CHAPTER 7:

DESIGN OF WORK SYSTEMS

Answers to Problems
1. OT = 10.4 minutes
s = 1.2 minutes
PR = 1.25
AFjob = 1 + .16 = 1.16
NT = OT × PR = 10.4 × 1.25 = 13.0 minutes
ST = NT × AFjob = 13.0 × 1.16 = 15.08 minutes

2. OT = 1.2 minutes
PR = .95

m
A = 10% of work day

er as
AFday = 1 1
= = 1.11

co
1–A 1 – 0.1

eH w
a. OT = 1.2 minutes
b. NT = OT × PR = 1.2 × .95 = 1.14 minutes

o.
c. ST = NT × AFday = 1.14 × 1.11 = 1.27 minutes
rs e
ou urc
3. AFPROBLEM NO. 7 - 3
day = 1 / (1 - .15) = 1.18
Afday= 1.18
o

OBSERVATIONS (MINUTES PER CYCLE)

aC s

Performance
vi y re

Task Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 OT NT ST
1 90% 0.44 0.50 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.46 0.46 0.414 0.49
2 85% 1.50 1.54 1.47 1.51 1.49 1.52 1.51 1.279 1.51
3 110% 0.84 0.89 0.77 0.83 0.85 0.80 0.83 0.913 1.07
ed d

4 100% 1.10 1.14 1.08 1.20 1.16 1.26 1.16 1.157 1.36
ar stu

job standard time: 4.43

is

4.
Th

CYCLE
1 2 3 4 5 6 OT
Task 1 4.1 4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.10
Task 2 - 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.4 1.50
sh

Task 3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.25

Task 4 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.77

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 5. PR = .90; AFjob = 1.15
PROBLEM NO. 7 - 5

CYCLE
1 2 3 4 5 6 OT NT ST
Task 1 2.1 2 2.2 2.1 2.1 - 2.10 1.89 2.17
Task 2 - 1.1 - 1 - 1.2 1.10 0.99 1.14
Task 3 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.40 3.06 3.52
Task 4 4 - - 4.2 - - 4.10 3.69 4.24
Task 5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.45 1.31 1.50
job standard time: 12.58

This job standard time is for the case when every task occurs during the cycle. If we have the
proportion of cycles that each task occurs in, then we can multiply each task’s standard time by
this proportion, and then sum to get a better estimate of the job time. For example:

m
er as
ST P ro po r tion avg. ST
Task 1 2.17 0 .83 1.80

co
Task 2 1.14 0 .5 0 .57

eH w
Task 3 3.52 1 3.52

o.
Task 4 4.24 0 .33 1.40

rs e
Task 5 1.50 1 1.50
ou urc
job standard time: 8.79

6. Factor %
o

Personal 5
aC s

Fatigue 4
vi y re

Standing 2
Lifting 1
Light 2
Noise Level 2
ed d

Monotony 4
ar stu

20

7. machine time = 3.3 minutes

is

operator time = 1.9 minutes

PR = 1.20
Th

A = 12%
AFjob = 1 + A = 1.12

[machine] [worker]
sh

ST = 3.3(1.0)(1.0) + 1.9(1.2)(1.12) = 5.85 minutes

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 8. A = 24 + 10 + 14 = 48 minutes per 4 hours
48
A= = .20
240
PR = 0.95, OT = 6
min.
NT = 6(.95) = 5.70 min.
1
ST= 5.70 × = 7.125 min.
1 - .20

9. AFjob = 1 + .2 = 1.2
PROBLEM NO. 7 - 9

AF= 1.2
a.
Performance OBSERVATIONS (MINUTES PER CYCLE)
TaskRating 1 2 3 4 5 6 OT NT ST
1 110% 1.20 1.17 1.16 1.22 1.24 1.15 1.19 1.309 1.571

m
2 115% 0.83 0.87 0.78 0.82 0.85 1.32* 0.83 0.955 1.145

er as
3 105% 0.58 0.53 0.52 0.59 0.60 0.54 0.56 0.588 0.706

co
job standard time: 3.422

eH w
* Unusual delay, disregard time
Standard deviation of Task 1: 0.0358

o.
rs e
ou urc
b. = 1.19
a = .01
confidence = 95.5% [z = 2.00]
s = .0358
o
aC s

= 36.2, round up to 37
vi y re

c. e = .01 minutes
= 51.27, round up to 52
ed d
ar stu

10. s = 1.5 minutes per piece

e = ± .4 minute
confidence = 95.5% [z = 2]
is
Th

= = 56.25, round up to 57
sh

11.
PROBLEM NO. 7 - 11
m ean std dev
5.2 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.4 0 .253

a = .02
confidence = 99% [z = ± 2.58]

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 = 36.53, round up to 37

12. a. = .12 or 12%

b. a = .04
Confidence = 95% [z = 1.96]
= 253.55, round to 254

13. p = .5
e = .04
Confidence = 95% [95/200=0.475,=> z = 1.96,]
= 600.25 round up to 601

m
er as
co
eH w
14. OT = (14+13+13+12+14) / 5 = 13.2 sec
PR = .90

o.
AFjob = 1 + .15 = 1.15
rs e
NT = OT × PR = 13.2 (0.90) = 11.88 sec
ou urc
ST = NT × AFjob = 1.88 (1.15) = 13.66 sec
o

15. Yes, these times are sustainable, because they are used in real life. However, initially they are
hard to achieve.
aC s
vi y re

16. Assuming that right and left arm movements are not simultaneous:

Element Standard Time (TMU)

ed d

Reach for a nail in your pocket with your left hand (assume 4 inches) 4+4= 8
ar stu

Grasp a nail (Complex) 10

Move the nail on to the shingle (assume 8 inches) 4 + 8 = 12
Position the nail (loose, symmetrical) 10
Apply pressure (pierce the shingle) & disengage (loose) 20 + 5 = 25
is

Reach for the hammer with your right hand (assume 12 inches) 4 + 12 = 16
Grasp the handle of hammer (Simple) 2
Th

Move the hammer up in the air (assume 12 inches) 4 + 12 = 16

Strike the nail with hammer (assume 12 inches, assume same as move) 4 + 12 = 16
Place hammer on the roof (assume 4 inches move) & disengage (loose) 4 + 4 +5 = 13
128 TMUs
sh

= 4.6 seconds

17. a.
Element TMU
Reach with right hand (16 inches) 3+16
Grasp (simple) 2

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 Move the bun to front of worker (16 inches) 3+16
(simul. reach left hand to front )
Transfer one piece to left hand 6
Move the pieces up (2 feet) 3+24
Disengage (loose) 5

78 TMUs × .036 = 2.81 sec

b.
Element TMU
Reach for second dispenser by right hand (6”) 4+6
Grasp second dispenser (Complex) 10
Move second dispenser over burger (6”) 4+6
Simultaneously move left hand to top of dispenser and grasp
Position over burger (loose, symmetrical) 10

m
Apply Pressure (Squirt) three times 2×30

er as
Move dispenser back (6”) & Disengage (loose) 4+6+5

co
Simultaneously disengage and reach to box and grasp its edge with

eH w
left hand

o.
Side step 20
rs e
Simultaneously move the box
ou urc
Reach for veggies with right hand (24”) 3+24
Grasp some veggies (complex) 10
Move over burger (12”) 4+12
o

Disengage (close) 10
aC s
vi y re

Total (TMUs) = 198

Total (seconds) = 198(.036) = 7.13
18. Use a lifting table for pallets:
ed d
ar stu
is

19. See the following solutions:

Th
sh

Instructor’s Manual, Chapter 7 156

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 20.

m
er as
co
eH w
o.
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th
sh

157 Operations Management, 4/C/e

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