A B

ReflexiveProperty For every number a, a = a.

SymmetricProperty For all numbers a & b, if a = b, then b = a.(ex. the

segment GH = segment HG)

TransitiveProperty For all numbers a, b & c, if a = b & b = c, then a = c.

(A bit like the law of syllogism)

Add/Subtract Property For all numbers a, b, & c, if a = b, then a + c = b + c

and a - c = b - c.(ex. 1 ft = 12 inches, 1 ft + 3 inches
= 12 in ches+ 3 inches)

Mult/Division Property For all numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a * c = b *

c, and if c not equal to zero, a ÷ c = b ÷ c.(ex. 1 m =
1000 mm, 1 m * 5 = 1000 mm * 5, 5 m = 5000
mm)

SubstitutionProperty For all numbers a & b, if a = b, then a may be

replaced by b in any equation or expression.

DistributiveProperty For all numbers a, b, & c, a(b + c) = ab + ac.

THEOREM 2-1 Segment Properties Congruence of segments is reflexive, symmetric,

and transitive.

Theorem 2-2 Supplement Theorem If two angles form a linear pair,then they are
supplementary angles.

Theorem 2-3 Angle Properties Congruence of angles is reflexive, symmetric, and

transitive.

Theorem 2-4 supplementary congruent Angles supplementary to the same angle or to

congruent angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-5complementary congruent Angles complementary to the same angle or to

congruent angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-6 right congruent All right angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-7 vertical angles Vertical angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-8 perpendicular lines form Perpendicular lines intersect to form four right
angles..
Postulate 3-1 Corresponding Angles If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
each pair of corresponding angles is congruent.,

Theorem 3-1 Alternate Interior If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
each pair of alternate interior angles is congruent,

Theorem 3-2 Consecutive Interior Angle If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
each pair of consecutive interior angles is
supplementary

Theorem 3-3 Alternate Exterior Angle If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
each pair of alternate exterior angles is congruent,

Theorem 3-4 Perpendicular Transversal In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one of two

parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the
other.,

Postulate 3-5 Euclidean Parallel Postulate In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one of two
parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the other.

Theorem 3-5 transversal alt int angles If there is a line and a point not on the line, then
there exists exactly one line though the point that
is parallel to the given line.,

Theorem 3-5 transversal alt int angles If two lines in a plane are cut by a transversal so
that a pair of alternate interior angles is
congruent, then the two lines are parallel.,

Theorem 3-6 If two lines in a plane are cut by a transversal so

that a pair of consecutive interior angles is
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.,

Theorem 3-8 In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the

same line, then they are parallel.,

Theorem 3-7 to be added

Postulate 3-2 Two nonvertical lines have the same slope if and
only if they are parallel.,

Postulate 3-3 Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and

only if the product of their slopes is -1.,

Postulate 3-4 If two lines in a plane are cut by a transversal so

that corresponding angles are congruent, then the
 lines are parallel.,

Theorem 4-2 Third Angle Theorem If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two
angles of a second triangle, then the third angles
of the triangles are congruent.,

Theorem 4-1 Angle Sum Theorem The sum of the measures of the angles of a
triangle is 180.,

Theorem 4-3 Exterior Angle Theorem The measure of an exterior angle of a trianlge is
equal to,

Corollary 4-1 The acute angles of a right triangle are

complementary.,

Postulate 4-1 SSS (Side - Side - Side) - If the sides of one triangle are
congruent to the sides of a second triangle, then
the triangles are congruent.,

Postulate 4-2 SAS Side - Included Angle - Side) - If two sides and the
INCLUDED angle of one triangle are congruent to
two sides and the INCLUDED angle of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.,

Postulate 4-3 ASA (Angle - Included Side - Angle) - If two angles and
the INCLUDED side of one triangle are congruent
to two angles and the INCLUDED side of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Postulate 4-3 AAS (Angle - Angle - Side) - If two angles and a NON-
INCLUDED side of one triangle are congruent to
the corresponding two angles and side of a
second triangle, the two triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4-6 Isosceles Triangle Theorem (ITT) If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the
angles opposite those sides are congruent.,

Theorem 4-7 Converse of the ITT If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the
sides opposite those angles are congruent.

Corollary 4-3 A triangle is equilateral if and only if it is

equiangular.

Corollary 4-4 Each angle of an equilateral triangle measures 60

degrees.
Theorem 5-5 LL (Leg - Leg) If the legs of one right triangle are congruent to
the corresponding legs of another right triangle,
then the triangles are congruent.,

Theorem 5-6 HA (Hypotenuse - Angle) If the hypotenuse and an acute angle of one right
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and
corresponding acute angle of another right
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.,

Theorem 5-7 LA (Leg - Angle) If the leg and an acute angle of one right triangle
are congruent to the corresponding leg and acute
angle of another right triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.,

Postulate 5-1 HL (Hypotenuse -Leg) If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle
are congruent to the hypotenuse and
corresponding leg of another right triangle, then
the triangles are congruent.

Theorem 5-8 Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem If an angle is an exterior angle of a triangle, then
its measure is greater than the measure of either
of its corresponding remote interior angles.,

Theorem 5-9 If one side of a triangle is longer than another

side, then the angle opposite the longer side has a
greater measure than the angle opposite

Theorem 5-10 If one angle of a triangle has a greater measure

than another angle, then the side opposite the
greater angle is longer than the side opposite the
lesser angle,

Theorem 5-11 The perpendicular segment from a point to a line

is the shortest segment from the point to the
line.,

Theorem 5-12 The perpendicular segment from a point to a

plane is the shortest segment from the point to
the plane.

Theorem 5-12 Triangle Inequality Theorem The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a
triangle is greater than the length of the third
side.

Theorem 6-5 If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral

 are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram

Theorem 6-6 If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral

are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram

Theorem 6-7 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each

other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Theorem 6-8 If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is

both parallel and congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Parallelogram Property Summary
1. Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.2. Both
pairs of opposite sides are congruent. 3. Both
pairs of opposite angles are congruent.
4.Diagonals bisect each other. 5.A pair of opposite
sides is both parallel and congruent.

Theorem 6-9 If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then its diagonals

are congruent

Theorem 6-10 (Converse of Thm 6-9) If the diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent,
then the parallelogram is a rectangle.

Rectangle Property Summary
1. Opposite sides are congruent and parallel. (All
parallelograms) 2. Opposite angles are congruent.
(All parallelograms) 3. Consecutive angles are
supplementary. (All parallelograms) 4. Diagonals
bisect each other. (All parallelograms) 5.Diagonals
are congruent. (Rectangle) 6.All four angles are
right angles. (Rectangle)

Theorem 6-11 The diagonals of a rhombs are perpendicular

Theorem 6-12 (Converse of Thm 6-11) If the diagonals of a parallelogram are

perpendicular,

Theorem 6-13 Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of

opposite angles.

Trapezoids Definition #1: A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with

exactly one pair of parallel sides.Definition #2:A
trapezoid is a quadrilateral with at least one pair
 of parallel sides.

General:

Reflexive Property A quantity is congruent (equal) to itself.  a = a 

Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a.

Transitive Property If a = b and b = c, then a = c.

If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums are

Addition Postulate
equal.

If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the

Subtraction Postulate
differences are equal.

If equal quantities are multiplied by equal quantities, the products

Multiplication Postulate
are equal.  (also Doubles of equal quantities are equal.)

If equal quantities are divided by equal nonzero quantities, the

Division Postulate
quotients are equal. (also Halves of equal quantities are equal.)

Substitution Postulate A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any expression.

The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.

Partition Postulate Also:  Betweeness of Points:  AB + BC = AC
Angle Addition Postulate:  m<ABC + m<CBD = m<ABD

Two points determine a straight line.

Construction
 

From a given point on (or not on) a line, one and only one
Construction
perpendicular can be drawn to the line.

Angles:
 

All right angles are congruent.

Right Angles
 

All straight angles are congruent.

Straight Angles
 

Supplements of the same angle, or congruent angles, are

Congruent Supplements
congruent.

Congruent Complements Complements of the same angle, or congruent angles, are

 congruent. 

If two angles form a linear pair, they are supplementary.

Linear Pair
 

Vertical angles are congruent.

Vertical Angles
 

The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180�.

Triangle Sum
 

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum

of the measures of the two non-adjacent interior angles.
Exterior Angle
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either
non-adjacent interior angle.

Base Angle Theorem If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite these
(Isosceles Triangle) sides are congruent.

Base Angle Converse If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite these
(Isosceles Triangle) angles are congruent.

Triangles:
 

If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of 

Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence
another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
the corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are
Congruence
congruent.

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)
the corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are
Congruence
congruent.

If two angles and the non-included side of one triangle are

Angle-Angle-Side (AAS)
congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, the
Congruence
triangles are congruent.

If the hypotenuse and leg of one right triangle are congruent to the
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL)
corresponding parts of another right triangle, the two right
Congruence (right triangle)
triangles are congruent.

CPCTC Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.

If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of

Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity
another triangle, the triangles are similar.

SSS for Similarity If the three sets of corresponding sides of two triangles are in
 proportion, the triangles are similar.

If an angle of one triangle is congruent to the corresponding angle

SAS for Similarity of another triangle and the lengths of the sides including these
angles are in proportion, the triangles are similar.

If two triangles are similar, the corresponding sides are in

Side Proportionality
proportion.

Mid-segment Theorem The segment connecting the midpoints of two sides of a triangle
(also called mid-line) is parallel to the third side and is half as long.

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be

Sum of Two Sides
greater than the third side

In a triangle, the longest side is across from the largest angle.

Longest Side
In a triangle, the largest angle is across from the longest side.

The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the mean

Altitude Rule proportional between the segments into which it divides the
hypotenuse. 

Each leg of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the

Leg Rule
hypotenuse and the projection of the leg on the hypotenuse.

Parallels:

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of

Corresponding Angles
corresponding angles are congruent.

If two lines are cut by a transversal and the corresponding angles

Corresponding Angles Converse
are congruent, the lines are parallel.

Alternate Interior Angles If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate
  interior angles are congruent.

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate

Alternate Exterior Angles
exterior angles are congruent.

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the interior angles on

Interiors on Same Side
the same side of the transversal are supplementary.

Alternate Interior Angles If two lines are cut by a transversal and the alternate interior
Converse angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.

Alternate Exterior Angles If two lines are cut by a transversal and the alternate exterior
Converse angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.

Interiors on Same Side If two lines are cut by a transversal and the interior angles on the
Converse same side of the transversal are supplementary, the lines
 are parallel.

 
Quadrilaterals:

* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the opposite

   sides are parallel.
About Sides
* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the opposite
 
   sides are congruent.
Parallelograms
* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the opposite
     angles are congruent.
About Angles
  * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the
   consecutive angles are supplementary.
 
* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the diagonals
About    bisect each other.
Diagonals * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the diagonals
   form two congruent triangles.

* If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral

   are parallel, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
* If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral
About Sides
   are congruent, the quadrilateral is a
 
   parallelogram.
Parallelogram Converses * If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral
   are congruent, the quadrilateral is a
 
   parallelogram.
About Angles
  * If the consecutive angles of a quadrilateral are
 supplementary, the quadrilateral is a
 
parallelogram.
 
* If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each
About    other, the quadrilateral is a
Diagonals    parallelogram.
* If the diagonals of a quadrilateral form two
     congruent triangles, the quadrilateral is a
   parallelogram.

If one pair of sides of a quadrilateral is BOTH parallel and

Parallelogram
congruent, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Rectangle If a parallelogram has one right angle it is a rectangle

A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its diagonals are

congruent.
 A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.

A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.

If a parallelogram has two consecutive sides congruent, it is a

rhombus.
Rhombus A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if each diagonal bisects a
pair of opposite angles.

A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if the diagonals are

perpendicular.

A square is a parallelogram with four congruent sides and four

right angles.
Square
A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is a rhombus and a
rectangle.

Trapezoid A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.

An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with congruent legs.

A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if the base angles are congruent

Isosceles Trapezoid
A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if the diagonals are congruent

If a trapezoid is isosceles, the opposite angles are supplementary.

Circles:

In a circle, a radius perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and

the arc.

In a circle, a radius that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the

chord.
Radius
In a circle, the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the
center of the circle.

If a line is tangent to a circle, it is perpendicular to the radius drawn

to the point of tangency.

Chords In a circle, or congruent circles, congruent chords are equidistant

from the center. (and converse)

In a circle, or congruent circles, congruent chords have congruent

arcs. (and converse0

In a circle, parallel chords intercept congruent arcs

In the same circle, or congruent circles, congruent central angles

 have congruent chords (and converse)

Tangent segments to a circle from the same external point are

Tangents
congruent

In the same circle, or congruent circles, congruent central angles

Arcs
have congruent arcs. (and converse)

An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle.

In a circle, inscribed angles that intercept the same arc are

congruent.
Angles
The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

In a circle, or congruent circles, congruent central angles have

congruent arcs.

First a few words that refer to types of geometric "rules":

• A theorem is a statement (rule) that has been proven true using facts, operations and other rules
that are known to be true. These are usually the "big" rules of geometry. A short theorem referring
to a "lesser" rule is called a lemma.

• A corollary is a follow-up to an existing proven theorem. Corollaries are off-shoots of a theorem

that require little or no further proof.

• A postulate (or axiom) is a statement (rule) that is taken to be true without proof. Euclid derived

many of the rules for geometry starting with a series of definitions and only five postulates.

• A property is a quality or characteristic belonging to something.

For example, the real numbers have the associative, commutative and distributive properties.

 Real Number Properties:

Reflexive Property A quantity is equal to itself. a = a 

Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a.

Transitive Property If a = b and b = c, then a = c.

Addition Postulate If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums are equal.
 If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the differences are
Subtraction Postulate
equal.

Multiplication Postulate If equal quantities are multiplied by equal quantities, the products are equal. 

If equal quantities are divided by equal nonzero quantities, the quotients are
Division Postulate
equal.

Substitution Postulate A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any expression.

 Segments:

Ruler Postulate Points on a line can be paired with the real numbers. 

The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.

Segment Addition Postulate When B lies between A and C on a segment,
AB + BC = AC

The midpoint of a segment is a point on the segment forming two congruent

Midpoint of Segment
segments (equal segments).

The bisector of a segment is a line, a ray, or segment which cuts the given
Bisector of Segment
segment into two congruent segments (equal segments).

Euclid's Postulate 1 A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two points.

Euclid's Postulate 3 Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line.

 Angles:

The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.

Angle Addition Postulate 
m∠ABD + m∠DBC = m∠ABC

Right Angles All right angles are congruent (equal in measure).

(Euclid's Postulate 4) (They all have a measure of 90º.)

All straight angles are congruent (equal in measure).

Straight Angles
(They all have a measure of 180º.)
 Vertical angles are congruent (equal in measure).
Vertical Angles m∠1 = m∠2
m∠3 = m∠4

Triangle Sum The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180º.

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the

Exterior Angle
measures of the two non-adjacent interior angles.

Base Angle Theorem If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite these sides are
(Isosceles Triangle) congruent (equal in measure).

Base Angle Converse If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite these angles are
(Isosceles Triangle) congruent (equal in length).

Angles forming a straight line

Angles around a point

Complementary Angles Two angles the sum of whose measures is 90º.

Supplementary Angles Two angles the sum of whose measures is 180º.

 Triangles:
 c2 = a2 + b2
Pythagorean Theorem In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the
square of the lengths of the legs.

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than
Sum of Two Sides
the third side.

Longest Side In a triangle, the longest side is across from the largest angle.

Largest Angle In a triangle, the largest angle is across from the longest side

If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of  another
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Side-Angle-Side (SAS) If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to the
Congruence corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.

Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the
Congruence corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.

Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) If two angles and the non-included side of one triangle are congruent to the
Congruence corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.

If the hypotenuse and leg of one right triangle are congruent to the
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL)
corresponding parts of another right triangle, the two right triangles
Congruence (right triangle)
are congruent.

CPCTC Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.

If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle,
Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity
the triangles are similar.

Sides of Similar Δs Corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.

 Parallels:

Through a point not on a line, one and only one parallel to that line can be
Construction
drawn.

Construction From a given point on (or not on) a line, one and only one perpendicular can be
 drawn to the line.

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of corresponding

Corresponding Angles
angles are congruent.

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles

Alternate Interior Angles
are congruent.

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles

Alternate Exterior Angles
are congruent.

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the interior angles on the same side
Interiors on Same Side
of the transversal are supplementary.

 Quadrilaterals:

• a figure with exactly four sides

Quadrilateral
• the sum of the interior angles is 360º

• opposite sides are parallel

About Sides
• opposite sides are congruent

• opposite angles are congruent

Parallelograms About Angles
• consecutive angles are supplementary

• diagonals bisect each other

About Diagonals
• diagonals form two congruent triangles

• is a parallelogram
Rectangle • has 4 right angles
• diagonals are congruent

• is a parallelogram
• has 4 congruent sides
Rhombus
• diagonals bisect the angles
• diagonals are perpendicular

Square • has all the properties of a parallelogram, a rectangle, and a rhombus

Trapezoid • has at least one pair of parallel sides


Isosceles Trapezoid
• has at least one pair of parallel sides
• legs congruent
• base angles congruent
• diagonals are congruent
• opposite angles supplementary

• figure with four sides

• two distinct pairs of adjacent sides congruent
• diagonals perpendicular
• one pair opposite angles congruent
Kite
• one diagonal creates 2 isosceles triangles
• one diagonal creates 2 congruent triangles
• one diagonal bisects the angles
• one diagonal bisects the other

 Area (A), Volume (V), Surface Area (SA):

Arectangle  = l × w = b • h
Rectangle
l= length; w = width; b = base; h = height

Parallelogram Aparallelogram  = b • h
Triangle AΔ =  ½  • b• h

Trapezoid Atrapezoid  = ½ h (b1 + b2)

Aregular polygon  =  ½  • a • p
Regular Polygon
a = apothem;  p = perimeter

C = 2πr = πd
Circle (circumference)
r =  radius;  d =  diameter

Circle (area) Acircle  = πr2

Rectangular Solid
SA  formula assumes a "closed box" with all 6 sides.

Cube
[special case of rectangular
solid] SA formula assumes a "closed box" with all 6 sides. s  = side

Cylinder
SA formula assumes a "closed container" with a top and a bottom.

Cone

SA formula assumes a "closed container", with a bottom. s = slant height

Sphere

Vright prism = B • h;   SA = 2B + p • h

Right Prism
B  = area of the base; h = height; p  = perimeter of base
Pyramid
[assuming all of the faces (not
the base) are the same]
B  = area of the base; h = height; p  = perimeter of base; s  = slant height