Introduction To Rotor Dynamics Analysis As API Standard Related To Centrifugal Machines - Part V-Overview of API RP684 - Balancing of Rotors

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Introduction to Rotor Dynamics

Analysis as API Standard related to
Centrifugal Machines -Part V-Overview
of API RP684 - Balancing of Rotors
Published on November 27, 2019
Mahendra Prabhu SUBRAMANI.,CEng (U.K) MIMechE 11 articles Following

Rotating Equipment Engineer at TechnipFMC
The main cause of vibration in the rotating machinery is the unbalance present in the rotor
system. The chapter 5 of the API RP 684 describes the basic and fundamental concept to
balance the rotor system to rectify the different types unbalance present in the machine,
some basic concepts about the different balancing techniques.
The unbalance in rotor is caused due to any one of following reason.
1. Non Homogeneous Material - It is manufacturing defect present inside the casting ,

machining and improper shrinking etc.
2. Eccentricity - Geometric centerline of machine is not matching with the Axis of rotation.
3. Lack of Rotor symmetry
4. Distortion - This happens due to improper stress relief

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2020/12/30 …ics Analysis as API Standard related to Centrifugal Machines -Part V-Overview of API RP684 - Balancing of Rotors | LinkedIn (62)
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7. Corrosion , Erosion or deposits in the rotor system
8. Eccentric Mounting for balanced components
There are different types of unbalance are present in the system like static unbalance ,
coupled unbalance, Quasi static unbalance, Dynamic unbalance.
The static unbalance is the principal inertial axis and shaft axis are parallel to each other.
The unbalance is present in the same axis as shaft axis at a radius. The static unbalance can
be balanced by two techniques. The first one is placing the balance mass 180 ° opposite to
the unbalance. The second method is divide the weight and distribute at each end of the rotor
at 180 ° opposite of unbalance.
In the couple unbalance the Principal inertia axis pass through center of gravity of rotor but
not in parallel with shaft axis. The static and coupled unbalance do not exist together. The
coupled unbalance can be corrected by placing the correction weight in the same axial plane
of the rotor at each end of the rotor. ie- 180° apart. The one point to note is that the static and
coupled unbalance do not exist together.
The quasi static unbalance is the condition at which the mass inertia axis intersects with
shaft axis but not at center of gravity but at different point. The quasi staticMessaging
unbalance can be
resolved
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The dynamic unbalance is the condition at which the mass inertia axis intersects with both
the Center of gravity and shaft axis. It is combination of both static and coupled unbalance.
To rectify this kind of unbalance the weight correction to be done minimum of two planes.
Two different kind of measurements vibration velocity, residual unbalance are used during
the balancing of rotor in the balancing machine to check the rotor unbalance is with in
acceptable levels of the specific standard. The objective of both these measurements are
same to achieve the end result smooth running of the machine.
There are different types of standard established for balancing of rotors like ISO standards,
VDI standards (German engineering standard), ANSI standards and Military standards. The
formula presented in the API standards regarding the unbalance mass is adapted from the
U.S Navy , Bureau of ship standards.
The force generated by unbalance in directly proportional to unbalance mass and square of
the rotor speed. Hence it is important the balancing grade required depends on the rotor
speed.
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From the above grape it is evident that when speed of rotor is high the required level of
residual unbalance to meet the below API criteria U=4W/N the required balancing grade
shall be lower than the grade 2.5 as specified in ISO 1940. The 2.5 grade will put an upper
and lower limit of balancing grade to 15W/N and 6W/N. The difference between achieving
the unbalance levels with API criteria and ISO grade is explained very well in the below
picture.
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Mainly the balancing machines are classified into Soft bearing and Hard bearing machines.
The soft bearing machines stiffness of supports in which rotors are mounted is less than the
rotor stiffness. The hard bearing machines are with higher support stiffness. The soft bearing
machines are used in production applications in which many identical components are
successively balanced. Because the re-calibration of machine instruments is necessary in
soft bearing machine whenever the component is changed in order to achieve the correct
balancing grade. The machine sensitivity has an important effect on achieving the acceptable
level of unbalance. The empirical relation is given below.
Before selecting the balancing machine the sensitivity of the machine from the manufacturer
catalog shall be considered if can be used for particular rotor balancing in the entire speed
range to achieve desired unbalance level.
The balancing machine are driven by direct drives or the wrap around belt drive and
tangential belt drive. The wrap around drives are used for the rotors with weight less than
2250 kg. The tangential belt drives are used when the rotor weight is less than 450 kg.
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The belt drive machines are prone to increase the residual magnetism.
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magnetism at the probe area shall be not more than 2 gauss as specified in API 670.
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There are two different techniques used to balance the rotor2 system. The
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balancing and operating speed balance. The low speed balancing is further divided into two
types progressive stack balance and Index balancing. The procedure are described in detail
in the API RP684 chapter 5 regarding individual techniques and procedure to be followed.
The ISO 5406 provides classification for balancing of rotors. Most of the API machinery are
falling under Class 2; Rotors which are not considered to be rigid but can be balanced at low
speed balance machine. Now a days operating speed balance becomes the standard by the
manufactures due to advancements and knowledge , confidence gained on these subjects.
The API standard paragraphs defines two different acceptance criteria with reference to
vibration velocity , amplitude to ensure the rotor balancing is achieved in balancing
machine.They are in the high speed balancing machine ; the acceptable vibration velocity
with highest stiffness are for all speeds above 3000 rpm it shall be less than 1 mm/s and
speeds less than 3000 rpm it is 2.5 mm/s. The another criteria is the allowable vibration
amplitude during the shop test of assembled rotor.
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Published by
Mahendra Prabhu SUBRAMANI.,CEng (U.K) MIMechE 11 articles Following
Published • 1y
This is last and final part of API RP684 introduction about balancing of rotors. #API #Rotordynamics #Balancing
#Lateralanalysis #Torsionalanalysis
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Vamsidhar Rao • 1st 1y
SearchDeputy General Manager (Maintenance) ISO CAT IV vibration analyst, Asset Reliability Practitioner Cat I at Vizag Steel
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Good article Mahendra Prabhu..
In most cases Quasi static unbalance condition can be solved by making balancing corrections at the end of
rotor that has highest vibration by using single plane method
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Frank Kushner • 2nd 1y

Turbomachinery Vibration / Acoustics Consultant at Frank Kushner Consulting, LLC
Good summary. I've always recommended a 3-plane balance procedure for multi-disk or impeller element
rotors not incrementally balanced that operate between first and second critical speeds. As for high speed
balance limits those shown from first edition of API RP684 are erroneous. We at www.elliott-turbo.com
developed values in the 1980's as a function of pedestal type - change with stiffness. The recommended
limits are given in API RP684 second edition: …see more
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Abdulrahman Alkhowaiter • 1st 5mo

Machinery & Reliability Industrial Consultant. Unconventional Solutions to Machinery Failure; Finding The Fa…
4- Take *** half the correction weight**** requested by balance machine and use location [average of
both planes phase angle] and place it at center plane of rotor only. Or remove from opposite phase
angle. Best to do this with mud weights as a check first.
5- Then perform check balance again, but this time apply the full two plane balance correction
weights requested at both outer planes. at the phases required. By now there should be much lessmore
…see
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Mahendra Prabhu SUBRAMANI.,CEng (U.K) MIMechE

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2020/12/30 …ics Analysis as API Standard related to Centrifugal Machines -Part V-Overview of API RP684 - Balancing of Rotors | LinkedIn

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