Syntax – deals with how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences, and studies the way

phrases,
clauses, and sentences are constructed.
Structure of predication –refers to the two components: subject and predicate
Structure of complementation – has two basic elements: verbal and complement
Structure of modification – includes two components: headword and modifier
Structure of coordination – covers two components: equivalent grammatical units
1. I. Linguistics
1. Scope of Linguistic Studies
1. Phonology – studies the combination of sounds into organized units of speech, the combination of syllables and
larger units.
2. Phoneme is a distinctive, contrasted sound unit, e.g. /b/, /æ/, /g/. It is the smallest unit of the sound of any
language that causes a difference in meaning.
3. Allophones are variants or other ways of producing a phoneme.
1. Phonetics – studies language at the level of sounds: how sounds are articulated by the human speech mechanism.
2. Morphology – studies the patterns of forming words by combining sounds into minimal distinctive units of
meanings called morphemes.
3. The morpheme is a short segment of language which (1) is a word or word part that has meaning, (2) cannot be
divided into smaller meaningful parts without violating its meaning, (3) recurs in different words with relatively
stable meaning.
4. Allomorphs – are morphs which belong to the same morpheme e.g., /s/, /z/, and /ez/ of the plural morpheme /s/
or /es/.
5. Free morphemes can stand on their own as independent words, e.g., beauty in beautifully, like in unlikely. Thus,
they can occur in isolation.
6. Bound morphemes cannot stand on their own as independent words. These morphemes are also called as affixes.
7. Inflectional morphemes
never change the form class of the words or morphemes to which they are attached. They show a person, tense,
number, case, and degree.
8. Derivational morphemes are added to root morphemes or stem to derive new words.
1. Russian Formalism – led by Viktor Shklovsky – aims to establish a ‘science of literature’ and discover the
literariness of a text by highlighting the devices and technical elements used by the author. These elements should
include :
2. baring the device – e.g. distorting time in various ways – foreshortening, skipping, expanding, transposing,
reversing, flashback, flashforward, etc.
3. defamiliarization – this means making strange and using fresh ways of describing things
4. retardation of the narrative – the technique of delaying and protracting actions by using digressions,
displacements, extended descriptions, etc.
5. naturalization – refers to how we endlessly become inventive in finding ways of making sense of the most random
or chaotic utterances or discourse.
6. carnivalization – Mikhail Bakhtin used this term to describe the shaping effect of the carnival on literary texts.
The festivities associated with the carnival are collective and popular; hierarchies are turned on their heads (fools
become wise; kings become beggars); opposites are mingled (fact and fantasy, heaven and hell); the sacred is
profaned; the rigid or serious is subverted, mocked or loosened.
Methods in Teaching Language
- TEACHER ORIENTED METHODS AND APPROACHES:
GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD — when the teacher MAKES the student READ but NOT TO SPEAK
the language.
DIRECT METHOD — when the teacher DISALLOWS the students to use VERNACULAR. (DRILLS IN
LISTENING AND SPEAKING), ELIMINATION OF GP’s and REPETITION OF FI’s.
- PROVIDES VERBAL CORRECTION
SITUATIONAL LANGUAGE TEACHING — contextual (emphasis on situations)
AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD — FORMAT, ORAL EXERCISES, DRILLS AND STRUCTURAL PATTERNS
IN CONVERSATION
LEARNING ORIENTED METHOD:
 SERIES METHOD — don’t use translation method, conceptual approach, don’t teach grammar rules and
explanations. (MEMORIZATION) ex: LECTURING METHOD
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE — humanistic approach, teaching language through actions
THE SILENT WAY — metacognition (SIGNALING OF INSTRUCTIONS)
SUGGESTOPEDIA — MIND RELAXATION (MORE ON IMAGINATION, With music bg teaching)
NATURAL APPROACH — VERNACULAR, OR IN ANY WAY THAT THEY CAN COMMUNICATE WITH
OTHERS.
IMMERSION —STEP BY STEP TEACHING UNTIL THE STUDENT CAN ACHIEVE PHONETIC
AWARENESS. (APPLICABLE ONLY TO NON-NATIVE SPEAKING COUNTRIES LIKE REFUGEES)
READERS RESPONSE APPROACH — “repeat after me”
Learner Oriented Method
COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE APPROACH — uses grammar rules b/c w/o rules it will be useless. It also
focuses on the level of the students.
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE — focuses on:
• grammar structure
• discourse
• socio-linguistic — who are u talking to
• strategic
COOPERATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING — MAXIMIZED PARTICIPATION IN GROUPS
CONTENT-BASED INSTRUCTION — teaches language through content, with divergence, the content of the
language (complexity of lang)
TASK BASED LEARNING — activities in teaching the language, being done either inside or outside the class.
Class and Nature are both important factors.
Highlights learning thru tasks.
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT
MANAGEMENT
1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing
2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another
3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity
4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently
doing an activity
5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted
6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic
7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively
ISM’s IN EDUCATION
BEHAVIORISM – change ESSENTIALISM – basic
EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build
IDEALISM – enough in mind PERRENIALISM – constant
PRAGMATISM - practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve
REALISM – enough to see UTILITARIANISM - best
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all
AIMS OF ERAS
PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity
SPANISH – Christianity
AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life
COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency
JAPANESE – progress
PROF. ED PROPONENTS
B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning
BANDURA – Modeling
BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule
EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism
ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial
IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning
JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL - Father of Kndrgrtn
PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé
JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism
JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing
JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)
KOHLERS – Insight Learning
LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development
LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding
SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual
WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological
PRINCIPLES
HEDONISM – pleasure principle
DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad
FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with will
LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things
MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant
2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler
3. PHALLIC – Preschool
4. LATENCY – School Age
5. GENITAL – Adolescense
OEDIPUS – son to mom ELECTRA – daughter to dad
LAWS IN EDUCATION
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 - PILIPINO NatlLng
PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS
RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to
Students and Teachers in Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying
SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)
BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION
1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – action-based information
2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-based information
3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language
TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES
COGNITIVE:
BLOOM (LOTS) ANDERSON (HOTS)
o Knowledge
o Comprehension
o Application
o Analysis
o Synthesis
o Evaluation o Remembering
o Understanding
o Applying
o Analyzing
o Evaluating
o Creating
AFFECTIVE:
o Receiving
o Responding
o Valuing
o Organizing
o Characterization
PSYCHOMOTOR:
SIMPSON HARROW
o Perception
o Set
o Guided Response
o Mechanism
o Complex Overt Response
o Adaptation
o Origination o Reflex movement
o Fundamental Movement
o Physical Movement
o Perceptual Abilities
o Skilled Movements
o Non-discursive communication
DALES CONE OF EXPERIENCE
Read
Hear
Picture
Video
Exhibit
Demonstration
Collaborative Work
Simulation
Real thing
ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS
1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months)
2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old)
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old)
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old)
5. INDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40s
7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)
8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60s-death)
PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
1. SENSORY – senses
2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination
3. CONCRETE 4. FORMAL
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956)
2. TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964-1971)
4. MICROPROCESSORS (1971-present)
5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (present-future)
MISTAKEN GOALS
1. ATTENTION SEEKER – “teacher, notice me”
2. REVENGE – “teacher, I am hurt”
3. POWER-SEEKING – “teacher, may I help?”
4. INADEQUACY – “teacher, don’t give up on me”
5. WITHDRAWAL – “teacher, please help me”
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Principles
CENTRAL TENDENCY -Central (middle location) Tendency
MEAN – Average MODE – most occurring
RANGE – highest score minus lowest score
LOW SD–Homogenous, scores near to mean(almost same)
HIGH SD – Heterogenous, scores far to mean (scattered)
DECILE – 10 grps (D1…D10) QUARTILE – 4 grps (Q1…Q4)
SUSPENSION – time REVOKATION – condition
DIFFICULTY INDEX
0-0.20 VERY DIFFICULT
0.21-0.40 DIFFICULT
0.41-0.60 MODERATELY DIFFICULT
0.61-0.80 EASY
0.81-1.00 VERY EASY
POSITIVELY SKEWED (LEFT FOOT)
- low scores, mean greater than mode
NEGATIVELY SKEWED (RIGHT FOOT)
- high scores, mean is lower than mode
HORN/HALO EFFECT
- overcoming other trait, either bad/good
GENERAL EDUCATION
FILIPINO/ENGLISH:
MGA TEORYA NG PINAGMULAN NG WIKA
1. BOW-WOW –kalikasan at hayop
2. DING-DONG – bagay
3. POOH-POOH – masidhing damdamin
4. YOHEHO – pwersang pisikal
FILIPINO POETS AND PEN NAMES
BENVENIDO SANTOS – American Culture Writings
DANIEL DEFOE – “Robinson Crusoen” (novel)
EDILBERTO TIEMPO – made “Cry Slaughter” that has been
translated many times
ERNEST HEMINGWAY – Ring Lardner Jr.
JOSE GARCIA VILLA – “Comma Poet”, Dove G. Lion
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ESCALANDE - Masterpiece is
“Don Quixote” that is most influential
NICK JOAQUIN – Quijano de Manila
– Spanish Culture Writing
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ – made “Dead Stars” that is the 1st
modern English short story
SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS – Mark Twain
- “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
- “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (best novel)
SINTAKS/SINTAKSIS/PALAUGNAYAN
- sangay ng barirala na tumatalakay sa masistemang pagkaka-ayus-ayos ng mga salita sa pagbuo ng mga parirala at
pangungusap
PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO PROTAGONISTS
ANDRES BONIFACIO – May Pag-asa, Agapito
Bagumbayan
ANTONIO LUNA – Taga-Ilog
EMILIO AGUINALDO - Magdalo
EMILIO JACINTO – Di Masilaw, Tingkian
GRACIANO LOPEQ JAENA – Diego Laura
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN ¬– JoMaPa
JOSE RIZAL – Dimas alang, Laon laan
JUAN LUNA – Buan
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat,
Piping Dilat
MARIANO PONCE – Tikbalang, Naning (Satanas),
Kalipulako
MGA URI NG PANGUNGUSAP
WALANG PAKSA:
1. EKSISTENSYAL – mayroong isa o higit pang tao
Halimbawa: Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.
2. MODAL – nais/pwede/maari (Gusto ko matulog.)
3. PANLIPUNAN – pagbati, pagbigay galang atbp.
4. SAGOT LAMANG – “Talaga?”, “Oo”
5. SAMBITLA – masidhing damdamin (Aray!)
6. TEMPORAL – panandaliang kalagayan o panahon
KAYARIAN:
1. PAYAK – iisang kaisipan
2. TAMBALAN – dalawang sugnay na ‘di makapag-iisa
3. HUGNAYAN – madalas nagsisimula sa kung, dahil sa
4. LANGKAPAN – mahabang pangungusap
MGA URI NG KWENTO
1. PABULA (fable) – hayop
2. PARABULA (parable)– Bibliya
3. ANEKDOTA (anecdote) – tunay na buhay
4. MITOLOHIYA (myth) – diyos at diyosa (pinagmulan)
ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA (Verb)
1. PERPEKTIBO – tumakbo
2. IMPERPEKTIBO – tumatakbo
3. KONTEMPLATIBO – tatakbo
KAANTASAN NG PANG-URI (Adjective)
1. LANTAY – walang pinaghahambingan
2. PAHAMBING ¬– inihahalintulad
3. PASUKDOL – nangingibabaw (H: pinakamataas)
MGA URI NG TULA
1. PATULA (Moro-moro)
2. PASALAYSAY (Epiko, Awit, Korido)
MGA AWITING BAYAN
1. DALIT/HIMNO – pagsamba sa anito o pang-relihiyon
2. DIONA – kasal
3. DUNG-AW – patay (pagdadalamhati)
4. KALUSAN – paggawa
5. KUMINTANG – tagumpay (pandigma)
6. KUNDIMAN – pag-ibig
7. OYAYI – pagpapatulog ng bata
8. SOLIRANIN – pagsasagwan
9. TALINDAW – pamamangka
PAGBABAGONG MORPONEMIKO
1. ASIMILASYON – Parsyal (pangsukli), Ganap (panukli)
2. MAY ANGKOP – wikain mo – “kamo”
3. MAYSUDLONG/PAGDARAGDAG NG PONEMA
- muntik – muntikan, pagmuntikan, pagmuntikanan
4. METATESIS – linipad – nilipad
5. PAGKAKALTAS NG PONEMO – takipan – takpan
6. PAGLILIPAT-DIIN – laRUan (playground) - laruAN (toy)
7. PAGPAPALIT NG PONEMA – madapat – marapat
MGA URI NG PANGHALIP/PRONOUNS
1. PANAO/PERSONAL PRONOUN – ako/I etc.
2. PAMATLIG/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN – ito/this etc.
3. PANAKLAW/INDEFINITE P. - isa, all, anyone etc.
4. PATULAD – ganito, ganyan atbp.
5. PANANONG/INTERROGATIVE P. – sino, when etc.
6. PAMANGGIT/RELATIVE P. – daw, umano, which, who
MGA AKDANG NA MAY IMPUWENSYA SA MUNDO
AKLAT NG MGA ARAW – China (by Confucius)
AKLAT NG MGA PATAY – Egypt cults & myths (by Osiris)
AWIT NI ROLANDO-France (by Doce Pares, Roncesvalles)
BIBLIYA – Palestino at Greece
CANTEBURY TALES – America (by Chaucer)
DIVINE COMEDIA – Italy (by Dante)
EL CID COMPEADOR – katangian at history ng Spain
ILIAD o ODYSSEY – Myths of Greece made by Homer.
ISANG LIBO’T ISANG GABI – Ugali sa Arabia at Persia
KORAN – Arabia (Muslim Bible) MAHABRATA – India
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN – about slaves that becomes the basis of democracy. (by Harriet Beecher Stowe of U.S.)
MGA URI NG PANITIKAN
1. TULUYAN – binubuo ng mga pangungusap
A. NOBELA – binubuo ng mga kabanata
B. DULA – pagtatanghal sa entablado
MGA DULANG PANLIBANGAN:
a. TIBAG – Sta. Elena
b. LAGAY – Pilarenos ng Sorsogon
c. PANUNULUYAN – pagtatanghal bago mag-alas dose (12PM) ng gabi ng kapaskuhan
d. PANUBOL – parangal sa may kaarawan
e. KARILYO – ala-puppet show
f. KURIDO – katapangan, kabayanihan, kababalaghan, pananampalataya
g. SARSUELA – musical tungkol sa pag-ibig, paghihiganti atbp. masisidhing damdamin
C. ALAMAT – pinagmulan
D. ANEKDOTA – ugali, may mabuting aral
2. PATULA - may sukat,pantig,tugma,taludtod,saknong
A. TULANG PASALAYSAY - mahahalagang tago o pangyayari sa buhay.
a. EPIKO – kabayanihan sa kababalaghan
o BIDASARI, PARANG SABIR – Moro
o BIAG NI LAM ANG – Iloko
o MARAGTAS, HARAYA, LAGDA AT HARI SA BUKID – Bisaya
o KUMINTANG – Tagalog
o DAGOY AT SUDSUD – Tagbanua
o TATUANG - Bagobo
b. AWIT o KORIDO - kaharian
c. TULA NG DAMDAMIN o LIRIKI – own feeling
MGA TULANG LIRIKO:
o AWITING BAYAN – kalungkutan
o ELEHIYA – yumao
o DALIT – pagpupuri sa Diyos
o PASTORAL – buhay sa bukid
o ODA – papuri
B. TULANG DULA O PANGTANGHALAN
a. KOMEDYA
b. MELODRAMA – musical
c. TRAHEDYA – death of main character
d. PARSA – mga pangyayaring nakakatawa
e. SAYNETE
-karaniwang pag-uugali ng tao/ pook
C. TULANG PATNIGAN
a. KARAGATAN – alamat ng singsing ng prinsesa na naihulog niya sa dagat sa hangaring mapangasawa ang
kasintahang mahirap.
b. DUPLO – paligsahan ng husay sa pagtula
c. BALAGTASAN – pumalit sa Duplo
FIGURES OF SPEECH/TAYUTAY
PAG-UUGNAY O PAGHAHAMBING:
1. SIMILE/PAGTUTULAD – mayroong pangatnig
2. METAPHOR/PAGWAWANGIS – walang pangatnig
3. ALUSYON – iba’t ibang aspekto ng buhay ng tao
4. METONYMY/PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG
5. SYNECDOCHE/SINEKDOKE – pagbanggit ng isa upang tukuyin ang kabuuan
Hal: Dalawang bibig ang umaasa kay Romeo.
PAGLALARAWAN:
6. HYPERBOLE/ PAGMAMALABIS o EKSAHERASYON
7. APOSTROPHE/PAGTAWAG – pakikipag-usap sa hindi buhay o malayong tao. Hal: Ulan, tumigil ka na.
8. EXCLAMATION/PAGDARAMDAM – strong feeling.
9. PARADOX/PARADOKS -“malayo ma’y malapit pa rin”
10. OXYMORON/PAGTATAMBIS - paradox w/ extra words
PAGSASALIN NG KATANGIAN:
11. PERSONIFICATION/PAGSASATAO
PAGSASATUNOG:
12. ONOMATOPOEIA/PANGHIHIMIG – tunog ang paksa
13. ALLITERATION/PAG-UULIT – repetition of 1st letter in the 1st word. Ex: Dinggin mo ang Diyos na
Dinadakila
14. REPITASYON – repetition of phrase. Ex: Tama! Tama!...
IBA PANG TAYUTAY NA GAMIT SA TULA:
ALITERASYON – unang titik o pantig ay pare-pareho
ANADIPLOSIS – paggamit ng salita sa unahan at hulihan
EPIPORA – pag-uulit ng salita sa hulihan
PAG-UYAM – sarcasm
LITOTES – pagtanggi o pagkukunwari.
TALUDTOD – linya sa tula
UNFAMILIAR PARTS OF THE SPEECH
1. PREPOSITIONS-on, under, off, by, in near, for, to, since
2. CONJUNCTIONS (PANGATNIG)
- para/for, at/and, nor, or, pero/but, yet, so, ni, ngunit
3. INTERJECTION – with exclamation mark
PROPER SEQUENCE OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE
1. ARTICLES – a, an, the 2. OPINION 3. SIZE
4. AGE 5. SHAPE 6. COLOR
7. MATERIAL 8. PURPOSE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POEM
1. BALLAD – narrative, less folk tale/legend, to be sung
2. BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
3. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of speech for individual character.
4. ELEGY –death of individual
5. EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
6. EULOGY – message for the dead
7. FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with rhyme
8. HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3 lines and 17 syllables)
9. IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country scene
10. LYRICS - thoughts and feelings
11. NARRATIVE – tells story
12. ODE -typically serious/meditative nature, type of Lyric
13. PASTORAL –rural life in peaceful & romanticized way
14. SONNET – Lyric poem consists of 14 lines
15. TANKA – Japanese poem: 5 lines, 31 syllables
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS
BIAK NA BATO – pact, thought of 1st Republic.
- Spainards paid P200 000
1. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION – Apolinario Mabini
- rights of soldiers
- no Visayas yet in right of territories
2. 1935 CONSTITUTION – adapted from American Const.
3. 1943 CONSITUTION - Jose P. Laurel
- Japan invades but gave freedom for Phil. to rule.
4. 1937 CONSTITUTION – Ferdinand Marcos
- Martial Law – 60days max
- Nat’l Territory forced Kalayaan grp. of Islands & Saba
5. 1987 CONSTITUTION - 18 articles
- past chairwoman: Cecilla Muñoz Palma (Feb 2, 1987)
- Bill of Rights are for the criminals
JUS SANGUINI – blood JUS SOLI – place
SOME TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
1. COMMUNIST – classless society
- State plans and controls economy
2. PARLIAMENTARY – majority of people voted
3. REPUBLICAN – power comes from people
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
(AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAquiRaEsArAquiDut)
ACTS
1. ASSOCIATION OF SE ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
- Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia
2. BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT) – bet. Phil. & U.S.
3. KYOTO PROTOCOL (UNNCC)
- fight global warming decreasing green house gases
4. RIO DE JANEIRO CONVENTION
- environment and sustainable development
5. TEJEROS CONVENTION – election
- Bonifacio elected as Director Imperior
6. TREATY ON GENERAL RELATIONS
- recognition of U.S. to Philippine freedom
7. UNDERWORLD-SIMMONS ACT – full free foreign trade
8. PAYNE ALDRICH ACT – partial free foreign trade
MISSIONARIES AND EXPEDITIONS
1. AUGUSTINIAN – most intelligent
2. FRANCISCAN – sends medical aids
3. JESUITS
4. DOMINICANS – richest
5. RECOLECTS – most killed schools
MARTYR PRIESTS
1. BURGOS – youngest, mastermind of secularization
2. GOMEZ – Oldest, likes “sabong” and hid there
HOMO HABILIS – man of steel (bighead, uses muscle)
HOMO ERECTUS – man who discovered fire & clothes
HOMO SAPIENS – thinking man (can produce materials)
UNFAMILIAR BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
ANATOMY – inner organs ENTOMOLOGY – insects
BIOCHEMISTRY – chemical patterns of animals
ECOLOGY – living things bet. Each other in environment
EMBRYOLOGY – developmental patterns fr. zygote-birth
GENETICS – heredity MYCOLOGY – fungi
HERPETOLOGY – reptiles and amphibians
HISTOLOGY – plant and animal tissues
MORPHOLOGY – phenotype (appearance)
ORNITHOLOGY – birds PARASITOLOGY – parasites
PALEONTOLOGY – fossils of animals and plants
PHYSIOLOGY – function of tissue, organ & system
TAXONOMY – classification of living organisms
SCIENCE PROPONENTS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Father of Taxonomy
ROBERT HOOKE – termed “cells” (cellulae)
ANTON VAN LEUWENHOEK – 1st person to observe microscopic organisms (animal cule)
ROBERT BROWN – discovered Nucleus
MATTHIAS SCHIEDEN (Botanist) & THEODORE (Zoologist)
- found all plants consist of cells
RUDOLF VIRCHOW – proposed cells come fr. existing cells
EARTH’S SPHERES
ATMOSPHERE – gaseous sphere protection from meteors
Divided into five:
 Troposphere
 Stratosphere
 Mesosphere
 Thermosphere
 Exosphere
HYDROSPHERE – water
LITHOSPHERE – oceanic and continental crust
BIOSPHERE – all life forms in Earth
CRYOSPHERE – ice ANTHROSPHERE – ancestors
PLANETS AND THEIR SEQUENCE
1. SUN – 99.86% of Solar System
- believed was formed 4.6 billion years ago
- Responsible for weather and climate
2. MERCURY – named after Roman God
- no satellite and atmosphere
- discovered by Mariner Ten
3. VENUS – Goddess of Love and Beauty (Mariner 2)
- Perfect sphere, sister planet of Earth
4. EARTH
5. MARS – God of War, red planet (Mariner 9)
6. JUPITER -Gas Giant, fastest rotating planet (10hrs less)
- has Great Red Spot: huge storm for 350yrs
7. SATURN – God of Agriculture (chunks of rocks)
- made mostly of hydrogen
8. URANUS – Frederick William Herscel
- Sky & Ice Giant, 3rd largest planet

PROXIMITY CONTROL - 'Yung nilapitan mo ang crush mo at bestfriend mo na itigil na ang kalandian
(Oyyy..nagselos.)
FLIPFLOP- 'Yung pinalitan ka ng gf mo noon at nagyayang makipagbalikan ng nalaman niyang public school
teacher kana.
RIPPLE EFFECT - Yung pinagalitan ka ng nanay mo dahil bagsak ang marka mo dahil sa paglalaro ng ML at ng
nalaman ng tatay mo, ng lola mo at ng ate pinagalitan karin nila.
THRUST - 'Yung nag-confess ang crush mo na crush ka rin niya (Sana all..
SIGNAL INTERFERENCE - Yung nag-silent sign kana dahil gusto mong makinig sa chismis ng iyong kapitbahay
ANTISEPTIC BOUNCING - 'Yung binitawan mo na lang siya bago niya tuluyang wasakin ang buhay mo
DIRECT APPEAL - Yung nanghihimasok ka sa buhay ng crush mo..
OVERLAPPING - Yung barkada mo mayroong anim na jowa plus marunong pagka-manage.
PLANNED IGNORING - Yung iniwan mo nalang siya dahil gusto mong makitang masaya siya sa piling ng iba
keysa masaktan na kapiling mo siya.
1. Pulchritude - Loveliness
2. Composure – Aplomb
3. Abase- Demoted
4. Despotic – Cruel
5. Persiflage – Praise glowingly
6. Dexterity – Manual skill
7. Amorphous - Shapeless
8. Penchant - Fondness
9. Transmuted - Change
10. Transcendental - Supernatural
11. Rancor - Bitterness
12. Carnal - Worldly
13. Sine qua non - Indispensable
14. Euphoria - Extreme Happiness
15. Loquacious - Verbose
16. Acapella - Without accompaniment
17. Alter ego – Close and Inseparable, Friend
18. Amor con Amor Se Paga – Love begets love
19. conflagration - Large fire
20. Baduy – Awkward-looking
21. Mundane – Ordinary
22. Profanity – Obscenity
23. Apocalyptic – Prophetic
24. Impertinent – Irrelevant
25. Voracious – Very eager
26. Abandoned – Left behind
27. Volition – Will
28. Esoteric – Understandable by few
29. Queue – line
30. Docile – Easy to management
31. Erudite – Learned
32. Soiree – Evening party
33. Connoisseur – Expert in the matter of test
34. Chauffeur - Driver
35. Mesdames- Plural of madame
36. Renaissance- Rebirth
37. Sophisticated – Wordly
38. Caveat -emptor - Let the buyer decide
39. Ad nauseam - Excessive degree
40. Coup de grace – A death blow
41. Correlation – No relation
42. Prodigy - Offspring
43. Formally – Unconventionally
44. Formerly – Hereto force
SUMMARY OF HUMAN BIOLOGY.
1: Number of Bones 206
2: Number of Muscles 639
3: Number of Kidneys 2
4: Number of Milk Teeth 20
5: Number of Ribs 24 (12 pair)
6: Number of Heart Chamber 4
7: Largest artery Aorta
8: Normal blood pressure 120/80mmHg
9: Ph of Blood 7.4
10: Number of vertebrae in the Spine 33
11: Number of vertebrae in the Neck 7
12: Number of Bones in Middle Ear 6
13: Number of Bones in Face 14
14: Number of Bones in Skull 22
15: Number of Bones in Chest 25
16: Number of Bones in Arms 6
17: Number of Muscles in Human Arm 72
18: Number of Pumps in Heart 2
19: Largest Organ Skin
20: Largest gland Liver
21: Biggest cell female Ovum
22: Smallest cell male Sperm
23: Smallest Bone Stapes
24: First transplanted Organ Heart
25: Average length of Small Intestine 7m
26: Average length of Large Intestine 1.5m
27: Average weight of new Born baby 2.6kg
28: Pulse rate in One Minute 72 times
29: Normal body temperature 37 C° (98.4 F°)
30: Average Blood Volume 4 to 5 liters
31: Life Span of RBC 120 days
32: Life Span of WBC 13to 20 days
33: Pregnancy Period 280 days (40 weeks)
34: Number of Bones in Human Foot 33
35: Number of Bones in Each wrist 8
36: Number of Bones in Hand 27
37: Largest Endocrine gland Thyroid
38: Largest Lymphatic Organ Spleen
39: the Largest part of Brain Cerebrum
40: Largest & Strongest Bone Femur
41: Smallest Muscle Stapedius (Middle Ear)
41: Number of Chromosome 46 (23 pair)
42: Number of Bones in new Born baby 306
43: Viscosity of Blood 4.5 to 5.5
44: Universal Donor Blood Group O
45: Universal Recipient Blood Group AB
46: Largest WBC Monocyte
47: Smallest WBC Lymphocyte
48: Increase RBC count called Polycythemia
49: Blood Bank in the Body is Spleen
50: Non Nucleated Blood cell is RBC
51: RBC produced in the Bone Marrow
52: River of Life is Called Blood
53: Normal Blood Cholesterol level 250mg/dl
54: Fluid part of Blood is Plasma
55: Normal Blood Sugar 100mg/dl
Stimulus bounded- distracted by outside stimuli easily.
Horizontal mobility- a teacher in Brgy. School transferred in town.
Vertical mobility- teacher being promoted as supervisor
Nuclear family- father, mother and their children
Extended family- parents and other relatives
Solitary play- children play toys by themselves
Onlooker play- children watch others play but not involved
Parallel play- children watch alongside not with each other.
Associative play- parehas ang kanilang nilalaro
Baduy- awkward looking
Transmuted- changed
Carnal- bold
Aplomb- composure
Loquacious- verbose
Profanity- obscenities
Rizal was born- calamba, laguna
Penchant- fondness
Eureka- discovery
Metaphor- "the lord is my shepherd"
Hyperbole- " he is the Blacksheep in the family"
Geoffrey Chaucer- morning star of English lit.
Shakespear- "Bard of avon"
Nature- heredity, IQ, character traits
Nurture- environment
Phylogenetic- development follows an orderly sequence
Ontogenetic- the rate of dev. Is unique
Cepalocaudal- dev. From head to foot
Proximodistal- central access
Iconic- by seeing an ex. Pictures
Symbolic- by symbols ex. Words and numbers
Inactive- learning by doing physical action
Socrates- " know thyself"
Plato- " wrote the republic"
Aristotle- "father of modern sciences"
Albert bandura- social learning theory/modeling
Kohlberg- moral dev. Theory
Pavlov- classical conditioning
Skinner- operant conditioning
John amos comenius- " orbis pictus"
NCBTS -national Competency-based teacher standards
tanaga 7777
tanka 57577
The tree releases carbon dioxide? ~ evening
tatlong tuldok na sunod-sunod = elipsis
town criers~~~umalohokan
Meaning of TOS ~ table of Specifications
Sage on stage ~ dispenser of knowledge
Negative effect of extended family~ FAVORITISM.
Bicameralism~~ Jones Law
Ang _____ay ang bantas na ginagamit sa pagitan ng panlaping IKA at Tambilang~~~GITLING
She is a lovely rose" is an example of~~metaphor
Had I studied very well, I ___________ rewarded with vacation in the US~~would have been
She is a lovely rose" is an example of~~metaphor
Had I studied very well, I ___________ rewarded with vacation in the US~~would have been
___________ is an example of a non pathogenic microorganism~~Probiotics as bifidobacterium
First labor union in the Philippines~~~Union Obrera Demokratika
The only remnant after world war II~~Philippine Independent Church
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT
1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing
2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another
3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity
4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently
doing an activity
5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted
6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic
7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively
ISM’s IN EDUCATION
BEHAVIORISM – change ESSENTIALISM – basic
EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build
IDEALISM – enough in mind PERRENIALISM – constant
PRAGMATISM - practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve
REALISM – enough to see UTILITARIANISM - best
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all
AIMS OF ERAS
PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity
SPANISH – Christianity
AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life
COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency
JAPANESE – progress
PROF. ED PROPONENTS
B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning
BANDURA – Modeling
BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CONFUCIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule
EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism
ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial
IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning
JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL - Father of Kndrgrtn
PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé
JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism
JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing
JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)
KOHLER – Insight Learning
LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development
LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding
SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual
WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological
PRINCIPLES
HEDONISM – pleasure principle
DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad
FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with the will
LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things
MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant
2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler
3. PHALLIC – Preschool
4. LATENCY – School Age
5. GENITAL – Adolescence
OEDIPUS – son to mom ELECTRA – daughter to dad
LAWS IN EDUCATION
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – the inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 - PILIPINO NatlLng
PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS
RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to
Students and Teachers in Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – the establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying
SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)
BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION
1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – action-based information
2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-based information
3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language
TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES
COGNITIVE:
BLOOM (LOTS) ANDERSON (HOTS)
o Knowledge
o Comprehension
o Application
o Analysis
o Synthesis
o Evaluation o Remembering
o Understanding
o Applying
o Analyzing
o Evaluating
o Creating
AFFECTIVE:
o Receiving
o Responding
o Valuing
o Organizing
o Characterization
PSYCHOMOTOR:
SIMPSON HARROW
o Perception
o Set
o Guided Response
o Mechanism
o Complex Overt Response
o Adaptation
o Origination o Reflex movement
o Fundamental Movement
o Physical Movement
o Perceptual Abilities
o Skilled Movements
o Non-discursive communication
DALES CONE OF EXPERIENCE
Read
Hear
Picture
Video
Exhibit
Demonstration
Collaborative Work
Simulation
Real thing
ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS
1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months)
2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old)
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old)
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old)
5. IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40s
7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)
8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid-60s-death)
PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
1. SENSORY – senses
2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination
3. CONCRETE 4. FORMAL
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956)
2. TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964-1971)
4. MICROPROCESSORS (1971-present)
5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (present-future)
MISTAKEN GOALS
1. ATTENTION SEEKER – “teacher, notice me”
2. REVENGE – “teacher, I am hurt”
3. POWER-SEEKING – “teacher, may I help?”
4. INAD.
NATURALISM -- only nature exist, nature is better than civilization (NATURALESA ng isang BAGAY)
IDEALISM -- spiritual, values, moral, Socratic method
REALISM -- natural world, values are natural and absolute, reality exists underachieved
PRAGMATISM/¬¬¬¬¬EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem-solving research, knowledge is what works,
values are related, truth is warranted assertion.
ESSENTIALISM -- 3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test, certain knowledge&skills are essential for a rational being.
PROGRESSIVISM -- a process of development, a higher level of knowledge, the child's need and interest are
relevant to the curriculum.
EXISTENTIALISM -- knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he lives, we are what we do, deciding
precedes knowing.
PERENNIALISM -- an education that lasts for a century, universalist, knowledge is eternally valid.
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM -- for a better society, community-based learning
RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school should help rebuild the social order thus social change.
BEHAVIORISM -- learning is the change in behavior, S-R relationship
EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory learning)
STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as image, feeling, and sensation
FUNCTIONALISM -- focus on motivation, thinking & learning.
PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the motive to strive towards the fulfillment of his/her
objective.
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- the reality is what verifiable, truth corresponds to reality, usage determines the
meaning
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT
1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing
2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another
3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity
4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently doing an activity
5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted
6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic
7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively
ISM’s IN EDUCATION
BEHAVIORISM – change
ESSENTIALISM – basic
EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build
IDEALISM – enough in mind
PERRENIALISM – constant
PRAGMATISM – practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve
REALISM – enough to see
UTILITARIANISM – best
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all
AIMS OF ERAS
PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity
SPANISH – Christianity

THE 4 A’s Facilitating Learning

Brief explanation of 4A’s
I. Activity – This will bring understanding to what the learners already know and clarity to what learners should
learn further. At this early stage, the student should already have a retrospect of what they will be learning through
the activity that will be presented.
II. Analysis – A more in-depth understanding of the lesson, it is another phase where the students will process and
classify what is valid and not. The teacher on this part will ask further questions and will also lead as a facilitator
rather than mere lecturing and sharing facts and ideas. The students know gains a wider view of the lesson but at the
same time draws closer to the main topic.
III. Abstraction – The teacher on this part will now focus entirely on the lesson being presented and ask more lead
questions to lead the students in reinforcing what they know and should know more. The student here starts to feel
more the importance of the lesson to her and see the necessity of it to his/her life.
IV. Application – The word itself describes the stage as bringing the student to a more practical way of using HOW
are they going to use what they have learned and thinking of new ways on how it can be improve further.
To add, this format will best affect learning when we facilitate more rather than placing the lesson in their heads. We
aim to keep them at phase but not to the point of dragging them to what we would like them to achieve. And last but
not the least, Mastery of the Lesson – when the teacher is prepared and has mastered the lesson it will surely surprise
you with good results.

COGNITIVE THEORIES AND METACOGNITION

● Main focus is in memory - the storage and source of information.
● Paying more attention to learning the thought process.
● Believing in inconspicuous behavior.
MEANINGFUL RECEPTION THEORY
= developed by DAVID AUSUBEL
= Meaningful learning happens when new experiences are related to what the student already knows. This can
happen through reception, rote learning, and discovery learning.
DISCOVERY LEARNING THEORY/INQUIRY METHOD OR THEORY OF INSTRUCTIONS
= built by JEROME BRUNER
= Learning is more intriguing to learners when they have the opportunity to discover it in their own way, in relation
to concepts or actively seeking solutions to a problem.
= An approach to teaching where students interact with their environment by exploring and manipulating things,
fighting questions and controversies or doing experiments. The idea that students are easier to remember concepts by
discovering them in their own way.
= Enactive Representation - confined to the development of motor capacities or knowing how to make / do
something.
= Iconic Representation - a process of creating thought account images for certain objects or events. This has
reduced the development of our sensory capacities.
= Symbolic Representation - The highest form of representation, because it emphasizes the development of
intellectual capacity.
INSIGHT LEARNING/PROBLEM SOLVING THEORY
= compiled by WOLFGANG KOHLER
= Problem Solving - the ability to recognize the true nature of the situation; an imaginative power to see and
understand immediately.
= Having a vision is a gradual process of exploration, learning, and building understanding / perception until a
solution is found.
INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY
= developed by RICHARD ATKINSON and RICHARD SHIFFRIN
= The individual learns when information is encoding, functions and storing information (store), and captures it
when necessary (retrieval).
● STAGES OF HUMAN MEMORY
= Sensory Memory - an information storage with an exact stimuli copy for a short period of time.
= Short-Term Memory (STM) - it has two functions: (1) It processes information by incorporating new information
into existing information, (2) Temporarily stored information for the use of the information studying. It has less
capacity, but information is lost, if we don't do any concrete way to keep information in our brains.
= Long-Term Memory (LTM - Is a warehouse of knowledge or data bank of knowledge. This is a repository of
stored information; it is also a permanent storage of information.
● CAUSES OF FORGETTING
= Retrieval Failure - due to the inability to think information.
= Decay Theory - Information stored in LTM will gradually disappear when it is not used.
= Interference Theory - forgetting LTM due to the influence of other studies.
TRANSFER OF LEARNING and COMMULATIVE LEARNING
= built by ROBERT GAGNE
● TRANSFER OF LEARNING - ′′ TRANSFER ′′ - when something you have already learned influences the new
material.
> TYPES OF TRANSFER:
= Lateral Transfer - happens when an individual can make a new Task about the same level.
= Vertical Transfer - happens when individuals can learn more advanced or complex skills / skills.
= Specific Transfer - when a certain skill, fact or rule is applied to a similar situation.
= General Transfer - application of principles previously learned in different situations.
● HEIRARCHY OF LEARNING
= Signal Learning - responding to a signal; response is conditioned.
= Stimulus Reponse Learning - he learned the response voluntarily.
= Chaining or Motor - two or more separate motor or verbal responses can be combined chained to form a more
complicated response.
#renros
= Discrimination Learning - students choose or define the response that fits the stimuli.
= Concept Learning - providing a common response to a whole class of stimulus.
= Principle Learning (Rule Learning) - it involves the integration and alignment of concepts.
= Problem Solving - considered the most complex condition leading to the discovery of higher order rules.
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
= built by HOWARD GARDNER
= LIGUISTIC - spoken and written; language learning ability or otherwise;
= LOGICAL / MATHEMATICAL - study problems logically, perform mathematical operations, and study issues
with science.
= MUSICAL - performance skills, composition and appreciation of music patterns.
= BODY KINESTHETIC - using whole body or body parts to solve and deliver ideas.
= SPATIAL - identifying and using patterns in a vast space and more confined area.
= INTERPERSONAL - have the habit of mingling with other people. Ability to understand other people's intentions,
motives, and desires.
= INTRAPERSONAL - capacity to understand oneself, value feelings, fear and motive.
= NATURALIST - environmental or nature appreciation.
FIELD THEORY
#plsfolowme
= compiled by KURT LEWINS
= View - focused on the psychological field of an individual's living space.
= Life Space Concept - make an accurate conclusion by observing both exposure and non-exposure behavior.
= An individual should see things from the point of view on a given leap.
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY/ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS
= developed by URIE BROFENBRENNER
= Learning greatly affects the environment we have.
= Children understand the context of their environment. Environmental contexts are relatable.
● ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS: MAJOR LEVELS
= Microsystem - the innermost layer - contains a structure with direct child interaction.
= Mesosystem - connections between the structure of the child's microsystem.
= Exosystem - third level - social system that indirectly affects children.
= Macrosystem - the widest level by which all other systems are embedded such as the behaviors, customs, law,
beliefs and resources of a culture or society.
= Chronosystem - this system includes changes or changes in human life.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
= compiled by LEV PETROVICH VYGOTSKY
= it emphasizes how meaning and understanding grows in social encounters.
= Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - the area where a child cannot solve a problem alone, but can overcome it
with the appropriate help from an adult or skilled peer.
= Scaffolding - the support or guidance offered by adult and where to build - scaffold - their own performance skills
and abilities.

Prof. Education
1. SRLF Social Regards for Learning
2. LE Learning Environment
3. PPPF (Nagel's Acronym) Prepare yourself Prepare your students Prepare your materials Follow up lesson
objectives
4. 5S formula for conducive LE Shine Straighten Sort Standardized Sustain
5. T-L Teaching-learning
6. Psychosocial Crisis TAIIIIGE Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs.
Inferiority Identity vs Role confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Ego integrity vs Despair
7. OAPHALAGE Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
8. KCAASE (Bloom Taxonomy) Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
9. TOS Table of Specifications
10. SOF School of the Future
11. EIS (Bruner's theory) Enactive (skills) Iconic ( pictures/photos) Symbolic ( imagination)
12. PCSO Pavlov-Classical Skinner- Operant
13. RUAAEC (Revised Blooms Taxonomy) Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating
Creating
14. ReResVOC (Krathwol Affective Domain) Receiving Responding Valuing Organizing Characterizing
15. Simpson's Psychomotor Domain PSGMCAO Perception Set Guided response Mechanism Complex overt
response Adaptation Organization
16. Herbartian Method of Teaching PPAGAp Preparation Presentation Association Generalization Application
17. TEDP Teacher Education Development Program 18.LP Lesson plan
19. Correct sequence in making LP OSLEA Objectives Subject matter Learning activities Evaluation
Assignment
20. PAST Performance Appraisal System for Teachers

EHAVIORISM – change
ESSENTIALISM – basic
EXISTENTIALISM – choice
HUMANISM – build
IDEALISM – enough in mind
PERRENIALISM – constant
PRAGMATISM - practice (T&E)
PROGRESSIVISM – improve
REALISM – enough to see
UTILITARIANISM - best
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all
AIMS OF ERAS
PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity
SPANISH – Christianity
AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life
COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency
JAPANESE – progress
PROF. ED PROPONENTS
B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning
BANDURA – Modeling
BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule
EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism
ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial
IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning
JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive
FROEBEL - Father of Kndrgrtn
PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé
JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism
JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing
JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)
KOHLERS – Insight Learning
LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development
LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding
SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual
WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological
PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION
HEDONISM – pleasure principle
DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad
FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with will
LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things
MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant
2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler
3. PHALLIC – Preschool
4. LATENCY – School Age
5. GENITAL – Adolescense
OEDIPUS – son to mom
ELECTRA – daughter to dad
LAWS IN EDUCATION
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 - PILIPINO NatlLng
PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS
RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to
Students and Teachers in Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying
SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)
BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION
1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – action-based information
2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-based information
3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language
TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES
COGNITIVE:
BLOOM (LOTS) ANDERSON (HOTS)
o Knowledge
o Comprehension
o Application
o Analysis
o Synthesis
o Evaluation o Remembering
o Understanding
o Applying
o Analyzing
o Evaluating
o Creating
AFFECTIVE:
o Receiving
o Responding
o Valuing
o Organizing
o Characterization
PSYCHOMOTOR:
SIMPSON HARROW
o Perception
o Set
o Guided Response
o Mechanism
o Complex Overt Response
o Adaptation
o Origination o Reflex movement
o Fundamental Movement
o Physical Movement
o Perceptual Abilities
o Skilled Movements
o Non-discursive communication
DALES CONE OF EXPERIENCE
Read
Hear
Picture
Video
Exhibit
Demonstration
Collaborative Work
Simulation
Real thing
ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS
1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months)
2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old)
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old)
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old)
5. INDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40s
7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)
8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60s-death)
PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
1. SENSORY – senses
2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination
3. CONCRETE 4. FORMAL
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956)
2. TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964-1971)
4. MICROPROCESSORS (1971-present)
5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (present-future)
MISTAKEN GOALS
1. ATTENTION SEEKER – “teacher, notice me”
2. REVENGE – “teacher, I am hurt”
3. POWER-SEEKING – “teacher, may I help?”
4. INADEQUACY – “teacher, don’t give up on me”
5. WITHDRAWAL – “teacher, please help me”
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Principles
CENTRAL TENDENCY -Central (middle location) Tendency
MEAN – Average MODE – most occurring
RANGE – highest score minus lowest score
LOW SD–Homogenous, scores near to mean(almost same)
HIGH SD – Heterogenous, scores far to mean (scattered)
DECILE – 10 grps (D1…D10) QUARTILE – 4 grps (Q1…Q4)
SUSPENSION – time REVOKATION – condition
DIFFICULTY INDEX
0-0.20 VERY DIFFICULT
0.21-0.40 DIFFICULT
0.41-0.60 MODERATELY DIFFICULT
0.61-0.80 EASY
0.81-1.00 VERY EASY
POSITIVELY SKEWED (LEFT FOOT)
- low scores, mean greater than mode
NEGATIVELY SKEWED (RIGHT FOOT)
- high scores, mean is lower than mode
HORN/HALO EFFECT
- overcoming other trait, either bad/good
GENERAL EDUCATION
FILIPINO/ENGLISH:
MGA TEORYA NG PINAGMULAN NG WIKA
1. BOW-WOW –kalikasan at hayop
2. DING-DONG – bagay
3. POOH-POOH – masidhing damdamin
4. YOHEHO – pwersang pisikal
FILIPINO POETS AND PEN NAMES
BENVENIDO SANTOS – American Culture Writings
DANIEL DEFOE – “Robinson Crusoen” (novel)
EDILBERTO TIEMPO – made “Cry Slaughter” that has been
translated many times
ERNEST HEMINGWAY – Ring Lardner Jr.
JOSE GARCIA VILLA – “Comma Poet”, Dove G. Lion
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ESCALANDE - Masterpiece is
“Don Quixote” that is most influential
NICK JOAQUIN – Quijano de Manila
– Spanish Culture Writing
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ – made “Dead Stars” that is the 1st
modern English short story
SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS – Mark Twain
- “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
- “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (best novel)
SINTAKS/SINTAKSIS/PALAUGNAYAN
- sangay ng barirala na tumatalakay sa masistemang pagkaka-ayus-ayos ng mga salita sa pagbuo ng mga parirala at
pangungusap
PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO PROTAGONISTS
ANDRES BONIFACIO – May Pag-asa, Agapito
Bagumbayan
ANTONIO LUNA – Taga-Ilog
EMILIO AGUINALDO - Magdalo
EMILIO JACINTO – Di Masilaw, Tingkian
GRACIANO LOPEQ JAENA – Diego Laura
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN ¬– JoMaPa
JOSE RIZAL – Dimas alang, Laon laan
JUAN LUNA – Buan
MARCELO DEL PILAR – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat,
Piping Dilat
MARIANO PONCE – Tikbalang, Naning (Satanas),
Kalipulako
MGA URI NG PANGUNGUSAP
WALANG PAKSA:
1. EKSISTENSYAL – mayroong isa o higit pang tao
Halimbawa: Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.
2. MODAL – nais/pwede/maari (Gusto ko matulog.)
3. PANLIPUNAN – pagbati, pagbigay galang atbp.
4. SAGOT LAMANG – “Talaga?”, “Oo”
5. SAMBITLA – masidhing damdamin (Aray!)
6. TEMPORAL – panandaliang kalagayan o panahon
KAYARIAN:
1. PAYAK – iisang kaisipan
2. TAMBALAN – dalawang sugnay na ‘di makapag-iisa
3. HUGNAYAN – madalas nagsisimula sa kung, dahil sa
4. LANGKAPAN – mahabang pangungusap
MGA URI NG KWENTO
1. PABULA (fable) – hayop
2. PARABULA (parable)– Bibliya
3. ANEKDOTA (anecdote) – tunay na buhay
4. MITOLOHIYA (myth) – diyos at diyosa (pinagmulan)
ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA (Verb)
1. PERPEKTIBO – tumakbo
2. IMPERPEKTIBO – tumatakbo
3. KONTEMPLATIBO – tatakbo
KAANTASAN NG PANG-URI (Adjective)
1. LANTAY – walang pinaghahambingan
2. PAHAMBING ¬– inihahalintulad
3. PASUKDOL – nangingibabaw (H: pinakamataas)
MGA URI NG TULA
1. PATULA (Moro-moro)
2. PASALAYSAY (Epiko, Awit, Korido)
MGA AWITING BAYAN
1. DALIT/HIMNO – pagsamba sa anito o pang-relihiyon
2. DIONA – kasal
3. DUNG-AW – patay (pagdadalamhati)
4. KALUSAN – paggawa
5. KUMINTANG – tagumpay (pandigma)
6. KUNDIMAN – pag-ibig
7. OYAYI – pagpapatulog ng bata
8. SOLIRANIN – pagsasagwan
9. TALINDAW – pamamangka
PAGBABAGONG MORPONEMIKO
1. ASIMILASYON – Parsyal (pangsukli), Ganap (panukli)
2. MAY ANGKOP – wikain mo – “kamo”
3. MAYSUDLONG/PAGDARAGDAG NG PONEMA
- muntik – muntikan, pagmuntikan, pagmuntikanan
4. METATESIS – linipad – nilipad
5. PAGKAKALTAS NG PONEMO – takipan – takpan
6. PAGLILIPAT-DIIN – laRUan (playground) - laruAN (toy)
7. PAGPAPALIT NG PONEMA – madapat – marapat
MGA URI NG PANGHALIP/PRONOUNS
1. PANAO/PERSONAL PRONOUN – ako/I etc.
2. PAMATLIG/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN – ito/this etc.
3. PANAKLAW/INDEFINITE P. - isa, all, anyone etc.
4. PATULAD – ganito, ganyan atbp.
5. PANANONG/INTERROGATIVE P. – sino, when etc.
6. PAMANGGIT/RELATIVE P. – daw, umano, which, who
MGA AKDANG NA MAY IMPUWENSYA SA MUNDO
AKLAT NG MGA ARAW – China (by Confucius)
AKLAT NG MGA PATAY – Egypt cults & myths (by Osiris)
AWIT NI ROLANDO-France (by Doce Pares, Roncesvalles)
BIBLIYA – Palestino at Greece
CANTEBURY TALES – America (by Chaucer)
DIVINE COMEDIA – Italy (by Dante)
EL CID COMPEADOR – katangian at history ng Spain
ILIAD o ODYSSEY – Myths of Greece made by Homer.
ISANG LIBO’T ISANG GABI – Ugali sa Arabia at Persia
KORAN – Arabia (Muslim Bible) MAHABRATA – India
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN – about slaves that becomes the basis of democracy. (by Harriet Beecher Stowe of U.S.)
MGA URI NG PANITIKAN
1. TULUYAN – binubuo ng mga pangungusap
A. NOBELA – binubuo ng mga kabanata
B. DULA – pagtatanghal sa entablado
MGA DULANG PANLIBANGAN:
a. TIBAG – Sta. Elena
b. LAGAY – Pilarenos ng Sorsogon
c. PANUNULUYAN – pagtatanghal bago mag-alas dose (12PM) ng gabi ng kapaskuhan
d. PANUBOL – parangal sa may kaarawan
e. KARILYO – ala-puppet show
f. KURIDO – katapangan, kabayanihan, kababalaghan, pananampalataya
g. SARSUELA – musical tungkol sa pag-ibig, paghihiganti atbp. masisidhing damdamin
C. ALAMAT – pinagmulan
D. ANEKDOTA – ugali, may mabuting aral
2. PATULA - may sukat,pantig,tugma,taludtod,sa
knong
A. TULANG PASALAYSAY - mahahalagang tago o pangyayari sa buhay.
a. EPIKO – kabayanihan sa kababalaghan
o BIDASARI, PARANG SABIR – Moro
o BIAG NI LAM ANG – Iloko
o MARAGTAS, HARAYA, LAGDA AT HARI SA BUKID – Bisaya
o KUMINTANG – Tagalog
o DAGOY AT SUDSUD – Tagbanua
o TATUANG - Bagobo
b. AWIT o KORIDO - kaharian
c. TULA NG DAMDAMIN o LIRIKI – own feeling
MGA TULANG LIRIKO:
o AWITING BAYAN – kalungkutan
o ELEHIYA – yumao
o DALIT – pagpupuri sa Diyos
o PASTORAL – buhay sa bukid
o ODA – papuri
B. TULANG DULA O PANGTANGHALAN
a. KOMEDYA
b. MELODRAMA – musical
c. TRAHEDYA – death of main character
d. PARSA – mga pangyayaring nakakatawa
e. SAYNETE
-karaniwang pag-uugali ng tao/ pook
C. TULANG PATNIGAN
a. KARAGATAN – alamat ng singsing ng prinsesa na naihulog niya sa dagat sa hangaring mapangasawa ang
kasintahang mahirap.
b. DUPLO – paligsahan ng husay sa pagtula
c. BALAGTASAN – pumalit sa Duplo
FIGURES OF SPEECH/TAYUTAY
PAG-UUGNAY O PAGHAHAMBING:
1. SIMILE/PAGTUTULAD – mayroong pangatnig
2. METAPHOR/PAGWAWANGIS – walang pangatnig
3. ALUSYON – iba’t ibang aspekto ng buhay ng tao
4. METONYMY/PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG
5. SYNECDOCHE/SINEKDOKE – pagbanggit ng isa upang tukuyin ang kabuuan
Hal: Dalawang bibig ang umaasa kay Romeo.
PAGLALARAWAN:
6. HYPERBOLE/ PAGMAMALABIS o EKSAHERASYON
7. APOSTROPHE/PAGTAWAG – pakikipag-usap sa hindi buhay o malayong tao. Hal: Ulan, tumigil ka na.
8. EXCLAMATION/PAGDARAMDAM – strong feeling.
9. PARADOX/PARADOKS -“malayo ma’y malapit pa rin”
10. OXYMORON/PAGTATAMBIS - paradox w/ extra words
PAGSASALIN NG KATANGIAN:
11. PERSONIFICATION/PAGSASATAO
PAGSASATUNOG:
12. ONOMATOPOEIA/PANGHIHIMIG – tunog ang paksa
13. ALLITERATION/PAG-UULIT – repetition of 1st letter in the 1st word. Ex: Dinggin mo ang Diyos na
Dinadakila
14. REPITASYON – repetition of phrase. Ex: Tama! Tama!...
IBA PANG TAYUTAY NA GAMIT SA TULA:
ALITERASYON – unang titik o pantig ay pare-pareho
ANADIPLOSIS – paggamit ng salita sa unahan at hulihan
EPIPORA – pag-uulit ng salita sa hulihan
PAG-UYAM – sarcasm
LITOTES – pagtanggi o pagkukunwari.
TALUDTOD – linya sa tula
UNFAMILIAR PARTS OF THE SPEECH
1. PREPOSITIONS-on, under, off, by, in near, for, to, since
2. CONJUNCTIONS (PANGATNIG)
- para/for, at/and, nor, or, pero/but, yet, so, ni, ngunit
3. INTERJECTION – with exclamation mark
PROPER SEQUENCE OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE
1. ARTICLES – a, an, the 2. OPINION 3. SIZE
4. AGE 5. SHAPE 6. COLOR
7. MATERIAL 8. PURPOSE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POEM
1. BALLAD – narrative, less folk tale/legend, to be sung
2. BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
3. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of speech for individual character.
4. ELEGY –death of individual
5. EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
6. EULOGY – message for the dead
7. FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with rhyme
8. HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3 lines and 17 syllables)
9. IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country scene
10. LYRICS - thoughts and feelings
11. NARRATIVE – tells story
12. ODE -typically serious/meditative nature, type of Lyric
13. PASTORAL –rural life in peaceful & romanticized way
14. SONNET – Lyric poem consists of 14 lines
15. TANKA – Japanese poem: 5 lines, 31 syllables
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS
BIAK NA BATO – pact, thought of 1st Republic.
- Spainards paid P200 000
1. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION – Apolinario Mabini
- rights of soldiers
- no Visayas yet in right of territories
2. 1935 CONSTITUTION – adapted from American Const.
3. 1943 CONSITUTION - Jose P. Laurel
- Japan invades but gave freedom for Phil. to rule.
4. 1937 CONSTITUTION – Ferdinand Marcos
- Martial Law – 60days max
- Nat’l Territory forced Kalayaan grp. of Islands & Saba
5. 1987 CONSTITUTION - 18 articles
- past chairwoman: Cecilla Muñoz Palma (Feb 2, 1987)
- Bill of Rights are for the criminals
JUS SANGUINI – blood JUS SOLI – place
SOME TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
1. COMMUNIST – classless society
- State plans and controls economy
2. PARLIAMENTARY – majority of people voted
3. REPUBLICAN – power comes from people
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
(AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAqui
RaEsArAquiDut)
ACTS
1. ASSOCIATION OF SE ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
- Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia
2. BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT) – bet. Phil. & U.S.
3. KYOTO PROTOCOL (UNNCC)
- fight global warming decreasing green house gases
4. RIO DE JANEIRO CONVENTION
- environment and sustainable development
5. TEJEROS CONVENTION – election
- Bonifacio elected as Director Imperior
6. TREATY ON GENERAL RELATIONS
- recognition of U.S. to Philippine freedom
7. UNDERWORLD-SIMMONS ACT – full free foreign trade
8. PAYNE ALDRICH ACT – partial free foreign trade
MISSIONARIES AND EXPEDITIONS
1. AUGUSTINIAN – most intelligent
2. FRANCISCAN – sends medical aids
3. JESUITS
4. DOMINICANS – richest
5. RECOLECTS – most killed schools
MARTYR PRIESTS
1. BURGOS – youngest, mastermind of secularization
2. GOMEZ – Oldest, likes “sabong” and hid there
HOMO HABILIS – man of steel (bighead, uses muscle)
HOMO ERECTUS – man who discovered fire & clothes
HOMO SAPIENS – thinking man (can produce materials)
UNFAMILIAR BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
ANATOMY – inner organs ENTOMOLOGY – insects
BIOCHEMISTRY – chemical patterns of animals
ECOLOGY – living things bet. Each other in environment
EMBRYOLOGY – developmental patterns fr. zygote-birth
GENETICS – heredity MYCOLOGY – fungi
HERPETOLOGY – reptiles and amphibians
HISTOLOGY – plant and animal tissues
MORPHOLOGY – phenotype (appearance)
ORNITHOLOGY – birds PARASITOLOGY – parasites
PALEONTOLOGY – fossils of animals and plants
PHYSIOLOGY – function of tissue, organ & system
TAXONOMY – classification of living organisms
SCIENCE PROPONENTS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Father of Taxonomy
ROBERT HOOKE – termed “cells” (cellulae)
ANTON VAN LEUWENHOEK – 1st person to observe microscopic organisms (animal cule)
ROBERT BROWN – discovered Nucleus
MATTHIAS SCHIEDEN (Botanist) & THEODORE (Zoologist)
- found all plants consist of cells
RUDOLF VIRCHOW – proposed cells come fr. existing cells
EARTH’S SPHERES
ATMOSPHERE – gaseous sphere protection from meteors
Divided into five:
 Troposphere
 Stratosphere
 Mesosphere
 Thermosphere
 Exosphere
HYDROSPHERE – water
LITHOSPHERE – oceanic and continental crust
BIOSPHERE – all life forms in Earth
CRYOSPHERE – ice ANTHROSPHERE – ancestors
PLANETS AND THEIR SEQUENCE
1. SUN – 99.86% of Solar System
- believed was formed 4.6 billion years ago
- Responsible for weather and climate
2. MERCURY – named after Roman God
- no satellite and atmosphere
- discovered by Mariner Ten
3. VENUS – Goddess of Love and Beauty (Mariner 2)
- Perfect sphere, sister planet of Earth
4. EARTH
5. MARS – God of War, red planet (Mariner 9)
6. JUPITER -Gas Giant, fastest rotating planet (10hrs less)
- has Great Red Spot: huge storm for 350yrs
7. SATURN – God of Agriculture (chunks of rocks)
- made mostly of hydrogen
8. URANUS – Frederick William Herscel
- Sky & Ice Giant, 3rd largest planet

Common Let Boosters

Pulchritude - Loveliness
Composure – Aplomb
Abase- Demoted
Despotic – Cruel
Persiflage – Praise glowingly
Dexterity – Manual skill
Amorphous - Shapeless
Penchant - Fondness
Transmuted - Change
Transcendental -Supernatural
Rancor - Bitterness
Carnal - Worldly
Sine qua non - Indispensable
Euphoria - Extreme o
Loquacious - Verbose
Acapella - Without accompaniment
Alter ego – Close and Inseparable, Friend
Amor con Amor sepaga – Love begets love
conflagration - Large fire
Baduy – Awkward-looking
Mundane – Ordinary
Profanity – Obscenity
Apocalyptic – Prophetic
Impertinent – Irrelevant
Voracious – Very eager
Abandoned – Left behind
Volition – Will
Esoteric – Understandable by few
Queue – line
Docile – Easy to management
Erudite – Learned
Soiree – Evening party
Connoisseur – Expert in a matter of test
Chauffeur - Driver
Mesdames- Plural of madame
Renaissance- Rebirth
 Sophisticated – Wordly
Caveat -emptor - Let the buyer decide
Ad nauseam - Excessive degree
Coup de grace – A death blow
Correlation – No relation
Prodigy - Offspring
Formally – Unconventionally
Formerly – Hereto force
Highway 54 - the old name of EDSA during WW-II
Trisomy 21 - also known as down syndrome
Kumintang - Filipinos would sing this song in preparation for war battle
En ventre sa mere - the right of the unborn child is the same as the right of individual
Mark Twain - the pen name of Samuel Clemens
Heroic Couplet - last two lines of the Sonnet
Sergio Osmeña - the first appointed head of the Department of Education during Commonwealth period
Philippine Normal University - established by the Americans for aspiring educators in 1901
Animal cells - do not produce cell walls
Boustrophedon - Ancient Greeks form of writing
Nitrogen - the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
Skin - body's largest organ
Chivalric education - also known as a social discipline. The educational system which emphasized social etiquette
Socratic method - teachers ask questions to try to get students to clarify and rethink their own ideas, to come
eventually to a deep and clear understanding of philosophical concepts
Saracenic education - this education is training for scientific thinking
verbatim - word for word
Social Justice - very foundation of genuine peace and reconciliation
National Treasury - provides the fund to support the Air Quality Management in the Philippines
Tomas Pinpin - kauna-unahang manlilimbag na Pilipino
Pascual Poblete - tinaguriang "Ama ng Pahayagang tagalog"
Oxygen - a by-product of Photosynthesis
water - universal solvent
Gametes (in human) - contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
Emilio Jacinto - utak ng Himagikan
Apolinario Mabini - utak ng rebolusyon Katipunan
Kinkee - the gas lamp used to lighten the streets in intramuros way back in history
Miranda rule - the right of a person under arrest
Epistemology - examines the nature and origin of human knowledge
empiricism - holds that the sensory experience is the source of knowledge
Agnosticism - coined by Thomas Huxley which means "not knowledge but being able to know
metaphysics - it seeks to find out what is ultimately real
Horticulture - the art of growing flowers, fruits and vegetables
Jus sanguinis - a child follows the nationality or citizenship of the parents regardless of the place of his birth
1956 - Lupang Hinirang was sung for the first time
Element - the simplest substance that cannot be decomposed further by normal chemical means
Pedro Bucaneg - Ama ng panitikang Ilocano
Intellectual Appreciative Experiences - based on the premise that all the learning has emotional correlates
Thailand - formerly called "Siam"
Henry Otley Beyer - proposed the idea that the first Filipinos came through waves of migration from South to North
Klaster - Kambal katinig
 Trinidad Tecson - Ina ng Biak-na-Bato at Ina ng Kruss na Pula (Red cross)
Truman Doctrine - was an american foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the
cold war
Manila - was named "Distinguished and ever loyal city" by Legaspi
Mariano Trias - First Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines
Plebiscite - the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on important public questions such as a change in
the Constitution.
Monotheist religion - Christianity, Islam, Judaism
First sultanate - Sultanate of Sulu
Diwata I - first Satellite launched by the Philippines
Franchise - given the right to vote
disenfranchise - removal of the right to vote
Antarctica - Largest dessert, cold dessert
Bicameralism - upper house / Lowerhouse
Executive - implementing body
Legislative - Lawmaking body
Judiciary - interpreting body
Ural Mountain - separated Europe and Asia
5 ships of Magellan - Trinidad, Conception, Victoria, San Antonio, & San Tiago
Mongoloids - Known as the Yellow race
#plsfollowmypost
1. DOCTRINA CRISTIANA - the first book written in the Philippines.
2. PEDRO BUKANEG - the Father of Ilocano Literature.
3. FRANCISCO BALTAZAR - the Father of Tagalog Poetry.
4.LOLA BASYANG is the pen name of Severino Reyes.
5. KENKOY - the first and longest-running komiks series in the Philippines.
6. JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO - the Father of Pampango Literature.
7. MANILA BULLETIN - the oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since 1900
8. ALEJANDRO ABADILLA - the Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry.
9. He wrote the popular fable The Monkey and the Turtle - JOSE RIZAL
10. This is known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the Katipunan - THE DECALOGUE.
11. Rizal's model for Pilosopong Tasyo was PACIANO RIZAL.
12. Rizal's pen name - DIMASALANG, LAONG-LAAN
13. Taga-ilog - JUAN LUNA's Pen name.
14. The first filipino alphabet was called ALIBATA/BAYBAYIN
15. the first filipino alphabet consisted of 15 LETTERS
16. He was known for his `Memoria Fotografica` - JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
17. AMADO HERNANDEZ - He is known as the `poet of the workers or laborers`
18. Ilocano balagtasan is called BUKANEGAN
19. MARAGTAS - Visayan epic about good manners and right conduc
20.PASCUAL POBLETE - the father of Filipino newspaper
21. PANDEREGLA - first Filipino bread
22. The Great Plebian: Andres Bonifacio
#renros
1. WILHELM WUNDT-father of psychology
2.SIGMUND FREUD-father of psychoanalysis, and psychosexual theory/Father of Modern Psychology
3.JOHANN HEINRICH-father of education and pedagogy
4. IVAN PAVLOV-classical conditioning
5.BURRHUS F. SKINNER-operant conditioning.
6.DAVID AUSUBEL-meaningful learning
7.JEROME BRUNER-discovery learning, spiral curriculum
8.ALBERT BANDURA-social cognitive learning theory.
9.EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE-law of readiness and exercises
10. KURT LEVIN-life space content.
11.KOHLER-problem solving by insight, insightful learning
12.URIE BROFENBRENNER-ecological theory
13.SANDRA BEM-gender schema theory
14.HOWARD GARDNER-theory of multiple intelligence
15.ELLIOT TURRIEL-Social domain theory
16.LAWRENCE KOHLBERG-moral development theory
17.ROBERT STERNBERG-triathlon theory intelligence
18.ERIK ERIKSON-psychosocial development theory
19.MA. MONTESSORI-transfer of learning, kindergarten preparation of children.
20. EDWARD PAUL TORRANCE-creative problem solving
21.CHOMSKY-linguistic acquisition theory
22.JEAN PIAGET-cognitive learning theory
23.JOHN WATSON-behavioral theory
24.EDWARD TOLMAN-purpose behaviorism
25.BERNARD WEINER-attribution theory
26.DANIEL GOLEMAN-emotional intelligence.
27.TITCHENER- structuralism psychology
28.ROBERT GAGNE -the sequence of instruction
29.ABRAHAM MASLOW - hierarchy of needs, motivation theory
30.BENJAMIN BLOOM - bloom's cognitive taxonomy
31.DAVID KRATHWOHL - affective domain
32.LEV VYGOTSKY - socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory, Scaffolding
33.JOHN LOCKE - tabularasa , empiricism
34. CHARLES COOLEY - looking glass self-theory
35.JOHN FLAVEL - metacognition
36.ARNOLD GESELL - maturation theory
37.JOHN DEWEY - Learning by doing
38.DAVID FROEBEL - Father of kindergarten
39.AUGUSTE COMTE - Father of Sociology.
40.JOHN AMOS COMENIUS - Fr. of modern education.
Elements of Morality
Conscience - judgement of the intellect on the goodness or evil of an performed or about to be performed
Certain Conscience - goodness or evil of a particular action you know the good & wrong action.
Doubtful Conscience - suspension of judgment on the moral goodness
(Nagdadalawang isip ka!)
Scrupulous Conscience - tends to see sins when there are NONE
Lax Conscience - tends to minimize its seriousness
Perplexed Conscience - DONE is comforted
Pharisaical Conscience - it is holier than those view of oneself
Callous Conscience - theft, KILLER, rapist
.
.#plsfollowme
Types of Discussion Procedures
1. Panel Forum - discussion among a SMALL group of experts or well-informed laypersons
2. Round Table - group-seated, face to face / formal but non- expert
3. Debate - discussion with people with different beliefs study the same problem & arrive at different ideas
4. Symposium - more formal/ a public speaking program/ EXPENSIVE
5. Buzz Station - noisy inside classroom
6. Brain Storming - all ideas are given equal credence
7. Seminar - group of people meet to study & discuss meeting
- formal/ 90mins or 3 hrs.
8. Workshop - sets expectations With the audience will be engaged & involved in training.