Al Kitab University

Department of petroleum Engineering

Well Logging
Various electrode logs and depth of measurement: Flushed Zone Invaded Zone
Un-invaded Zone Microlog (ML) Short Normal (SN) Long Normal (LN)
Microlatero log (MLL) Laterolog8 (LL8) Lateral Log Proximity Log (PL)
Spherically Focused Log (SFL) Deep Later log (LLD) Micro spherically Focused
Log (MSFL) Shallow Laterolog (LLs) Laterolog 3 (LL3) Laterolog 7 (LL7).

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering
Induction Log
These logs were originally designed for use in boreholes where the drilling fluid
was very resistive (oil-based muds or even gas). It can, however, be used reasonably
also in water-based muds of high salinity, but has found its greatest use in wells
drilled with fresh water-based muds.
i.e. it used when Rmf > 3Rw
Electrode devices (conventional electric logs) do not work in non-conductive
muds).
Designed for deep investigation to determine Rt

Induction logs are designed to measure the conductivity of rock formations by

using the electromagnetic principles outlined by Faraday, Ampere, Gauss, Coulomb
and unified in a single theory by James Maxwell in 1864. The process involves the

interaction of magnetic and electric fields:

alternating current applied to transmitter coils

creates alternating magnetic field in rocks
which generates alternating current in rocks (current loops, eddy currents)
current loops generate out of phase magnetic field in rocks which
generates in-phase voltage in receiver coils
calculate resistivity Rt = RES = K * V / I

The basic equations for a single transmitter – receiver coil pair, in EXTREMELY
simplified form, are shown below.

1: Bt = uo * dI/dt magnetic field due to current “I” in transmitter coil

2 : I = C * dBt/dt current in formation induced by magnetic field “Bt”

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering
3: Br = uo * dI/dt magnetic field due to current “I” circulating in the rock
4: V = N * A * (dBr/dt) voltage induced in receiver coil by magnetic field Br

Where;
Bt = the magnetic field strength in the formation created by an induction log
transmitter
uo = the magnetic permittivity
dI/dt = rate of change of the current jn the transmitter coil
I = current circulating in the rock
C = conductivity of rock
dBt/dt = rate of change of transmitted magnetic field
Br = out-of-phase magnetic field strength in the formation created by the currents
in the rock
dI/dt = rate of change of the current in the rock
V = voltage induced in an induction log receiver coil
N = number of turns on the coil
A = area of the coil
dBr/dt = rate of change of the magnetic field created by the currents circulating in
the rock

Principle

The sonde consists of 2 wire coils, a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx). High
frequency alternating current (20 kHz) of constant amplitude is applied to the
transmitter coil. This gives rise to an alternating magnetic field around the sonde
that induces secondary currents in the formation. These currents flow in coaxial
loops around the sonde, and in turn create their own alternating magnetic field,
which induces currents in the receiver coil of the sonde (Fig. below). The received
signal is measured, and its size is proportional to the conductivity of the formation.
Clearly there will be direct coupling of the transmitter coil and the receiver coil
signals. This is removed by additional coils, which also serve to improve the
vertical and depth of penetration focusing of the tool.

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

The intensity of the secondary

currents generated in the
formation depends upon the
location in the formation
relative to the transmitter and
receiver coils. Hence there is
a spatially varying
geometrical factor to take into
account. Figure 1 shows two
ground loops of secondary
current induced by the
transmitter and sensed by the
receiver.

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

The actual signal recorded by the receiver

will be the sum of all ground loops in the
space investigated by the tool. Figure 2
shows the sensitivity map for this space for a
homogeneous medium, showing that 50% of
the total signal comes from close to the tool
(borehole and invaded zone) between the
transmitter and the receiver.

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

Principle one

Basic transformer

•Transmitter coils – 20 kHz fed to transmitter coil

•Generates alternating magnetic field that causes circular current that flows in
formation

•creates magnetic field

Induces voltage

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering
Receiver coils

– Induced voltage from magnetic field

– Output voltage eR

Induced voltage proportional to conductivity

Induction-Electrical Log Old Style

Linear scales

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering
• Conductivity track 3
• Resistivity track 2
• Short normal
– Unfocused shallow
– Bed definition
• Induction Rt

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

DUAL INDUCTION NEWER STYLE -

• Logarithmic scale
• Resistivity track 2/3
• Deep Induction Rt
• Med induction Rxo & Rt

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

Skin effect : is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become

distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface
of the conductor, and decreases with greater depths in the conductor. The electric
current flows mainly at the "skin" of the conductor, between the outer surface and a
level called the skin depth. The skin effect causes the effective resistance of the
conductor to increase at higher frequencies where the skin depth is smaller, thus
reducing the effective cross-section of the conductor. The skin effect is due to
opposing eddy currents induced by the changing magnetic field resulting from the
alternating current. At 60 Hz in copper, the skin depth is about 8.5 mm. At high
frequencies the skin depth becomes much smaller. Increased AC resistance due to
the skin effect can be mitigated by using specially woven litz wire. Because the
interior of a large conductor carries so little of the current, tubular conductors such
as pipe can be used to save weight and cost.

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Department of petroleum Engineering

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

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Al Kitab University
Department of petroleum Engineering

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