Assignment 03

Chemical Engineering Fluid Dynamics

(Ch. E 222)

Title: Types of Valves

Submitted To: Mr. Usman Asghar

Submitted By: Shehla Riasat

Roll No: UW-19-Ch. E-BSc-009

Semester: 4th

Department of Chemical Engineering

Wah Engineering College
University of Wah
17 April, 2021
Question no#1

1. Explain the Classification of valves according to their applications and Motion?

What are Control Valves?

Control valves are a mechanical device that is used to regulate or control the flow or pressure
of a fluid by fully or partially opening the fluid passageways.

Why do we use different types of Valves?

Different types of valves are used for the following applications:

• To stop and start a Flow

• Control the amount of flow
• Control the direction of flow
• Change the pressure of flow
• Mixing of fluids and solids

How to Operate a Control Valve?

Depending on the selection of the type of control valve and its design a valve can be operated
in following ways:

• Manual operated
• Self-operated
• Actuator, pneumatic or hydraulic operated valves

Types of Valves

According to valve working principle and its application following types of valve are available
in the market.

1. Gate valve
2. Globe valve
3. Plug valve
4. Ball valve
5. Butterfly valve
6. Check valve
7. Diaphragm valve
 8. Pinch valve
9. Pressure relief valve
1. Gate Valve

Gate Valves are used mainly for blocking fluid flow and are less likely to be employed for flow
regulation. A gate valve uses a plate-like barrier that can be lowered into the flow stream to
stop the flow. Its operation is similar to that of a globe valve except the gate provides less flow
restriction than with a globe-valve plug when the valve is in the fully opened position. Key
specifications include port configuration, port connections, valve size, and the materials that
make up the valve body, its seat, seal, lining, and stem packing. Gate valves can use wedge-
shaped plugs or parallel plates. Plugs usually seal both the up and downstream sides of the
valve while plates usually only seal on the upstream face.

Fig.01 Gate Valve

Gate valves are usually designated as rising-stem and non-rising stem designs. The advantage
of rising-stem valves is that they permit easy visualization as to whether a valve is open or
closed. The advantage of the Non-Rising Stem, or NRS valves, is that the stem is protected
from exposure to corrosive or other environmental conditions by the valve bonnet. Neither
design has much impact on the actual valve function.

Types of Gate Valve

Wedge Gate Valves: - Commonly used in industrial piping for stop or isolating – to turn on
and shut off the flow as opposed to regulating flow.
Knife Gate Valves: - Useful for many applications in larger sized pipework (50mm up). Unlike
traditional gate valves, they are able to throttle (at lower pressures) depending on line media
and degree of opening.

Parallel Slide Gate Valves: - Popular in steam applications as the energised disc design handles
thermal expansion without sticking like wedge gate valves. Another advantage is lower torque
then wedge gate valves especially in venturi (Ferranti) reduced bores configuration.

Pipeline Slab Gate Valves: - Available in parallel solid slab and expanding 2-piece wedging
slab. Both styles protect the seat area from the flow in all operating positions.

2. Globe Valve

Globe Valves, named for their spherically shaped valve bodies that were at one time common,
are also named for their use of a globe-shaped disc that constricts flow by closing against a
restricting orifice. The disc is opened and closed with a handwheel on manually operated valves
and with an actuator and sliding shaft on automatic valves. Key specifications include valve
type, port configuration, port connections, valve size, and the materials that make up the valve
body, such as its seat, seal, lining, and stem packing. Globe valves are used for shut-off and
regulating, and are used in wastewater plants, food processing facilities, and process plants, for
example. The most common variety is the Z-style valve, so-called because of the path which
the fluid follows through the valve body. These two right-angle turns that the fluid must make
through the valve account for the design’s relatively high head losses. A less restrictive design
is the Y-style valve, which orients the valve stem at 45° to the valve body. Another style is the
angle valve, which turns the flow 90°.

The shape of the disc can be varied to produce a valve that goes to full-flow quickly, or, by
using a more tapered plug design, produce a valve that can precisely regulate flow.

Fig.02 Globe Valve

 3. Plug Valve

Plug Valves are quarter-turn valves used to control fluid flow through a pipe. A plug valve
constricts flow similarly to a ball valve, using a ported plug rather than a ported ball that swivels
in the flow stream to constrict or allow flow. Key specifications include valve type, port
configuration, port connections, valve size, and the materials that make up the valve body, as
well as its seat, seal, lining, and stem packing. Plug valves are used for shut-off and are used
as control valves for the chemical process industries, processing plants and wastewater
treatment facilities, for example. A distinction is made between lubricated plug valves, which
inject a lubricant between the plug and valve body to act as a sealant, and unlubricated types,
which instead rely on a polymeric sleeve for sealing and friction relief.

Fig.03 Plug Valve

4. Ball Valve

Ball Valves are quarter-turn valves incorporating ported spheres that swivel in the pipe stream
to either block, or allow, flow. Special designs are available which enable a degree of flow
regulation. Key specifications include the number of ports, port configuration, port
connections, valve size, and the materials that make up the valve body, its seat, seal, and stem
packing. Ball valves are used practically anywhere a fluid flow must be shut off, from a
compressed-air line to a high-pressure, hydraulic system. Ball valves can provide low head-
loss characteristics as the port can exactly match the pipe diameter. Ball valves also tend to seal
better than butterfly valves, but they can be costlier to purchase and maintain. Typically, they
are actuated with a lever which provides a visual indication of the valve status.
Because of their excellent operating characteristics, ball valves are used for the broadest
spectrum of isolation applications and are available in a wide range of sizes and materials and
are available in full flow and full through conduit. Advantages - quick acting, straight through
flow in either direction, low pressure drop, bubble tight shut off & operating torque, easily
actuated. Disadvantages - temperature limitations on seating material, long “relative” face to
face dimension.

Fig.04 Ball Valve

5. Butterfly Valve

Butterfly Valves are quarter-turn valves which employ center-mounted circular flaps that swing
into, and out of, the flow stream. Key specifications include port connection, valve size, and
the materials that make up the valve body, its seat, seal, disc, and stem packing. Butterfly
valves are used in wastewater plants, power plants, and process plants for shut-off and for
regulating and isolating service and are especially popular in very large diameter pipelines.
Generally smaller and cheaper than a ball valve of the same capacity, butterfly valves can be
difficult to operate against high pressure and flow. They are also more leak-prone than ball
valves and subject to higher head losses.

Fig.05 Butterfly Valve

 6. Check Valve

Check Valves permit fluid to flow through them in one direction only. Lift-type check valves
are similarly constructed as globe valves and use a ball or piston, often backed by a spring that
opens under a specified pressure but closes as the pressure decreases, thus preventing backflow.
These valves are often suited for high-pressure applications. A variant is the stop check valve
which doubles as a shut-off valve.

Swing check valves employ hinged gates, disc wafers, or wafers that are often spring-actuated
to close against ports as pressure diminishes. These devices can be effective in low-pressure
applications. A tilting disc check valve varies the theme somewhat by hinging the gate slightly
inward to reduce the pressure required for opening. Butterfly or double door check valves use
two half-circle gates or wafers that are hinged at the centerline of the valve port and open
downstream in the direction of flow.

Rubber check valves are also available and include designs such as the flap and duckbill
varieties. Check valves are used on gas lines, for air service, and with pumps—anywhere that
fluid needs to move in a single direction. They can be miniaturized, manufactured in plastic,
and may incorporate many special features such as metal seats.

Fig.06 Check Valve

7. Diaphragm Valve

Diaphragm Valves employ flexible membranes to close off flow in pipes. Like pinch valves,
the diaphragm completely seals off the actuating means from the process fluid, a benefit for
valves in sanitary service. Key specifications include port configuration, port connections,
valve size, media, and seal material. Diaphragm valves are used mostly in the pharmaceutical,
cosmetics, food, and semiconductor industries. Sometimes control valves that are actuated with
pneumatic diaphragms are incorrectly called “diaphragm valves.” The reader is cautioned to
make this distinction.
 Fig.07 Diagram Valve

8. Pinch Valve

Pinch Valves are mechanical devices used to control fluid and dry-product flow through pipes.
A pinch valve uses a flexible tube that serves as a conduit, which can be squeezed shut through
the use of air or fluid pressure against its outer surface. It can be actuated mechanically as well.
Key specifications include valve size and the material used in the tube. In a pinch valve, the
tube itself is the only material in contact with the product in the pipe. Pinch valves are used for
flow regulating and shut-off of food slurries, dry products, sand, gravel, and the like.

Fig.08 Pinch Valve

 9. Pressure Relief Valve

Relief Valves protect pressurized systems such as boilers or piping from over-pressure
conditions, usually by way of a spring-loaded diaphragm. They can relieve internal pressure as
well as external pressure caused by vacuum formation within a tank, for example. Key
specifications include valve type, port connections, valve size, pressure rating, intended
application, and the materials of construction.

Relief valves are used on pneumatic compressors, on gas lines, and in cryogenic systems — in
short, anyplace where over-or under-pressure conditions can occur. Pressure and vacuum relief
valves operate automatically but can have a manual means of actuation for testing.
Atmospheric relief valves are used on condensers. A surge control valve is a kind of relief
valve intended to reduce damage to hydraulic systems from a phenomenon known as a
hydraulic surge.

Fig.09 Pressure relief valve

Classification of valves according to motion

1. Linear motion valves – These are the valves that have a stem sliding closure part like slat,
plate or disc, or diaphragm which raise or lower the closure part by moving the handle or grip
to the device. This comes with easy design, easy maintenance, versatility in sizes, pressure
classes etc. These valves are slower in operation but are more accurate in shutting or opening
the flow. SKG provides you with a series of valves functioning under motion like Gate, Globe,
and Diaphragm valves etc

2. Rotary motion valves – Rotary valves include a closure part that rotates in the body and
opens or shuts the flow when a lever attached is made to quarter turn. They come with larger
pore size, cost-effective but limited in applications with pressure drops. SKG caters you all
type of valves that comes with a rotary motion like Ball Valves, Butterfly Valves, and Plug
Valves etc.

The SKG Pneumatics is catering the products that are needed by any type of piping system.
They are incorporated in 2005 and have various partners that also cater the devices like
an Advance valve, Zolotov valves, NVR Valves, Easy flex Valves and New age Fire fighting
equipment. In this new age, firefighting equipment includes Flexible drops, RRL Hose,
Sprinklers, Branch Pipe, Hose Reel Drum and Hose Pipe etc. More of it SKG also deals in
Rubber Bellows, that are designed to reduce the noise, vibration and absorb any thermal
movements. These Rubber Bellows are vital to install in a piping system.

Fig.10 Types of Valve according to Motion

Explain the working of Relief and Safety Valves?

Relief valves

Relief valves are components used in hydraulic systems to limit fluid pressure in the part of the
circuit they are installed. They are constructed with a ball, poppet or spool opposed by a spring
and installed into a cavity or ported body. A poppet is a disc or cone shaped object that sits
within an oppositely machined seat, and when forced closed by spring pressure, provides very
low leakage. A spool is a cylindrical, machined steel rod with metering grooves or notches that
is also opposed by spring pressure. A spool valve leaks more than a poppet valve, but the spool
provides superior metering characteristics. Relief valves are most often installed in a hydraulic
system after the pump. This location provides the most direct and immediate response when the relief
valve opens to bleed fluid to the reservoir, thereby reducing pressure equal to its spring setting. The
relief valve will open as pressure caused by a downstream load or backpressure increases high enough
to force the poppet or spool open against its spring.

A relief valve works by providing an excessively pressurized fluid an open path to tank with
the goal of reducing work port pressure. As fluid pressure begins to rise, force from that
pressure is applied to the bottom of the spool or poppet, similar to what occurs to the piston of
a cylinder. The relief valve opens modestly at first, bleeding as little fluid is as required to
maintain pressure as is required downstream. If downstream pressure continues to rise, so too
does the force upon the poppet or spool, pushing it further against the spring until the point
spring force is equalled by hydraulic force.

Fig.11 Relief Valve

Relief valves experience pressure rise resulting from the combination of load pressure,
backpressure and the energy required to flow through the valve itself. Cracking pressure is
where initial fluid force overcomes the seated force of the spring. As the valve flows more fluid
to the tank, the rate of pressure rise is stable since forces of the pressurized fluid counteract the
compression rate of the spring. As the valve nears fully open, pressure rise increases again as
the valve bottoms out and is subjected to flow forces.
As work or backpressure decreases and the valve starts to close, it does so at differing rates
than what it opened at. The difference between the opening and closing curve is called its
hysteresis and is indicative of the quality of its construction. Higher quality valves with
advanced construction tend to have lower pressure rise with better hysteresis

How Do Safety Valves Work?

Unlike most other valves, e.g. isolation, control valves etc, the Safety Valve is designed into
systems in the expectation (and hope) that they will never be called into action. The function
of the Safety Valve is to protect life and property against failure to control system pressures, ie
it offers the last means of reducing system pressure before total failure.

Within heating and chilled water systems, excessive system pressures are caused by, amongst
other reasons:

• During start-up of items of ‘plant’

• Failure of control valves

• Failure of temperature and pressure sensors within the system

• And of course, human error

Fig.12 Safety Valve

SAFETY VALVE OPERATION

Safety Valves used within the Building Services Industry follow a design that uses an applied
force (a spring) to directly oppose the system force.
This valve design utilises three states;

1. Equilibrium

o The equilibrium state is where the closing forces, i.e. applied by the spring and
any back pressure, is in ‘equilibrium’ (balanced) with the opening forces, i.e.
applied by the system pressure. The disc and seat are ‘just’ in contact so flow
has not started but about to start

Fig.13 Equilibrium state of Safety Valve

Fully open

• The fully open state is where the valve can pass the maximum capacity at the specified
overpressure. It follows of course, that for the valves to open, the system force must
exceed the equilibrium force, i.e. overcome the applied spring and back pressure force.
Some designs of Safety Valve, like the NABIC Figure 500, achieve a higher discharge
flow rate by having a higher disc lift and larger discharge size

Fig.14 Fully Open Safety Valve

Fully closed

• The fully closed state is where the valves is fully closed, i.e. nil leakage. The closing
force exceeds the opening force, i.e. the opening force is lower than the equilibrium
force

Fig,15 Fully closed safety valve

References:

1. https://www.mobilehydraulictips.com/how-do-relief-valves-work/
2. https://www.nabicvalves.com/page/about-nabic/how-do-safety-valves-work
3. homasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-valves/
4. http://www.skgvalves.co.in/blog/classifications-of-valves-according-to-functions-and-
motions/
5. https://www.smlease.com/entries/automation/types-of-valves-and-their-applications/