Study of fire retarding construction material (concrete) based on

Composite

by

Bhartiyam Sushil (ME2016013), Faruq Abdullah (ME2016007)

Under the guidance of

Dr. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Invertis Institute of Technology, Bareilly
August 2020

i
 Certificate

The thesis titled Study of fire retarding construction material (concrete) based on
composite being submitted by Mr. Bhartiyam Sushil, Mr. Faruq Abdullah to the Invertis
Institute of Technology, Bareilly for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology is
a record of original bonafide research work carried out by them. They worked under my
guidance and supervision and has fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this thesis,
which has attained the standard required for B.Tech. degree of this institute.

The results presented in this thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any
degree or diploma.

Dr. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam

(Head of department)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Invertis Institute of Technology, Bareilly

Date: August 26, 2020

Uttar Pradesh

ii
 Acknowledgments

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor, Dr. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam,
for his mentorship and support. We feel fortunate to have spent time with an adviser having
dedication towards teaching and encouraging his students. Without his constant support and
encouragement, this work would not have been a success.

We wish to thank our colleagues at the Invertis Institute of Technology, Bareilly for
providing a healthy and learning atmosphere in the laboratory. A very special thanks to Mr.
Shashikant Chaturvedi for the help provided during the research work.

We are grateful to our examiner, Prof. Krishna Kant for the valuable inputs provided in the
presentation of this work. We would also like to thank all our friends for supporting and
encouraging us throughout the work. We thank them for making our days at Invertis
Institute of technology, Bareilly so memorable.

Finally, we must express our very profound gratitude to our parents for providing us with
unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout our years of study and through
the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been
possible without them.

August 2020 Bhartiyam Sushil & Faruq Abdullah

Uttar Pradesh

iii
 Abstract

The feature of solid and concrete s tructures at elevated temperatures is vi tal in foreseeing
the saf ety measures of s tructures in ligh t of specific mishaps like hydrocarbon fire,
additional fire protection is required for the endurance and escape of tenan ts. This work
focuses on analysing the behavior of non-unif orm thermal gradients on the compressive
s treng th of concrete blocks upto elevated temperature. Fly ash and Coal debris are taken for
the reuse of was te materials.

We performed a simulation to analyze the fractural s treng th and compressive s treng th of

fire damaged blocks is experimen tally explored considering specific duration of thermal
exposure. We s timulate by taking cer tain s tandards. Rectangular specimens wer e made and
are exposed to elevated temperatures 100, 200, 300, 400 upto 1000 C. Observations wer e
taken for mass loss, compressive s treng th, spli t ting tensile s treng th, modulus of elas ticity
and thermal expansion. The thermal breakage especially spalling happens due to non-
unif orm temperature distributions wer e also accessed.

The main motive behind this work is to analyse the non-unif orm thermal gradient on the
compressive s treng th of concrete blocks on elevated temperature. To obtained that we
have done the linear s tabili ty analysis of concrete block and find the s table region for
diff erent specifications over s timulated area. We have also s tudied the variables such as
Thermal conductivity, Mass loss, Minimum S tress and Maximum S tress etc. which obtained
by simulation.

The outcomes gave us the deflections, s tiffness which will be usef ul in developing s trategies
for the heat resis tan t design and s timulates wi th finite elemen t method.

iv
 Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2. Literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.1. Case study 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.1.1. Test procedure followed by Hai Yan Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2.2. Case study 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
3. Research objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Methodology and validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
4.1 Methods of making sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

4.1.1 Sample Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

4.1.2 Calculation for sample mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Finite element method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.3 ASTME 84 Standard test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

4.4 ASTME 119 Standard test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

4.5 DIN 4102 Standard test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

4.6 Compressive Strength test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

4.7 Split tensile test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
6. Future scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

v
 List of figures

Figure-1 Structural fire damage before 1998 and after 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Figure-2 Residual compressive and splitting tensile strength of GC50 concrete . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Figure-3 Comparison on accumulated water absorption of GC and OPC concrete [39] . . . . . 7
Figure-4 Composite sample of concrete and ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure-5 Force-Displacement diagram of concrete specimens in split tension . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure-6 Distribution of different temperatures in simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure-7 ASTME84 setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure-8 ASTME 119 setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure-9 DIN4102 setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure-10 Compressive Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table-1 Comparative analysis of properties [39] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Table-2 Literature review of research papers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

vii
1. Introduction
Health and saf ety in cons truction are peculiarly impor tant because the indus try is prone to
hazardous situations and can be dangerous at times, saf ety is a key factor in the s tructure of
private, open and modern s tructure. The much-anticipated Accidental and Death S tatis tics
India (ADSI) 2018 repor t was delivered by Indian National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
demons trates that an aggregate of 1,13,961 individuals lost their carries on wi th because of
Fire Accidents from 2010 to 2014 and likewise uncovered that there wer e in excess of
13,099 fire mishaps in India around 12,748 fire passing’ s in 2018. Concrete is non-burnable
and doesn' t add to the fire load, to s top fire spreading wi th the end goal that it is es teemed
to be a defensive material requiring no extra fire saf ety however once presented to high
temperature. Concrete under goes both physical and chemical changes in which spalling is a
mos t normally watched response. In any case, for shut s tructures, for example, tunnels,
underground s tructures, extensions, or s tructures inclined to harm from fire, extra fire
insurance is required for the endurance and break of inhabitants. From an insulating
planned, the evaporable water present in the concrete grid mus t be changed over to s team
for spalling to happen in this way the temperature of solid won' t ascend until the in terior
evaporable water is completely expelled. The u tilization of was te material as developmen t
material aides in cost decrease in the exploration led. The concrete compressive s treng th
af ter 3, 7, 14, and 28 days of developmen t was resolved.

Fig-1 Structural fire damage before 1998 and after 2007

The outcomes indicated that the quali ty of the solid block included fly-ash as a was te
material expanded wi th age impressively more than for concrete made of the regular totals.
Barely research s tudies have additionally analyzed the impact of fire on the concrete block
compressive s treng th, flexural s treng th, porosi ty and profundity of water infil tration and
shear s treng th. On the numerical side, few research s tudies have inves tigated mechanical
proper ties and record for the thermo-mechanical proper ties of cemen t and their variation
wi th temperature. I t was found that the water infil tration, porosi ty [8, 17, 19] , and specific
heat capaci ty increase wi th temperature, while the dynamic elas ticity [9, 27] , tensile
s treng th [14, 17, 20] and elas tic modulus decrease [1, 9, 13, 16-17, 20] .

1
2. Literature review

2.1. Case study 1

We have considered Class F fly-ash, followed by Chinese standards where the cement and fly
-ash was distinguished

PROPERTIES CEMENT FLY ASH

3 3
Specific gravity 3.15(Kg/m ) 2.4(Kg/m )
2 2
Specific surface area
328(m /Kg) 308(m /Kg)

Loss in ignition rate 4.14% 6.2%

Table-1 Comparative analysis of properties [39]
1. Specific Gravity of cement is 3.15 (Kg/m3) whereas fly-ash is having 2.4 (Kg/m3) which
is less than that of cement means the overall structural weight gets lower with an
increase in strength.

2. Specific Surface area covered by cement is 328 (m2/kg) whereas area covered by fly-ash
is 308 (m2/kg) which is also less than that of cement, means the intermolecular space
will also, be lower so high bearing capabilities.

3. Another reason to consider this is the loss in the Ignition rate, cement is having 4.14 (%)
whereas fly-ash has 6.2 (%) means fly-ash tends to get lesser ignition temp. when the fire
goes over it.

Fig-2 Residual compressive and splitting tensile strengths of GC50 geo-polymer concrete
[39]

2
 REFERENCE NUMBER 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20
MATERIAL REINFORCED CONCRETE
5*5*5[6][8]
5*10I[8]
15*40*60[5]
15[d]*30[l] cylindrical [14][17][20]
SIZE OF SAMPLE 10*10*10[13]
15*5*15[16]
15*15*15[5],50*10*10[17]
15*15*100 [18]
20*20*1[19]
ISO843[12]
20 c [2][4][10][19]
25 c[3][6][8][9][13]
40 c[19]
60 c[19]
80 c[13]
100 c[8][10][20]
110 c[2][15]
123,137,205,352,604,1177[9]
TEMPERATURE
150 c[4][8][11][13]
RANGE SELECTED
200 c[1][5][6][8][10][12][15][17][20]
EXPERIMENTS FOR
250 c[2][8]
EXPERIMENTATION
300 c[1][3][4][11][13][14][15]
(°C)
350 c[20]
400 c[1][2][3][5][6][10][12][13][15][17]
450 c[4][11]
500 c[1][2][3][10][13][14][15][18]
600 c[1][2][6][10][11][12][13][15][17][18]
700 c[1][2][13][15][18]
750 c[11]
790 c[2]
800 c[5][6][7][13][15][17][18]
PRESSURE / FORCE
1:1.5:0.45[15]
M20,M25,M30,M35,M40,M45,M50[17]
GRADE OF
C20,C30,C40[16]
MATERIAL
M30[18]
IS:10262[20]
Size of crack increasing [17]
DEFLECTION
Ô with strength reduction [18]
RESISTANCE TO Ô with increase in temperature [5][12]
TEMPRATURE Ó with increase in temperature [13]

3

VARIATION IN PROPERTIES DUE TO
INCREASE IN TEMPRATURE
 Strength Ô [5]
 Specific heat Ó it increases wi th increase in
temp[2]
 Stiffness Ó [18]
 Compressive strength
 Ô [1][3][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][20]
Ó [15]
 Ô in case of air cooled and water cooled [13]
 Ó 107% at 200 c[1] Ô 63mpa at 150 c[11]
 Ô 95% at 300 c and goes on decreasing till
45% at 700 c[1] Ô22mpa at 750 c[11]
 ÓSCBA% increase Ó
 Ultimate strain Ó it increases with increase
in temperature [4]
 Ultimate strength Ô[13] Ó[16]
 Ultimate load Ô[18]
 Tensile strength Ô[14][17][20]
 E Ô [8]
 Carbonation on depth of concrete Ó it
increase with increase in temperature [1][17]
 UCS Ó it increases with increases in
temperature.
 Module of elasticity Ô with respect to
temperature [1][9][13][16][17][20]
 Dynamic elasticity Ô [9]
 Thermal conductivity Ô decreases when
replaced with RCA [2], Ó [19]
 Thermal expansion Ó [2]
 Flexural strength Ô [3][8][9][14][17]
 Mass loss% Ówi th respect to temp.
[ 5] [6] [13]
 Water penetration Ó [14]
 Coefficient of variation% Ó [ 13]
 Strength retention% Ô
 Peak strain Ó [17]
 Porosity Ó [8][17][19]
 Shear module Ô [9]
 Yield stress Ô [16]
 Ductility Ô [16]

21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,
REFERENCE NUMBER
37,38,39,40
EXPERIMENTS MATERIAL REINFORCED CONCRETE

4
  10*10*10[22][24]
 15*15*15[23][33][39]
 10*50I[25][38]
 30*30*5[27]
 5*10[29]
SIZE OF SAMPLE  10*7.5[30]
 15*30I[33]
 10*20I[28][34][36],10*10*40[34]
 10*10*30[35]
 4.7*10*1[37]
 8*25[40]
 25 c[21][28][33][36]
 20 c[23][26][29][35][37][38]
 50 c[26]
 60 c[21]
 75 c[37]
 100 c[25][26][28][39]
 150 c[21][22][23][26][34][37]
 200 c[24][25][26][30][32][33][35][36][38]
 250 c[23][26]
 300c[21][22][25][26][28][31][33][34][37]
[39]
TEMPERATURE  350 c[23]
RANGE SELECTED  400c[24][25][30][32][33][34][35][36][37]
FOR [40][39]
EXPERIMENTATION  450 c[22][23][31]
(°C)  500 c[21][25][34][38][39]
 550 c[23]
 600 c
[22][24][25][28][29][30][31][32][34][35]
[36] [37][39][40]
 700 c[25][34][38][39]
 750 c[22]
 800 c[24][29][30][32][35][40]
 850 c[25]
 900 c[28]
 1000 c[30]
 1200 c[30]
PRESSURE / FORCE  Load applied 1.4N/mm2 [33]
 42.5 grade1.74% by weight [21]
GRADE OF  C37 i.e., 37 MPa [31]
MATERIAL  Cement ratio=0.41
 C20,C30,C40 [40]
DEFLECTION
 Durability of concrete Ô with increase in
RESISTANCE TO
TEMPRATURE temperature [29]

5
 Compressive strength Ô [21][22][23][24]

[25][27][30][32][33][34][35][36][39] Ó [28]
 Tensile strength Ô [24][26][28][39]
 Mass loss Ó [22][25][34] Ô[36]
 MOE Ô[22][28][32][35] Ó [26]
 Depth of water penetration Ó[22]
 Thermal conductivity Ô [23]
 Relative weight Ô [24]
 Yield strength(mpa) Ô [25]
 Bond strength Ô [26]
 Bond stiffness Ô [26]
 Storage modules Ô [26]
 Dynamic modulus Ô [27]
VARIATION IN PROPERTIES DUE TO
 Density Ô [27]
INCREASE IN TEMPRATURE
 Porosity Ó [29][31][32]
 Permeability Ó [29]
 Residual stresses Ô [30][31]
 Stiffness Ô [31]
 Peak strain Ó [32]
 Toughness Ô [32]
 Energy absorption Ô [32]
 Carbonation depth Ó [34]
 Strain Ó [35][37]
 Stress Ô [37]
 Ultimate axial strength Ô [37]
 Maximum strain Ó upto 300 c then Ô [37]
 Stiffness Ô [37]
Table-2 Literature review of research papers

Under the aegis of the first paper presented by Prof. Hai Yan Zhang whose s tudy reveals the
resul ts of high temp spalling tes t on the new envir onmen tal friendly inorganic binder,
derived through alkaline solu tion activating aluminosilicate like fly ash or metakaolin, which
is known as Geo-polymer concrete.

2.1.1. Test procedure followed by Prof. Hai Yan Zhang

Temperature Induced spalling in geo-polymer concrete is inves tigated through the
compressive, spli t ting tensile s treng th, variation in permeabili ty (By Sorpitivi ty Tes t) &
chemical composition (By X-ray diff rac tion or XRD) af ter elevated temp. Exposes upto 700 C.
The findings of the paper are as-

1. Geo-polymer concrete/GPC exhibits bet ter anti-spalling performance than ordinary

por t-land/ OPC concrete.
2. GPC possesses higher sorpitivity coeff icien t than OPC concrete, both at ambien t and
af ter exposure to elevated temperature.

6
 3. Sintering reaction occurring around 700 C, which increases the pore volume &
permeabili ty wi th higher s treng th reten tion af ter exposure to elevated temp. that
helps in mitigating in spalling.

Fig-3 Comparison on accumulated water absorption of GC and OPC concrete [39]

To perform such fire tes ts on concrete blocks Thermal Conductivi ty is the impor tant
parameter to charac terizes its capaci ty of heat transmission and determine its in ternal
temperature field.

2.2. Case study 2

Now coming to the second PAPER by prof. W. Wang, who inves tigated the thermal
conductivity of fly ash concrete and his critical findings-

1. The thermal conductivity of both ordinary and fly-ash concrete wer e increased wi th an
increase in micro envir onmen t relative humidi ty and when the relative humidi ty reached
100% the thermal conductivity increased by abou t 22% in the case of fly-ash.

2. The secondary outcome is, Greater the porosi ty and pore size, smaller the thermal
conductivity wi th 30% ash replacement lead to porosi ty and pore size increased,
therefore increase in fly-ash replacement, as of thermal conductivity decreased.

3. Research objec tives

7
This research work is about the study of the behavior of Fire retarding construction material
(concrete) based on composite and various factors affecting it. Previously this work has been
investigated mechanical properties and record for the thermo-mechanical properties of
cement and their variation with temperature. We have done this work by considering the
linear stability analysis so that we can analyze thermal breakage especially spalling happens
due to non-uniform temperature distributions. Based on that our research objectives are:

1. To study the dynamics of the system and perform the finite element analysis and then
compare the simulation results with the previously existing results.
2. The non-uniform thermal gradient of concrete on the compressive strength of samples.
3. To investigate the utilization of waste material as development material aides in cost
decrease.

8
4. Methodology and validation

4.1. Methods of making sample

In buildings fire is the major problem in terms of saf ety. So we require a solu tion to this
problem and solu tion is to create a method to s top the fire to spread of to slow down its
speed of spreading. For that we need a material which is fire retardan t in its nature. We are
working on concrete to improve its fire retarding proper ty.

4.1.1. Sample Standards

 Dimensions 15:15:15 cm3
 Grade of concrete M-25
 S tandards followed: IS: 516-1959
4.1.2. Calculation for sample mixing
 Cube: 15* 15*15 cm3 = 3375cm3
 Volume in m3= 0.003375m3
 Relation in volume1m3 wet concrete=1.52 m3 dry concrete
 M-25 (1:1:2)=4 par ts
 Cemen t= (1*0.003375 *1.52* 1440)/4=1.846 kg
 S tandard of cemen t : IS:269
 Sand= (1*0.003375 *1.52* 1600)/4=2 kg
 Aggregate=(2* 0.003375*1.52 *1920)=4.920 kg
 S tandard of aggregate: IS:383-1970
 Water cemen t ratio=0.6
• Weigh t of water/ 3.692=0.6
• Weigh t of water=2.215
• Weigh t of water (ml)=2215 ml
 Fly-ash addition for samples
 Since we are using 20% that of mass of cemen t
 Fly-ash used =(20/100)*1.846=0.36 kg

Fig-4 composite sample of concrete and ash

9
 Fig-5 Force-Displacement diagrams of concrete specimens in split tension

4.2. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

A Fini te elemen t method (FEM) amalgamation was carried out to fur ther assess the tes t
resul ts. In accordance wi th case research works, thermo-mechanical analysis wer e
performed wi th the help of ANSYS workbench.

10
 Fig-6 Distribution of different temperatures in simulation

4.3. ASTME84 standard test

 This method is for surf ace burning charac teristics of building material also known as
the S teiner tunnel tes t.
 The fire-tes t-response criteria and procedur es for s tructural materials used in
building cons truction

Fig-7 ASTME84 SET-UP

11
4.4. ASTME119 Standard test
 This method considered as fire barrier in which we use to heat material block to
check the maximum temperature that has raised its common sample.
 The purpose of this tes t method is to determine the relative burning behaviour of
the material by observing the flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and
smoke developed index are repor ted.

Fig-8 ASTME 119 SET-UP

4.5. DIN4102 Standard test

 Fire behaviour of building material and building componen ts par t-1 building material;
concep ts, requiremen t and tes t.
 Under cer tain conditions, when a building material is exposed to fire, its behavior
agains t fire by breaking down determines the reaction of that material to fire at the
same time.
 The fireproof class is determined according to the reaction of the building material to
fire.

Fig-9 DIN4102 SETUP

12
4.6. Compressive strength test
 The compression tes t which we are going to do will follow IS: 516-1959

Fig-10 Compressive Testing

4.7. Split Tensile strength test

 The spli t tensile tes t which we are going to do will follow IS: 5816-1999 (here the
sample will be cylindrical size 15* 30 cm3).
 For spalling tes t we will be heating our sample until it fails or shows some crakes on
it temp range (100C-1000C).

13
5. Conclusion

Here we have given all the information regarding project that what we have has analysed
over block models and what will be our approach to our project.

• The material which we have mixed in our concrete mixture to increase its fire
retardan t proper ty is Fly-ash.

• We have s tudied that all of the concretes showed good accumulating proper ties,
considerably higher than o ther compared material e.g., common brick.

The additional conclusion obtained from the li terature s tudy, research and analysis are
formulated as -

• Concrete is made wi th fly ash was te due to the ability to work in temperature up to
1000°C and has high heat accumulation ability.

• The compressive s treng th of fly-ash concrete when at room temperature is more

than that of ordinary concrete.
• The compressive s treng th of both ordinary concrete and fly-ash concrete wer e
markedly reduced when the specimen is subjected to high temperature.

• Laterally we have analysed the thermal conductivity of both ordinary concrete and
fly-ash concrete increases when there is high humidi ty in envir onmen t around.

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6. Future scope

Although the authors of this paper conducted a preliminary investigation of the effects of
reinforcement of structures and blocks on the fire performance of (concrete) composite, some
limitations still exist and need to be further studied. For example, considering the effect of
water penetration on the concrete while being subjected to fire, the fire performance of
concrete controlling the degradation with end restraint should be studied. The concrete
temperature increased with the increasing width of the vertical cracks however lower thermal
expansion results high load bearing capacity should be studied. In addition, the fire resistance
calculation method of different grades concrete composition should be investigated.

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