent in {112} < 111) y grains than in
17 <I>= 45° ODF sections (Roe notation) showing effect {lID} < 112) y grains.
of Ni on transformation textures of two Fe-Ni alloys Although the precise mechanism of the transfor-
(after Ref. 4). See Fig. 5b for key to components mation of deformed austenite into ferrite is not fully
understood, the nucleation of a grains is thought to
occur at deformation bands as well as at austenite
Manganese is known to inhibit the transformation grain boundaries. At high temperatures, grain
of austenite to ferrite by increasing austenite stability. boundaries are the preferred sites for nucleation over
As a result, with increasing Mn content, the transfor- deformation bands.58 These grain boundary nuclei
mation temperature of steels is lowered significantly. grow more rapidly into the neighbouring y grains,
Inagaki suggested that, in the 1·28 Mn steel, exten-
%
with which they do not have any lattice relationship
sive growth of the a grains occurs during the higher (such as the K-S).77 Extensive growth of such inco-
temperature transformation, whereas in the 2·48% herent nuclei may occur at the higher transformation
Mn steel, grain growth is extremely limited. He rea- temperatures for steels with the lower Mn contents.
soned that if the orientation dependence of the grain This effect will be more pronounced in the
growth process differs from that of the nucleation {110}(112) grains, within which fewer (1' nuclei are
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No. 1
16 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

formed on the deformation bands due to stored gested that the development of fair!y sharp textures is
energy considerations. As a result, in the transfor- expected for all alloying elements which retard the
mation texture, the {332}(113) component will be transformation of austenite, such as Ni, Mo, Cr, etc.
relatively weak compared to the much stronger Yutori and Ogawa56 also studied the development
{113}(11Q) component. of transformation textures in a series of controlled
When the Mn content of the steel is increased, a rolled steels. The materials they used were basically
much finer ferritic structure is produced due to the low-C-Nb steels with additions of Mn, Si, Cr, Mo,
low temperature of transformation and this suggests and V. The total alloy content for the steels was
that the growth of the a' nuclei will be limited. The represented in terms of the equivalent Mn content
effect of grain boundary nucleation will also be much (Mneq = Mn + 4Mo + Cr + Q·1Si). Figure 19, taken
less. As a consequence, the orientation distribution from their work, shows how the orientation densities
of the a' nuclei will be retained in the final texture, of the two major components change as a function of
giving rise to a much sharper {332}(113) component total alloy content. The cooling rates used for effec-
in the texture of the higher Mn steels. The overall ting the phase transformation as well as the product
transformation texture will also be much more phases formed are also displayed in these figures.
intense. Inagaki has extended this reasoning to the It is apparent from their results that, except for
effect of the other alloying elements and has sug- the highest cooling rate, the sharpness of the

9 9
(0 ) (b)

g8 g8
"0

c: • "t!c:
~
)(
7 )( 7

6 6
?: • ?:
·iii 'iii 11131(110)
"0
~ 5 ~ 5
"0

.~ 4 1332\ (113) .§ 4
~ ~
] 3 ] 3 13321(113)
0 <5
2 2

----- FP----+----FB----~-A-- ··FP·+--- FM---.--·FBM----A--

0 0
2 3 2 3
9 9
(c) (d)
•
~ 8 E 8
-.--.-.--------
"0

0
c: • "0

t! 11131(110) c:
7 ~ 7 • 11131(110)

-
II(
)(

6 6
• 13321(113) ?:' -----------
~5
III
~ 5 13321(113)
c: "
'"0
tI
4 •
.§
"0

4
c
.2 ~
43 ~ 3
C ·C
tI 0
~ 2 2

·-FP..•- --FM--- + --- ---. A --- ----- ------------- M------------_ ..

o o
2 3 1 2 3
Mn ~q.(= Mn ."Mo. CrtO.1Si) Mn ~q.(1I: Mn. 'Mo 'Cr t 0.1 Si)

a 1 K s-1; b 6 K S-1; c 16 K S-1; d 80 K S-1; A acicular ferrite, 8 ferrite.' F polygonal bainite, M martensite, P pearlite
19 Dependence of orientation densities of {332} (113) and {113} (110) texture components, on alloy content (as
represented by Mneq and cooling rate (after Ref. 56)

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No. 1

 Ray and Jonas
transformation texture increases as total alloy con-
tent goes up. Thus these results agee very well with
the idea put forward by Inagaki.
Effect of rolling conditions
on transformation texture
The inheritance of a strong texture by the a phase
from the r during transformation depends principally
on the severity of the rolling texture of the parent
austenite. The intensity of the austenite rolling
texture depends in turn on the amount of deforma-
tion to which the r has been subjected, as well as on
the temperature of the deformation. The greater the
amount of reduction at a particular temperature, the
more severe will be the r rolling texture. If the
temperature is sufficiently high, static recrystallis
ation takes place after rolling, reducing the strength
and changing the nature of the r rolling texture.
At lower rolling temperatures, plain C steels con-
tinue to recrystallise in the conventional manner, but
Nb steels display two other types of behaviour. If the
interpass times are long, as in reversing mills, copious
precipitation takes place, which prevents recrystal-
lisation, so that the ferrite forms from deformed aus-
tenite, as discussed above. If the interpass times are
short, as in strip mills, the strain first accumulates,
then dynamic recrystallisation is initiated. The latter
tends to randomise the deformation texture, so that
ferrite forms from austenite with a less distinct
texture.
In order to understand the effect of controlled
rolling on texture inheritance by the a phase from
the parent r, the effects of the various mechanisms
described above are examined more closely. With
this view in mind, the influence of the rolling
parameters in the three distinct stages of conven-
tional controlled· rolling (Fig. 1) on the resulting
transformation textures is described below.
Deformation in recrystallised r region
When steel is deformed in the recrystallised r region,
grain refinement takes place through static recrystal-
lisation.78 This phenomenon proceeds in a manner
similar to that in cold worked materials, and is
followed by normal grain growth. The critical amount
of deformation needed for the completion of recrys-
tallisation during hot working Ccrih is larger than at
room temperature and its temperature dependence is
substantially higher in Nb than in plain C steels.68
This difference can be attributed to the formation of
strain induced Nb(C, N) precipitates in the Nb
steels,66,79so that static recrystallisation is essentially
suppressed during rolling below 950°C (Ref. 3); i.e.
as long as there is sufficient time for precipitation to
take place, as in reversing mills, or during the
roughing to finishing interval.
The hot rolling of low-C steels at temperatures
above the austenite recrystallisation temperature
generallj produces a rather weak transformation
texture. Kallend et al.8o determined the 0 DF of the
ferrite in a 0·11C--O·35Si-1·35Mn--O·052Nb steel fin-
ished at a temperature of 1000°C after 80% reduction
by rolling. The austenite was expected to be almost
fully recrystallised under these conditions.81 The fer-
Transformation textures in steels 17
rite texture, shown in Fig. 20a, was rather weak and
consists mostly of the {100}(011) component. This
orientation generally originates from the cube
{100}(001) component of the austenite recrystal-
lisation texture.
Deformation in unrecrystallised r region
above Ar3
From the early stages of the development of control
led rolling, the importance was recognised of
deforming austenite in the unrecrystallised r region
above the Ar3. This treatment increases the surface
area of the austenite grain boundaries and introduces
a high density of deformation bands into the matrix.
Thus, ferrite nucleation is made possible, not only at
austenite grain boundaries, as in conventional hot
working processes, but also in the grain interiors,
leading ultimately to a much finer grain size. Since
recrystallisation is effectively retarded in austenite
deformed in this region, the strong deformation
textures produced by heavy amounts of deformation
can be retained in the austenite and can finally be
inherited by the a phase during transformation.
Using ODF analysis, Inagaki60 showed that, for a
Nb-V steel, the texture of specimens finished at
850°C consists of two major components, namely
the {332}(113) and {113} ~ {4 411}(110). These
originate, respectively, from {110}(112) and
{112} (111), which are the rolling texture
components of the parent austenite. Many previous
investigations4,15,36,~7,58,80,82
have also shown that
these orientations are the transformation products of
the main components of the rolling textures of steels
deformed in the unrecrystallised r range. When the
finishing temperature is decreased within this range,
there is an increase in the severity of the transfor-
mation texture (Fig. 11). This phenomenon was
explained in terms of an increase in the sharpness of
the original austenite rolling texture.
The effect of finishing temperature on texture
formation in a simple C-Mn steel has been observed
to be quite different from that in the Nb- V steel. 60
The textures of the specimens finished in the unre-
crystallised r range are considerably weaker than
those of the Nb-V steel finished at the same tem-
perature (Fig. 11). The main texture components
here can be broadly identified as {554}(225) (near
{332} (113») and {100} (011). The former
component appears as significantly broader and of
much lower intensity in the Nb-V-free steel than in
the Nb-V steel, irrespective of the finishing tem-
perature. This can be attributed to the greater accu-
mulated strain in the no-recrystallisation and (r + a)
regions in the micro alloyed as opposed to the plain C
steel. The {100}(011) component presumably arises
as a result of the inheritance by the a of the cube
texture formed in the partly recrystallised austenite in
specimens of the Nb-V-free steel. Result§.similar to
the above were obtained by Davies et al.,59 who
studied texture inheritance by ferrite from hot
deformed austenite in a series of C-Mn-Nb and
C-Mn steels.
Deformation in (r + a) region
During controlled rolling, the deformation of steel in
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1
18 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

c-o
\.0
.~co
U)
C'1
U)
0
en
.•..
0
C\l l!1 II C
II II
t& Q)
t& t& 0
!;
LL
C
0
oQ

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co ~ C
I"'- 0
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International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1

 Ray and Jonas
the (y + a) region has been found to produce finer a
grain sizes.3 In addition to grain refinement, substan-
tially improved yield and ultimate tensile strengths
are also achieved.68,83,84 During such rolling, the
following processes take place in the steel:4
(i) crystal rotation of the parent y phase
(ii) y ~ a phase transformation, and
(iii) crystal rotation and possible recrystallisation
of the product a phase.
The resultant texture of the steel is therefore quite
complex and largely influenced by the relative contri-
butions of these three processes which, in turn,
depend on the composition (presence of precipi-
tates), temperature, and amount of reduction in each
pass, and above all on the finishing temperature.
Thus the final texture is made up of the accumulated
components of the y ~ a transformation texture and
the hot rolling texture component of the a phase.
The finish rolling temperature in the (y + a) region
plays an important role in texture development.
When the finishing temperature lies in the upper (y +
a) range, the amount of a phase formed, before the
final pass, is relatively small. In such a case, the
contribution of crystal rotation in the a phase to the
overall texture is not particularly significant. By con-
trast, when the finishing temperature lies in the lower
(y + a) range, most of the y phase has already been
converted to a before the final passes. The ferrite
grains formed earlier at higher temperatures, which
inherit the y rolling texture, experience further
deformation at lower temperatures, which further
sharpens the texture of the a phase. The remaining
austenite grains are deformed continuously as the
temperature is lowered in the (y + a) region, result-
ing in an increase in the sharpness of the y texture
that is, eventually, inherited by the transformed a
phase.
A number of early investigators4,59,68,83-87 have
suggested that the texture developed in steels as a
result of rolling below the Ar3 consists of two major
components, namely: (a) a partial fibre texture
having (110) axes parallel to the rolling direction
with orientations lying in the range between
{001}(110) and {111}(110); and (b) the
{Ill} (uvw) fibre texture. These features are clearly
.: !0011<110>,.: (112l<110>; ,: f554~<225>
.--.
<110>IIRO
o 9,d(lg 90
.--...
e,d(lQ
<11o>IITD
a 0%; b 10%; c 60%
21 <I>= 45° sectiJn (Roe notation) of ODF of Nb steel,
deformed initially in unrecrystallised y range,
followed by deformation in (y + (1') region (after
Ref. 85)
Transformation textures in steels 19
visible in Fig. 21, which shows the development of
texture in a Nb steel as a function of the amount of
deformation in the two-phase region. 85 This steel was
initially deformed in the unrecrystallised y region to
produce a weak texture comprised of the {112}(110)
and {554}(225) components. Increasing the amount
of deformation in the (y + a) region led to an increase
in the severity of the original texture of the material
along with some modifications, such as the sharpen-
ing of the {554}(225) component.
Inagaki and Kodama6o,88 studied the development
of texture in several Nb and Nb--V steels· finished at
various temperatures. They found that, for speci-
mens finished at just above the Ar3 temperature,
the main orientations of the a texture were
{332}(113) and {113} -- {112}(110). These orien-
tations get progressively modified as a result of
deformation of the a phase when the finishing tem-
perature is lowered. The changes that have been
identified are the following:
(i) {332}(113) ~ {554}(225) ~ {111}(112)
and
(ii) {113}(110) ~ {112}(110) ~ {223}(110).
The orientations listed in (i) have a common (110)
direction parallel to TD, whereas the orientations in
(ii) have a common (110) direction parallel to RD.
Theoretical calculations, based on crystal plasticity
and the relaxed constraint method, have been carried
out to simulate the rotations in the a phase during
rolling.31 The results indicate that the successive
orientations listed in (i) above can indeed be obtained
by rotation of the a about the (110)IITD axis, with
{Ill} (112) as the end texture. However, with regard
to the orientations in (ii), the rotation of {113}(110)
about the (110)IIRD axis only produces the
{112}(110) component, which is too stable to
undergo any further reorientation. Thus the
{113}(110) component of the transformation texture
is not in fact converted into components of the y fibre
({Ill}lND), which are the ones responsible for good
deep drawability in steels. The simulations have
shown instead that the end orientation in (i) above,
namely the {Ill} (112), is gradually converted by
rolling into the {111}(110) component, as summa-
rised in Table 5 above. Both the above orientations
are important components of the y fibre. Thus the
crystal plasticity calculations clearly point to the
desirability of starting with {332}(113) as the main
component of the transformation texture before
further processing of the steel in the (y + a) and a
ranges. They also underline the importance of the
deformation of the a phase, which is discussed in
more detail in the next section.
In plain C steel, rolling below the Ar3 temperature
also leads to the development of a strong {100}(011)
texture component, apparently due to the grain
rotations taking place in the deformed a phase.31,60
Deformation in a region
Although the deformation of steel in the a region
followed by cooling to room temperature does not
lead to any phase transformation, the salient features
of this process are considered here because of its
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1
20 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels
technological importance. During controlled rolling,
finish rolling is occasionally carried out in the a region
to improve the mechanical properties.84 This is
sometimes referred to as 'continuum rolling' when it
involves successive reductions in the y, (y + a), and a
regions. 89From his work on a simple C-Mn steel and
on another containing Nb and V, Inagaki60 concluded
that, since the textures formed by rolling in the lower
(y + a) range should already be near the stable end
orientations of the a rolling texture, further changes
during deformation in the a region will not be signifi-
cant. This is also apparent from Fig. 11, taken from
his work.
Recently, there has been increased interest in extra
low carbon steels9Q-94which, when deformed in the
high a range with or without a subsequent recrystal-
lisation anneal, can yield materials with high R values.
It has generally been agreed that the deformation of
steel in the a region produces the bcc rolling texture
consisting of an a fibre* with (110)IIRD stretching
from {001}(110) to {111}(110), and a yfibre* with
{lll}lND. It has been found92 that, for finishing
temperatures lower than 750°C, the intensity of the
{Ill} component increases as the deformation tem-
perature decreases and the amount of strain increases
(see Table 5). Such rolling is of commercial
importance because the transformation texture
components produced from deformed austenite, i.e.
the {332}(113) and {113}(110), do not lead to Rand
~R values as desirable as those contributed by the
{Ill} fibre and the {554} (225) component (see
Tables 3 and 4).
Recrystallisation carried out after deformation in
the a range sharpens the y fibre component in the a
(with the maximum intensity at {11J}{112») at the
expense of the a fibre component.90 Hashimoto
et al.93,94 have reported that, in interstitial free
steels, rolling in the ferrite no-recrystallisation region
yields the {112}(110) texture, which changes upon
recrystallisation to {554}(225) with a concomitant
high R value. It is now more or less agreed that the
following conditions have to be fulfilled in order to
produce warm or hot rolled steels with textures that
give rise to high R values: (a) finish rolling should be
carried out in the ferrite no-recrystallisation region;
(b) Ti or Nb should be added to extra low carbon
AI-killed steels so as to raise the ferrite no-recrystal-
lisation temperature; (c) the solute carbon content
during rolling must be minimised by precipitating the
C as TiC or NbC; and (d) good lubrication between
the rolls and the workpiece must be employed during
finish hot rolling. 90-9
It has been pointed out that a major problem
associated with the warm rolling of steels in the (y +
a) or a region is inhomogeneity of the texture in the
through thickness direction. Inagaki60 reported that,
in his steels, a surface texture developed when the
finishing temperature was below 750°C. It consisted
of a partial fibre with (110) parallel to the normal
direction and weak {113}(332) to {4 4 11}(1111 8)
components. The surface texture of heavily cold
* These terms are not to be confused with the £l' and y phases in
steel.
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No. 1
rolled pure iron has also been found to consist of a
partial fibre with (110) parallel to the normal direc-
tion.95 Furthermore, the intensity of the surface
texture of intercritically rolled steel increased with
increasing volume fraction of the a phase. This sug-
gests that the surface texture produced during the
warm rolling of steels is due to shear of the a phase.
Such results are also in agreement with the findings of
Williams,96 who observed that the main components
of the shear texture of a-Fe consist of {112}(111)
plus orientations falling between {110}(001) and
{110}(111).
Dillamore and Roberts97 have shown that surface
texture is generally related to the texture at the centre
of the specimen by rotation about the transverse
direction, the angle of rotation bying affected by the
extent of lubrication and the rolling temperature.
This general rule has been found to be more or less
satisfied.6o The inhomogeneity of the texture in the
through thickness direction in warm rolled steels is
also reflected in the R values. Figure 22, from the
work of Senuma and Yada,91 displays the variation in
R as a function of distance from the surface of the
sheet in one of their steels. It is evident from this
figure that the surface texture decreases the overall
R value of the sheet and consequently the deep
drawability.
The inhomogeneity in both the microstructure and
texture of steel sheets warm rolled in the a' region
seems to persist even after these are subsequently
completely recrystallised.9o Figure 23 shows the
_variation in relative intensity of the various texture
components in an extra low carbon steel as a function
of distance from the sheet surface when rolled both
with and without lubricant, in the as rolled as well as
recrystallised conditions. 93The effectiveness of using
lubricants to keep the intensity of the {Ill}
component uniformly high throughout the thickness
distance from)
• ( the surface
2.0
Tt
!t
8
o Experimental results
t Thickness of the specimen
o ~ 1~
Angle between tensile direction
and rolling direction
22 Plot showing variation of R as function of distance
t from surface of warm rolled sheet steel (after
Ref. 91)
 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 21

without lubricant with lubricant ( tall ON) without lubricant with lubricant (taltON)

(222)
( 222)

-. (200)
::~::~_.~::.8::'':~ (211)
(211) -.> •.~~.~-:~-<>- -0-..00
(200) .••••.•••.•

( 110)
(110)

(b)
o 10 20 ~ J.Q 50 0 10 20 l:) 40 50 o 10 20 ~ /ij 50 0 10 20 ~ 40 50
Through thickness location, -I. of 1hickness Thr~h thickness location, -I. of thickness
a as rolled condition; b recrystallised condition
23 Effect of lubrication condition on variation of pole intensity along through thickness direction (after Ref. 93)

is clearly illustrated in the figure. This improvement
in texture is also reflected in the increase in R value
for the material (Fig. 24).
Effects of austenite grain size and cooling
rate on transformation texture
Transformation textures in steels are influenced by
the initial austenite grain size, which is determined by
the soaking temperature of the steel before control-
led rolling begins. For example, a 0·lC-O·3Si-1·6Mn-
0·04Nb steel was soaked at two different tem-
peratures, namely 1100 and 1250°C, then controlled
rolled to a finishing temperature of 800°C to produce
a ferrite-pearlite structure. 58 Figure 25 illustrates the
effect of soaking temperature (or y grain size) on the
transformation texture of this steel. It can be seen
from the figure that the texture of the specimen
soaked at 1100°C (smaller y grain size) is sharper
than that of the specimen soaked at 1250°C (larger
y grain size).
The transformation textures formed in steels by the
martensitic transformation also seem to be influenced
by the initial austenite grain size.88 A 0·lC-1·7Mn-
0·04Nb-O·08V steel was soaked at two different tem-
peratures, 1250 and 1050°C, then controlled rolled
and finished at 760°C, followed by quenching into
water to produce a martensitic structure. The <I>= 45°
sections (Roe notation) of the ODFs of these speci-
mens are presented in Fig. 26. It is apparent from this
figure that, although the major orientations are the
same in the two cases, the {332}(113) component is
strengthened noticeably when the smaller initial y
grain size (lower soaking temperature) is used. By
contrast, the {113}(110) component remains
essentially insensitive to soaking temperature.

Effect of cooling rate during transformation

2·0 The cooling rate during phase transformation after
controlled rolling in the r or (y + £1') region has been
found to have a significant effect on the resulting
transformation texture.4,56 Although the major
components of the transformation texture of marten-
site, bainite and ferrite have consistently been identi-
fied as {113}(110) and {332}(113), the sharpness of
the overall texture as well as the relative intensities of
the components seem to vary as a function of cooling
rate. Figure 27 represents <I>= 45° sections (Roe
notation) of the ODFs of some controlled rolled
hot roll steels with various transformation products.98 It is
FET: 700°C
evident from this figure that the intensities of the
major components are quite sharp and comparable in
red.: 4 . 5 - 1· 3 m m
the case of martensite and acicular ferrite. On the
(700/0) other hand, these components are decidedly weaker
annea I: 750°C I 3h in intensity in the ferrite-pearlite.
1·0
That the· transformatfon texture is generally
weaker when y is transformed into ferrite-pearlite by
o 10 20 30
slow cooling than when quenched into martensite has
Load drop by lubrication ,0/0 been reported by a number of workers. 11,50,58,98 The
24 Effect of lubrication conditions on R value (after combined effect of cooling rate during transfor-
Ref. 93) mation and alloy composition on the intensities of the

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1

 22 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

RD RD

Q'5
1·0

(0) ( b)

a 11 OO°C; b 1250°C
25 (200) pole figures showing effect of soaking temperature on texture of 0·1C-0·3Si-1·6Mn-0·04Nb steel (after
Ref. 58)

major texture components in a number of controlled formation texture components of steel, i.e. the
rolled steels is depicted in Fig. 19. There it is {332}(113) and {113}(110), are summarised sche-
shown that, whereas the {332}(113) component is matically in Fig. 7. This diagram gives an overall view
strong only after fast cooling, the {113}(110) of the types of transformation in texture components
component is relatively insensitive to the rate of encountered in controlled rolled steels, their modifi-
cooling. Yutori and Ogawa56 replotted the data of cations as a function of the rolling schedule, as well as
Fig. 19 to produce Fig. 28, which displays the change the effects of different compositional and processing
in orientation density of the {332}(113) component variables on their relative sharpness. Thus, this dia-
as function of cooling rate. The different product gram may be used as a guideline towards producing
phases formed as well as the alloy contents of the tailored transformation textures during the con-
steels (represented by their Mn equivalents) are also trolled rolling of steels.
marked in this diagram. Figure 29, again replotted
from Fig. 19, shows that there is, in fact, a simple
Relation between transformation texture
relationship between the transformation texture and
and austenite rolling texture
the mode of transformation.
The effects of factors such as solute content of the It is now clear that in order to have a marked transfor-
steel, finishing temperature during rolling, soaking mation texture in steel it is necessary to deform the
temperature, cooling rate, etc., on the major trans- material by a significant amount in either the unre-
crystallised y region or in the intercritical (y + a)
range. The orientations in the aphase produced from
90 90 the {110}(112) and {112}(111) y rolling texture
80 80 components, can be derived using matrix algebra via
70 70 any of the lattice relationships of Table 1 (Ref. 99).
60 60
For example, by assuming that all the lattice variants
of the K-S relationship are e~ually favoured during
~ SO SO
"0 the transformation, Inagaki 8 calculated the ori-
-:3- 40 40 entations resulting from these y orientations and
30 30 superimposed the former on the experimental ODF
20 20 for a 2·48%Mn steel. Four constant 'II sections (Roe
notation) of that ODF are represented in Fig. 30. It is
10 10
interesting to note that the calculated orientations
o 0 agree reasonably well with the experimental ori-
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 entation distribution. Furthermore, the observed
e,deg {113}(110)~ peaks are surrounded by a group of
a 1250°C; b 1050°C orientations derived mainly from {112} (111 )y,
26 Effect of soaking temperature on texture of mar- whereas the observed {332} (113) ~ peaks are
tensite in 0·1C-1· 7Mn-0·04Nb-0·08V steel; <I>= 45° surrounded by another group of orientations derived
section, Roe notation (after Ref. 88). See Fig. 5b for mainly from {II O} ( 112) y. These observations indi-
key to components cate that the transformation texture components of

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 23

• (001\ <110> 9
~P13~<110>
--.. '3321(113)
O{112} <110> E0 8
., (332~ <113> "0

c Mn eq.
",'- 7 •
A A A 3.30 M

/2.45
)(.
• • •
6 A
- ~
II)
c 5
"0
~
C
.2 4
--
os
c
•
FB FBM
~ 3
'\:
0
•
FP
2 FP

(a)

0
10 100
1
Cooling ra te I K 5-

28 Change in orientation density of {332} (113)

component as function of cooling rate and alloy
composition (after Ref. 56)

the a phase, namely {332}(113) and {113}(110),

originate from the ytexture components, {110}(112)
(brass) and {112}( 111) (Cu) , respectively. Similar
results have been obtained by the present authors.IOO
It has been further shown that at least some of the
(b) intensity of the two major transformation texture
o components is due to components derived via trans-
formation from the third major y rolling texture
90 component, the S{123} (634) (Ref. 100).

Stability of transformation textures

InagakilOI hot rolled a 0·lC-1·35Mn-0·03Nb steel to
a finishing temperature of 800°C to prepare a material
with a strong initial texture. As can be seen from the
<I>= 45° section (Roe notation) of the corresponding
ODF, the specimen had a strong transformation
texture consisting of {332}(113) and {113}(110) as
30 the main components (Fig. 31a). The textures
obtained after the specimen was reheated at 1250 or
1150°C for 1 h followed by water quenching, are
shown in Fig. 31h and c, respectively. The similarity
with the initial texture of the specimen before heat
(c) treatment is striking and indicates that the former is
90 quite stable. This can happen if, during reheating, the
o 30
ferrite transformation texture is reconverted into the
6,deg
original {110}(112) and {112}(111) Ytexture; these
a polygonal ferrite-pearlite; b acicular ferrite; c martensite components subsequently transform during water
quenching, into the martensite texture, again consis-
27 <I>= 45° sections (Roe notation) of ODFs showing
transformation textures of controlled rolled steels
ting of {332}(113) and {113}(110) as the major
with various structures (after Ref. 98) orientations.

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1

24 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

These experimental results indicate that when a given

7
grain within a particular population transforms
shear
•I mode
according to one of the, say, 24 variants of the K-S
relationship, on retransformation into the original
• ------ •• phase, it does not select at random just any variant,
E
"0
0
6

/
/:: •
but reverts back to the original orientation using the
specific variant relationship previously employed. In
c
other words, individual grains possess some kind of
L
0 I mixed • memory regarding the exact transformation path they
><
•......
>.
5
I
I mode
• have followed during entire sequences of transfor-
+-' I mation from a' ~ Y~ £1'.
II)
I
c
QJ I
Analytical methods for prediction of
"0

4 I
c I
transformation textures

·••
0
+-I I
0 /
+-I The hot working of steel is largely carried out when
c
QJ
3 ./ / the material is in the austenitic condition. Attempts
L
0 to improve the properties of as rolled steels at ambi-
M enttemperatures by manipulating their textures must
'-'
N
2
•
diffusion
therefore involve methods of influencing the textures
developed in the parent austenitic phase. However,
M
~ mode experimental difficulties generally preclude the meas-
urement of austenite textures before transformation.
Hence it has been necessary to use indirect methods
to study texture development during the deformation
of austenite. Several analytical techniques have been
proposed for this purpose and these are discussed in
o turn below.
29 Relationship between intensity of {332} (113) Methods based on use of
texture component and mode of transformation
texture components
(after Ref. 56)
The simplest procedure for the prediction of transfor-
mation textures is based on the description of the
In an earlier work,88 a specimen taken from the parent austenite texture as .an assembly of
mid section of a controlled rolled O·08C-2·2Mn- components, as given in equation (2). Each
O·4Mo-O·3Ni-Q·04Nb steel having an acicular ferrite component is operated on in turn according to the
structure was heat treated to produce either marten- precise transformation relationship assumed to exist
site or ferrite. A fairly strong texture, similar to the between the parent and product phases. The resulting
original texture but less sharp, was obtained after components are then taken to constitute the product
these two heat treatments, although the microstruc- texture. For sim~le transformations, known transfor-
ture had changed completely from the original one. mation matrices 02 may be used for determining the
In fact, it was observed in earlier investigations that indices of the product texture components; in more
transformation textures in steels can be relatively well complex cases, a sequence of operations may be
preserved, even after repeated reheating cycles.4,39 necessary. Using a K-S orientation relationship,

• a. derived from (110) <112>y

• a. derived from 1112~<111 >y

90 (0) 90

o o

a 0°; b 40°; c 65°; 'd 90°

30 Constant 'If sections (Roe notation) of experimental ODF for 2·48°kMn steel: orientations derived from Cu
{112} (111) and brass {110} (112) positions in y via K-S relationship are superimposed (after Ref. 58)

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No. 1


90
80
70
~ 50
"0
~40
30
20
a 10 20 30 40 50 60
8, deg
a initial texture; b texture after heating to 1250°Cfor 1 h and water quenching; c texture after heating to 1150°Cfor 1 h and water quenching
31 <I>= 45° sections (Roe notation) of ODFs for 0·1C-1·35Mn-0·03Nb steel (after Ref. 101)
Jones and Walkerlo3 predicted the ferrite textures
which are expected to result from the transformation
of a range of austenite textures. They did this by
expressing the parent texture as a number of ideal
orientations and also by assuming that all the 24
possible variants of the K-S orientation relationship
occur with equal probability during transformation.
They compared the predicted pole figures with the
experimentally measured ferrite pole figures in order
to ascertain whether austenite recrystallisation had
occurred prior to transformation.
A variation of this method was used by Haslam
et a1.,50 who employed the ODF of 80% cold rolled
copperl04 to represent the deformed austenite texture
in terms of a set of components. They then tried to
predict the ferrite texture by transforming these
components using the K-S relationship. This resulted
in the prediction of a number of textures which were
found to be similar to those for a range of hot rolled
steels. However, this approach, like that of Jones and
Walker, suffers from the disadvantage that the
description of the parent texture was oversimplified
and no quantitative correlation was apparent.
Methods based on distribution
function analysis
It has become evident that the accurate prediction of
transformation textures requires the more complete
description of parent textures than can be done in
terms of ideal components. The ODF is better suited
to this purpose, and when the precise crystallographic
relationship between the parent and product is
known, it is possible to calculate the orientation of the
product phase by using the appropriate transfor-
mation matrix. Roe23 has shown that when the
texture is represented by an ODF, the original set of
series expansion coefficients, W1mn (equation (4)),
can be transformed into a new set of expansion
coefficients, W1mn, for the product ODF, provided
the Euler angles a, f3, and Yspecifying the rotations
relating the crystallographic axes of the parent and
Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 25
• (3 3 2~< 11 3 >
• (311J <011>
o 10
product structures are known. Thus the coefficients
W1mn of the product texture are related to the coeffi-
cients mmn of the parent texture by the expression
2 )1/2 1
W1mn = ( 21 +1 P~l WlmpZlpn
X (cos f3) exp (ipa) exp (iny) . (6)
If, in the absence of physical constraints, the selection
of variants takes place in a random fashion, equation
(6) may be rewritten as
2 )1/2 1 N 1
Wlmn = ( 21 +1 p~lmmp ~1 N Zlpn
X (cos f3i) exp (ipai) exp (inYi) (7)
where N is the total number of transformation
variants. Where some selection of variants occurs,
this can be allowed for by replacing the term 1/N in
equation (7) by a factor Ii which gives the relative
frequency of occurrence of each variant. In that case,
equation (7) has the form
Based on equation (7), Davies et ai.lO have written a
computer program to calculate the transformed
texture coefficients W1mn from the experimentally
determined texture coefficients mmn for the fcc ~ bcc
phase transformation. The form of the transfor-
mation is described by specifying the polar angles of
an invariant axis and the angle of rotation about that
axis. The K-S orientation relationship was used for
the calculation and it was assumed that all 24 variants
of the transformation were equally probable. A simi-
lar approach was em,rloyed by Pospiech et ai.105 using
the Bunge notationl ,25to explain the bainite textures
formed from hot rolled austenite.
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No. 1
26 Ray and Jonas Transformation
Methods based on use of misorientation
distribution function
The procedure outlined above assumed that it is
possible to describe the transformation in terms of a
set of orientation relationships. If, however, a more
generalised transformation takes place, as for
example, during recrystallisation, a continuous distri-
bution of orientation relationships can develop
between the parent and product crystals. This, in
turn, involves a continuous distribution of the Euler
angles ll', f3, and y relating the two phases. In such a
situation, as shown by Sargent,106 the distribution of
angles can again be described in terms of spherical
harmonics, leading to the so called misorientation
distribution function (MODF)
a 1 1
t( ll', f3, y) = 2: 2: 2: m=-I n=-I
1=0
x (cos f3) exp (-ima) exp (-iny) (9)
where TImn are the coefficients of the MODF.
According to Sargent,106 if the parent and product
textures, described by the coefficients WImn and
W1mn, respectively, are related by the MODF with
coefficients TImn, then the relationship between all
these coefficients can be expressed in the form
2 )1/2 1 which in fact is a prominent orientation of recrystal-
W1mn = ( -21
+
1 4,n2 2:
p=-I
The above is a general expression for a set of (21 + 1)
equations with (21 + 1) unknowns which can be
solved to evaluate the coefficients TImn. Once these
coefficients have been determined, the function can
be computed from equation (9) and then plotted in
Euler space in the same manner as an ODF. It must
be remembered, however, that in this case the func-
tion represents the distribution of orientations of the
product crystals with respect to the reference axes of
6 0
~=45
o ~
(a)
<I> = 71·6
32 MODFs for y ~ £l' transformation using a the K-S orientation relationship
relationship, without any variant selection in each case (after Ref. 15)
International Materials Reviews
textures in steels
the parent crystal. Thus, in the case of cubic crystals,
a peak at the orientation (hkl) [ uvw] means that the
(hkl) planes in the product are parallel to the (001)
planes in the parent and that the [uvw] direction in the
product is parallel to the [100] direction in the parent.
Indexing charts have also been published for cubic107
and hexagonal108 crystal systems and these can be
used to assist in the interpretation of MODFs.
The existence of a set of equations relating the
coefficients WImn, W1mn, and TImn suggests that, given
any two of these sets of coefficients, it is possible to
derive the third set. The procedure for deriving the
coefficients of the parent texture, WImn, from the
known coefficients TImn of the MODF and the meas-
ured coefficients W1mn of the product texture is
known as 'untransformation' and has been described
in detail by Kallend et al.80 The untransformation
TImnZImn procedure is of considerable potential value for the
study of texture development in high temperature
phases, such as hot rolled austenite, where the direct
measurement of texture is handicapped by experi-
mental difficulties.
An example of untransformation was presented
above in Fig. 20b where the parent austenite texture
was obtained from the product ferrite texture (Fig.
20a) by using this procedure. In this case, the predic-
ted ODF for the hot rolled austenite was found to
consist largely of the cube {100}(001) component, .
WImpTIpn (10)
lised fcc metals with high stacking fault energies.109
Limitations of transformation texture prediction
At this stage, it is not out of place to discuss briefly the
discreteness of the transformation textures predicted
by the analytical methods outlined above. As shown
below, reasonably good correspondence has often
been obtained between predicted and observed
textures. However, the results of various studies have
clearly illustrated the problems faced in resolving
cD=o
.t
0
o 0 0
/)
~=56'3 ~ = 33·7
6
•
6
~
0
(b) 0
<I> = 90 q>=63'4 <;P=71' 6 <1l = 90
and b the N-W orientation
1990 Vol. 35 No.1
 Ray and Jonas
small differences between the predictions. The ori-
entation relationships suggested for the austenite-
to-ferrite transformation, such as the Bain,5
Kurd j umov-Sachs, 6 Nishiyama-Wassermann, 7,8and
Greninger-Troiano,9 differ between themselves by
only a few degrees (Fig. 3c). Furthermore, the
analytical methods described above predict textures
which do not show any clear cut distinction between
the different orientation relationships. It has been
suggested15 that this may be due to two factors: (a)
the experimental limitations of the available tech-
niques for the measurement of texture, and (b) the
non-ideal nature of the transformation itself. Again,
the MODFs for the various relationships, for
example the K-S and the N-W, are essentially identi-
cal (Fig. 32). Hence these cannot be used to make
distinctions between orientation dependent transfor-
mations which differ by only a few degrees, and a
choice can be made instead on the basis of physical
considerations, which favour the use of the K-S
relation.
Correspondence between analytically predicted
and experimentally determined textures
The worth of an analytical prediction lies in how well
it fits the experimentally determined texture. As
stated above, because of experimental difficulties, it
is often impossible to measure the texture of the high
temperature austenite phase in commercial steels,
deformed or otherwise, before transformation. Thus
the austenite rolling texture is frequently assumed to
be similar to the texture produced by cold rolling a
high stackin fault energy fcc metal such as copper or
sl
aluminium. 1,104Furthermore, other fcc metals such
as nickel, which is close to iron in the periodic table, can
be used for this purpose. In fact, an alloy of Ni with 30
wt-% Co has a stacking fault energy similar to that of
y-Fe (Ref. 100). Figure 33 a-d shows ¢2 sections of
the ODF of a 95% cold rolled Ni-30Co alloy as well
as the ¢l sections of the ODFs obtained by transform-
ing it according to the Bain, K-S, and N-W
relationships.loo (It is usual to go through the ¢2
sections for fcc and the ¢l sections for bcc materials
since most of the important orientations in these
materials appear in these sections.) It is clear from the
above figures that, although the general features of
the three transformed ODFs are similar, the one
obtained using the Bain relationship is much sharper
in intensity than the other two. The ODFs obtained
by transformation according to the K-S and N- W
relationships are similar. An explanation for the
above can be found in Fig. 3. As has already been
mentioned, experimental evidence indicates that,
during the y ~ a transformation in steels, the K-S
relationship is generally followed.11,12 It should be
noted that, because of the multiplicity of variants in
this transformation, the a textures always appear less
intense than the y textures from which they are
derived.
The three transformed ODFs presented in Fig. 33
were all calculated by assuming the absence of variant
selection. Many examples have been reported in the
literature, for both ferrous and non-ferrous materi-
als, where transformation occurs without any variant
Transformation textures in steels 27
selection.lO,80,82,11Q--113 It appears that when the
transformation is diffusion controlled, as in the case
of the austenite ~ ferrite transformation in steels,
there is no strong evidence for variant selection.lo
The experimental ODF for the ferrite obtained in the
case of a hot rolled 0·12C-1·47Mn-Q·05Nb steel
finished at 815°C after 80% reduction is illustrated
in Fig. 34a. The analytically predicted 0DF for the
same phase (Fig. 34b) was calculated from the ODF
of 60% cold rolled high purity Al using the K-S
orientation relationship, without any variant
selection.lo The resemblance between the experi-
mental and analytically derived textures is striking
and demonstrates that analytical methods based on
distribution function analysis can be used to make
satisfactory predictions regarding textures when
orientation-dependent transformations take place.
Similar agreement has been reported between the
analytical predictions and experimental textures of
the ferrite transformed from a 0·18C-1·28Mn-
0·03Nb-Q·04V austenite.lOO
In contrast to the behaviour of ferrite, several
studies of shear transformations (such as austenite ~
martensite in steels) indicate that the product textures
predicted by the analytical methods without assuming
any variant selection are not in agreement with the
experimental textures. 4,50,52,57,73,82,100,110,112,114-118
For example, Fig. 35a represents ¢2 sections at 10°
intervals of the experimental ODP of the bcc marten-
sitic phase in an Fe-30Ni alloy which was cold rolled
80% in the austenitic condition and then quenched in
liquid nitrogen.118 The corresponding sections of the
ODFs predicted using the K-S and Bain relationships
are shown in Fig. 35b and c, respectively.loo These
latter textures were calculated from the ODF of a
950/0cold rolled Ni-40Co alloy without assuming any
variant selection. This particular alloy has a stacking
fault energy not very different from that of the experi-
mental Fe-30Ni alloy.lOOIt is apparent from Fig. 35
that, although the positions of the orientation max-
ima in the various sections of the three ODFs more or
less coincide, the experimental texture is far more
severe than the one predicted using the K-S
relationship. On the other hand, although the ori-
entation density values for the experimental ODF
and the one calculated by using the Bain relationship
more or less tally in several sections, the latter shows
some quite prominent peaks in other sections which
are essentially absent in the experimental ODF.
These results indicate that the transformation
variants do not occur with the same probabilities, i.e.
some kind of variant selection takes place .during
martensite transformation. Similar conclusions were
reached by Hu and Kallend52 on the basis of their
work on a medium-C-5Ni steel.
Importance and criteria of
variant selection
The observations of the previous section demonstrate
the importance of variant selection during martensitic
transformation in steels and iron base alloys. Marten-
site formation is generally accompanied by a change
in volume and a transformation shear. It can,
therefore, be anticipated that the course of the
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1
28 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

+ 13 13 12 15
o 11 11 9 7
o
E 16 15 16 14 E 6 7 7 6
x 12 14 14 15 x 8 10 10 8
o 16 15 14 12 o 6 5 6 6
E 12 12 13 level s 0 2 4 6 ... E 667 levels 0 2 4 6 .. ,
+
(0) ( b)

cf> .
rrcfo
<p 20
O~
25
10 15
3035
40 45 5055
60 65 7075
80 85 90 <1>1
4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4
o o
E 3 3 3 3 E 4 3 3 4
x 4 3 3 4 x 4 4 4 4
o 3 3 3 3 o 4 3 3 3
E 3 3 f 3 3 3 levels 0 1 2 3 ...
3 levels 0 1 2 3 ... ( d)
(c)

33 a ¢2 sections of experimental ODF corresponding to 95% cold rolled Ni-30Co alloy (Bunge notation) and
b-d ¢, sections of ODFs obtained by transforming Fig. 33a according to Bain, K-S, and N-W relationships,
respectively, (Bunge notation) (after Ref. 100)

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels 29

"tJ

M
.•..co
Q)

~ ~ 0 OS
~ lO
(j) CJ
N
II
II caCJ
II
t9f t&
~ .•..Q)
..
0t:

..
Q)
'+-

0
'+-
C
'0
C\l
~co
.•..
0
v ~ C
(X)
lO
v ~
•..•...•
Q)
0
II
II
~
.e. t& ~ u.
C
0
"tJ
.•..CJ
Q)

:s
..
Q)
c.
~
~ caCJ
•..•...•
M
0 M <D ~
"
M II
ca
t& II
iG-t C
'9t co
<D oQ

1
"tJ
•.....• C
.c co
Q)
---+-3- .•..U)Q)
.Q
Z
in
0
6
I
C
~•....
"'t
(,0 c: 0 ~
<D
N
(,0
lO
(j)
II
0
N
II
tfr
~
t& t9f 6
"tJ
.!
"0..
.•..0
.c
c-
0_0
"tJ~
Q)~
C Q)
~
(X) lO
~
(,0

;::
....•.
on; a:
.QQ)
II 0:::
.e. t& t& Q)~
:t::-
t:«
Q)"tJ
'+-Q)

- ..
'+- -
0-
0
c"tJ
0-
~S
•••• '+-
00
C Q)
~ Q) ••
":'
M M o =
0
II
M <D a:1(
-Q)
~ u. .•.•
<D
t& iG-t
ce
00

I --+ -3-
a
~~
lII:t
('t)

International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No.1

30 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels
(0)
f@>cD
2 2 2 2 00 1~ 2030
3 3 3 2 <p 40506070
8090
2 2
(b)
(c)
35 a ¢2 sections of experimental ODF of martensite in
Fe-30Ni alloy (Bunge notation) (Ref. 118) and b, C
¢2 sections of bcc ODFs predicted for Ni-40Co alloy
using K-S and Bain relationships, respectively
(Bunge notation) (after Ref. 100)
transformation islikely to be affected by the elastic and
plastic deformations which result from these phe-
nomena. Depending on the inhomogeneities in tem-
perature, strain, and initial microstructure, as well as
on the physical configuration of the specimen, some
variants can be favoured over others during transfor-
mation.52 Rules or criteria for variant selection must
therefore be postulated, and in order to be successful
in predicting the product from the parent texture,
models of texture transformation are needed that can
also take into account the relative weights of all the
variants. Several variant selection models have been
proposed over the past few decades. Brief descrip-
tions of all the important ones are given below,
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35
followed by a critical assessment of their relative
validities.
Variant selection models
The important variant selection models proposed to
date are the following:
(i) the 'shape deformation' (SD) model by Patel
and Cohen 119
(ii) the 'Bokros-Parker' (BP) model by Bokros
and Parker120
(iii) the 'active slip system' (AS) model proposed
by a number of workers50,73,82,11o,117
(iv) the 'twinning shear' (TS) model by Higo et
al.121
(v) the 'Bain strain' (BS) model by Furubayashi et
al.14,122
(vi) the 'geometrical parameters' (GP) model pro-
posed by Humbert et al.118
The nomenclature for models (i)-(v) was suggested
by Furubayashi et al.14
Because of the fact that martensite formation
involves a shear deformation, there is an external
shape change, and this has been regarded by Patel
and Cohen1l9 as an influential factor in variant
selection in the SD model. They considered the inter-
action of an applied stress with the displacive shear
<h occurring during martensite formation and suggested
that the applied stress can aid the total shape change.
Goodchild et al.123 extended the analysis of Patel
and Cohen to estimate the effect of stress on the
formation of a particular a' variant. They have shown
that the magnitude of the work done by the applied
stress will indicate which martensite variants should
be favoured. Similar analyses were carried out by
Stone and Thomas13 and Kato and Mori.124,125
Detailed examination of the experimental results
obtained by these workers on a number of steels and
iron base alloys has clearly shown that many of the a'
martensite variants that were favoured by the calcu-
lations based on the SD model were simply not
present in the actual transformed materials. Thus the
SD model has not been found suitable for variant
selection during the martensitic transformation in
steels.
The BP model suggested by Bokros and Parker120
is based on the interaction of slip systems and habit
plane variants. In an early study of martensite burst
formation in strained Fe-Ni single crystals, they
accounted for the selection observed by noting that
the variants that were favoured were those whose
habit planes were nearly perpendicular to the active
slip plane. Conversely, the group of variants that had
habit planes which were nearly perpendicular to the
active slip direction were suppressed. This behaviour
was suggested to be a consequence of the anisotropic
substructure introduced during deformation. A simi-
lar form of variant selection was also reported in
much later work on an Fe-26·4Ni-O·24C alloy by
Durlu and Christian.126
Borik and Richman114 have also presented experi-
mental data to support the BP model. Their results
showed that, in general, the martensite orientations
could be derived from the preferred orientations of
No.1
 Ray and Jonas
the austenite in their heavily deformed experimental
steel according to either the K-S or the N-W
relationship. However, one-third of the predicted
orientations were observed to be missing from the
transformation texture. These missing orientations
were, in fact, the ones suppressed according to the
criterion of Bokros and Parker.
Furubayashi et al.14 contend that Borik and
Richman's description of the parent austenite
texture, in terms of a limited number of components,
is inadequate for the study of transformations and
does not permit the quantitative strength of the pro-
duct texture to be predicted from the parent texture.
Thus, their work may not be considered detailed
enough for a test of the validity of the BP model.
Bateman and Daviesl17 have also used the assump-
tions of the BP model to predict the transformation
texture of martensite from the experimental texture
(ODF) of the austenite in an Fe-30Ni alloy. The
predicted texture contained systematic deviations
from the experimental ODF of the martensite. Thus
the BP model has been shown to be only partially
successful in providing criteria for variant selection
during martensite transformation.
In a number of investigations,50,73,82,110,117variant
selection has been linked to the active slip systems in
the y and in particular to the slip systems subj ected to
the largest shear stresses during rolling before trans-
formation. The variants produced were those which
contained, in the transformation relationship, those
slip systems which sustained the maximum resolved
shear stress during rolling. The above criteria for
variant selection have been grouped together under
the'label of active slip system (AS) model. Predic-
tions of the martensite texture (ODF) from the
parent austenite texture incorporating the above
variant selection criteria have generally resulted in
textures that are less severe than the experimental
ones. 117
The TS or twinning shear model was proposed by
Higo et al.121 They proposed that the first shear (i.e.
the twinning or twin-forming shear of the y phase) in
the double shear mechanism127 for the fcc-to-bcc
transformation is the deformation which gets affected
by the applied stress. This model could account for
the observed frequency of the various a' variants
produced during stress induced martensite formation
by postulating that the critical atomic movement to
initiate a' formation is the first shear along the
{111}y(2ll)y direction, followed by a suitable spon-
taneous complementary second shear that completes
the transformation.12l Later work by Kato and
Mori124,125supports the postulations of the TS model.
In order to assess the validity of the various variant
selection criteria, Furubayashi128 carried out
computer simulations of the martensitic textures
formed from warm rolled austenite having a Cu-type
rolling texture. For this purpose, using random num-
bers, he generated 360 or 720 initial orientations to
represent the rolling texture of the austenite; the
individual orientations were transformed into mar-
tensitic orientations according to the various variant
selection models using the Bain, K-S, and N-W
relationships. The {002} pole figures of the simulated
martensite textures were then compared with the
Transformation textures in steels 31
experimentallx determined pole figures obtained by
Abe et al.74,1l The latter authors studied Fe-25·7Ni
and Fe-30·2Ni alloys that were heavily rolled in the
austenite condition before transformation into mar-
tensite. It was found128 that both the BP and AS
models led to wider pole distributions than the
experimental figures (Fig. 36). By contrast, much
better agreement with the experimental pole figures
was provided by the theoretical pole figures calcu-
lated by the TS model using the applied stress as being
of opposite sign to the rolling stress (Fig. 36).
The Bain strain (BS) model proposed by Furu-
bayashi et ale 14,122
is based on the interaction between
the applied stress (of rolling) and the Bain strain
characteristic of the martensitic transformation. They
termed the compression axis associated with the Bain
strain the 'Bain compression axis' or BCA. For the
y-to-a' transformation, the BCA for each of the three
Bain variants is parallel to the [001], [010], or [100]
axis of the austenite. It is easy to understand that, if
an external compressive stress is applied along the
[001] axis, the variant having [001] as its BCA will be
assisted more effectively by the applied stress than
the other two. This, of course, leads directly to
variant selection. The BS model postulates that dur-
ing stress induced martensitic transformation, the
Bain variant that is selected is the one that will lead to
the maximum work bein£ done by the applied stress
against the Bain strain. 1 2
Unlike previous models, this model also predicts
the possibility that the texture of martensite might
RD
(0) (b)
RD
A::i~ ,;"',"~1..
.-?r:~"--"-~~"',:':.
j'::"\~
'''-.---.-:.,/
(c) Cd)
a experimental; b BP model~ c AS model; d TS model
36 a experimental (002) pole figure for transformation
texture of martensite obtained from heavily rolled
austenite in Fe-25·7Ni alloy (after Refs. 74, 110) and
b-d simulated (002) pole figures of transformation
texture of martensite using the BP, AS, and TS
models, respectively (after Ref. 128)
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1
32 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels

vary in response to the timing of deformation by
rolling with respect to transformation (timing effect) .
In fact, Furubayashi et al.14,122 prepared steel speci-
mens in which the lath martensite structure was pro-
duced in two different ways: (a) by transformation
after rolling (TAR), and (b) by transformation during
rolling (TDR).
Computer simulated pole figures drawn according
to the BS model were found to correspond very well
with the experimental pole figures for Fe-Ni marten-
site determined earlier by Abe et al.74,110 and Grewen
and Wassermann.129 Furthermore, the theoretical
pole figures calculated by this model could also
account for the so called 'timing effect' (Fig. 37).
Recently, Humbert et al.118 described results of an
experiment in which several sheets of an Fe-30Ni
alloy in the austenitic condition were rolled to dif-
ferent degrees of reduction before transformation
into martensite. A few samples were also annealed
before transformation in order to relax the residual
stresses induced by rolling. They observed that,
irrespective of the amount of rolling reduction in the
y phase or the annealing treatment before transfor-
mation, variant selection was particularly strong and
of the same type. Thus they concluded that the rolling
reduction or residual stress does not have a para-
mount effect on the nature of the y ~ a transfor-
mation, at least for their samples. Instead, according
to them, it was the dimensional parameters of the
samples that influenced the mechanism of variant
selection during transformation. They postulated two
models: in modell, the selected variants are those
RD
(0)
RD
'.
which induce maximum deformation along the nor-
mal direction of the sheet when the sheet is thin and
only contains a few grains across the thickness; in
model 2, the selected variants are those which produce
the minimum deformation in the plane of the sheet.
A computer simulation carried out by Humbert
et al.118 produced ODFs of the martensite phase in
accordance with these two models. Figure 38b and c
shows the ¢2 sections of the 0D Fs calculated
according to their two models. When these are
compared with their experimental ODF for the mar-
tensite phase (Fig. 38a), it is apparent that the corre-
spondence between the experimental and model 1
ODFs is poor, both in terms of the positions of the
different maxima and their relative intensities. On
the other hand, the model 2 ODF is in good
agreement with the experimental ODF. These
simulations indicate that the geometrical parameters
of the samples play an important role in variant
selection.
Critical assessment of variant
selection models
All the models described above deal with the effect of
an applied or developed stress on variant selection. In
this regard, they are relevant to the martensitic trans-
formation in controlled rolled steels where a signifi-
cant amount of deformation is normally given to the
austenite before transformation. Of the six, the
TS,121BS?4,122 and Gp1l8 models are the most pro-
mising since these can account for the experimental
martensite textures in a number of steels and iron
base alloys with reasonable accuracy. Of the three,
the TS and BS models have a common character in
RD
that the directionality of martensite formation is
taken into account in both. As far as the BS model is
concerned, the justification for using the Bain
orientation relationship may be questioned, since
experimentally it has been repeatedly shown that it is
the K-S and N- W relationships that are generally
obeyed in steels. However, Furubayashi et al.14 con-
tend that, although the Bain variants deviated by
0 0
11.06 and 9.7 from the K-S and N-W variants,
respectively, such differences are not large compared
with the wide orientation distributions that are
attained experimentally. A close look at the relative
positions of the Bain, K-S, and N-W variants shown
RD in pole figure form in Fig. 3 seems to justify this
argument.

.~ Y~""~:
II • ;,;". "!'~I~'
;~~'.:r:-~~'
'.1)
II

1\','
Humbert et al., 118with the help of their second

.( <,.
.~';:'I . Ut.J. model, were able to explain the martensite texture
'y)~ ~~

I~f .~~~ obtained experimentally in thin sheets of an Fe-30Ni

;; ...... \,·~hl

J'.
. •.~'
.~'':j,
:. ·.~~l'.;:~.;:~··,,~ .•. ;....1-\'~·:·1
'.

~
..:>~
.J1~-
alloy. Their observations point to the importance of
the dimensional parameters of actual samples in
variant selection .
The various models for variant selection discussed
.••:.,!.)~.
.. . •.:,...• ',·v"· .I:····.~."':··.,.
, ., so far have clearly arisen out of the necessity to
explain the textures obtained by different investiga-
(d tors in experiments which were rather varied in terms
a experimental TAR; b experimental TOR; c simulated TAR; of the materials investigated, specimen dimensions,
d simulated TOR the surfaces across the specimens on which the
37 {002} pole figures of transformation texture of texture was measured, and the thermal and mechani-
martensite obtained from rolled austenite with cal treatments the specimens were subjected to
Cu-type texture (after Ref. 122) before transformation. Therefore, in order to derive
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 No. 1
 Ray and Jonas
(c)
38 a experimental ODF of martensite obtained from
heavily rolled austenite in Fe-30Ni alloy (Bunge
notation), b ODF predicted according to assump-
tion 1 of GP model (Bunge notation), and c ODF
predicted according to assumption 2 of GP model
(Bunge notation) (after Ref. 118)
a more generalised theory that can explain the
complicated phenomenon of variant selection during
the y ~ a' (or a) transformation, a thorough ana
systematic investigation of a variety of steels and
Fe-base alloys, carried out under controlled condi-
tions, is called for. Carefully designed experiments
which simulate the conditions encountered during
Transformation textures in steels 33
thermo mechanical processing, coupled with
computer modelling studies, should be able to throw
much light on this phenomenon in the near future.
Summary and conclusions
The major purpose of this work has been to carry out
an up to date review of several aspects of transfor-
mation textures, especially in controlled rolled steels.
In the preceding sections, an attempt has been made
to highlight the technological importance of transfor-
mation textures and their relationship to mechanical
properties. The different kinds of transformation
textures normally encountered in steels have been
discussed and the effects of compositional and pro-
cessing variables on their development have been
enumerated. The various analytical tools available to
predict the texture of the product phase from the
parent texture have been discussed. An attempt was
also made to compare the analytically predicted
textures with experimentally determined ones and
the extent of correspondence between the two has
been noted and analysed in the light of variant
selection. Finally, a critical assessment has been
made of the importance and criteria of variant
selection during transformation from austenite. The
major conclusions of this work are enumerated
below.
1. During the controlled rolling of steels, the parent
austenite phase develops a crystallographic texture.
Thus, the material after transformation (ferrite, mar-
tensite, acicular ferrite, or bainite) also acquires a
texture which is related in a precise way to the texture
of the parent material. The latter is known as the
transformation texture.
2. The texture of deformed austenite is made up of
two major components, namely, (a) Cu {112}(111)
and (b) brass {II O}( 112). The texture of recrystal-
lised austenite is made up predominantly of the cube
component, {100}(001).
3. Irrespective of the nature of the product phase,
the transformation textures derived from deformed
austenite consist of two major components, the (a)
{332}(113) and (b) {113}(110). These orientations
originate from the {110}(112) and {112}(111)
components, respectively, of the deformed austenite.
The texture of steel obtained from recrystallised
austenite is made up predominantly of {100} < 011),
which comes from the {100}(001) texture of the
parent phase.
4. Of the two major components of the transfor-
mation texture, the {332}(113) is the more beneficial
from the point of view of achieving good deep draw-
ability and improved strength and toughness. This
indicates that, during controlled rolling, producing a
larger volume fraction of the {110}(112) component
in austenite is desirable. As the {100}(011) texture
component has a deleterious effect on the delami-
nation behaviour of steels, the formation of this
component during transformation should be avoided
by preventing austenite recrystallisation during prior
processing.
5. Heavy amounts of deformation and lower
finishing temperatures sharpen the overall trans-
formation texture. The presence of substitutional
International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1
 34 Ray and Jonas Transformation textures in steels
solutes such as Cr, Mo, Mn, and Ni, a finer austenite
grain size, and a faster cooling rate promote the
intensity of the {332}( 113) component. On the other
hand, the intensity of the {113}(110) component is
relatively insensitive to these factors.
6. The addition of Nb and V to steels sharpens the
transformation texture because of their strong effects
on the retardation of y recrystallisation. This leads to
the inheritance of a stronger ferrite texture.
7. The Kurdjumov-Sachs relation, without any
variant selection, leads to the accurate prediction of
ferrite textures. By contrast, variant selection seems
to play an important role in martensitic transfor-
mation.
8. When strong textures are produced in rolled y,
the texture inherited by the transformed a'is invari-
ably much weaker due to the multiplicity of the
transformation variants. Therefore, promotion of the
presence of desirable components in the transfor-
mation texture is more readily achieved by warm
rolling in the a' range.
9. Owing to the deformation induced rotation of a',
the {113}( 110) transformation texture component is
converted into the {112}(110), which is too stable to
undergo any further reorientation. By contrast, the
inherited {332}(113) component is first converted
into the {554}(225) during a' rolling, and then into
the {111} < 112) . On further deformation, the
{111}(112) component is rotated into the
{111}(110), which is an important constituent of the
y fibre.
10. The following conditions should be fulfilled in
order to produce warm rolled steels with textures that
give rise to high R values: (a) good lubrication during
rolling; (b) finish rolling in the ferrite no-recrystal-
lisation region; (c) the presence of Ti or Nb in the steel
to raise the ferrite no-recrystallisation temperature;
and (d) minimisation of the solute carbon content of
the steel by the precipitation of C as TiC or NbC.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSER C),
the Canadian Steel Industry Research Association
(CSIRA), and the Ministry of Education of Quebec
(FCAR Program) for financial support. They would
like to thank Dr L. S. T6th of the Department of
Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University for
numerous helpful discussions. Thanks are also due to
Messrs. Ph. Chapellier and D. Daniel, research
students of the same department, for kindly making
available some of their unpublished results. The
extremely able secretarial help of Ms Lorraine Mello
and Ms Joanne Guimond is also gratefully acknow-
ledged. One of the authors (RKR) would like to
express his gratitude to the Indian Institute of Tech-
nology; Kanpur for granting him a sabbatical leave
during the tenure of his work.
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International Materials Reviews 1990 Vol. 35 NO.1