ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY

REPORT FOR GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION

AT
GH2 INDUSTRIES

15 09 2023
Electrical Resistivity Survey
Report for Ground Water
Investigation
Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF WORK ................................................................................................................... 2

PRINCIPLES OF METHOD APPLIED ................................................................................................................ 3

INSTRUMENT USED: ...................................................................................................................................... 4

FIELD PROCEDURE......................................................................................................................................... 5

COMPUTER BASED EVALUATION OF FIELD CURVES ..................................................................................... 5

MODELING OF FIELD RESISTIVITY CURVES ................................................................................................... 6

RESULTS OF VERTICAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOUNDING ........................................................................ 7

CORELATION BETWEEN GEOELECTRICAL LAYERS AND EXISTING BORE ....................................................... 9

CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................ 10

Table-2: Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-01 .......................................................................................... 11

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-02 ........................................................................................................ 12

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-03 ........................................................................................................ 13

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-04……………………………………………………………………………………………………12

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-05……………………………………………………………………………………………………12

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-06…………………………………………………………………………………………………..12

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-07…………………………………………………………………………………………………..12

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-08…………………………………………………………………………………………………..12

FIELD CURVE................................................................................................................................................ 19

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 23
INTRODUCTION

A large quantity of water is a primary requirement for commercial project, to meet the daily
requirement of water, the administration of GH2 INDUSTRIES asked the Geolog Services to
conduct an Electrical Resistivity Survey for groundwater investigations and recommend a
suitable location for installation of tube well for their industrial Project.

The area was investigated at eight locations (ERS-1 to ERS-8), up to a depth of 200 m This
report presents the findings of the electrical resistivity survey for groundwater investigations
at proposed locations in the area. Schlumberger Electrode configuration was used to conduct
Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) at proposed locations (Fig.1).The Electrical Resistivity
Survey for groundwater investigation was conducted by Geolog Services.

The recommendations for test drilling are made at the locations ERS-06 and ERS-8 at a depth
of 500 ft after considerations of lithology and electrical resistivity of the aquifers. The aquifers
are brackish and not suitable for drinking, agriculture, and construction purposes unless
passes through RO process.

Location Coordinates :

ERS -01 Lat : 24°42'40.10"N , Long: 67°34'17.20"E

ERS-02 Lat : 24°42'37.70"N, Long : 67°34'2.30"E

ERS -03 Lat : 24°42'37.60"N , Long: 67°34'15.50"E

ERS -04 Lat : 24°42'37.70"N , Long: 67°34'14.50"E

ERS -05 Lat : 24°42'38.40"N , Long: 67°34'10.30"E

ERS -06 Lat : 24°42'40.20"N , Long: 67°34'6.80"E

ERS -07 Lat : 24°42'42.40"N, Long: 67°34'7.46"E

ERS -08 Lat : 24°42'53.80"N , Long: 67°34'15.70"E

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 1

Fig: 1 Satellite Images of the Study Area Showing locations of Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES)

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF WORK

The client aims to exploit better quality/quantity of water through installation of tube well
for Production. For exploitation of groundwater from the area it is important to have
diagnostic information regarding the subsurface hydrological information as:
- Lithological nature of aquifer
- Thickness and lateral extent
- Estimation of groundwater quality

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 2

PRINCIPLES OF METHOD APPLIED
The earth is energized with the help of controlled power pack specially designed to provide
voltage according to field requirement. The commutated D.C is passed through the outer
stainless steel electrodes and the resulting potential difference is recorded by the inner
electrodes.
The ratio of potential drop(V) to the energized current(I) multiplied by schlumberger
geometrical constant ‘K’ give the apparent resistivity, which is cumulative effect of the
resistivities of different subsurface lithological units from the surface to the depth which the
current penetrates. Apparent resistivity (a) is thus
a = K* (V)/I

Where,

a = Apparent resistivity in ohm-cm

V= Potential difference millivolts

I = Current in milliamps

K= Geoelectric constant

Schlumberger configuration was used in the field to record resistivity measurement.

Geometric factor ‘K’ for schlumberger array is calculated as:

K = π [(AB/2)2 – (MN/2)2]
MN

Where, AB= Distance between outer current electrodes.

MN = Distance between inner potential electrodes.

The depth for which resistivity measured, was controlled by varying the spacing between the
electrodes. For depth scanning, the central point was fixed and the spacing of electrodes was
gradually increased with a fixed distance interval horizontally. Thus, the depth of scanning
was increased and apparent resistivity was obtained as function of depth.

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 3

INSTRUMENT USED:
The ABEM resistivity equipment was used

for field measurements. The source of power to

introduce current into the ground consisted of dry
batteries. The copper coated steel electrodes and
geo-reels with insulated copper were used during
survey.

The ABEM Terrameter is a microprocessor controlled

direct current instrument which uses a single averaging system to obtain accurate readings
without the need for high potentially dangerous power outputs. The output current is
selected by a switch from one of a number of possible values. If the resistance between the
current electrodes is too high from that current level to be maintained, a warning is given so
that the next lower current setting can be tried. Alternatively an attempt can be made to
reduce the resistance of the current circuit by, for example, driving the electrodes deeper into
the ground. For example measurements of potential difference are made with the current
direction being reversed after the first and third measurement and results are averaged.
These gives good cancellations of any other potential which may be present (self-potential)
within the ground or potentials due to electrochemical at the electrodes, provided these are
constant or varying linearly with time. The result is displayed as the ratio of potential
difference to current in ohms. Up to 64 cycles may be used. After each cycle is completed
average of the number of cycles used is usually in the range 4 to 16. The averaging of number
of cycles reduces error due to random electrical noise.

Stainless steel rods were used as electrodes. Electrodes spacing were measured by numbered
marking on the current cables to reduce risk of gross error which can easily arise when survey
tapes are used.

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FIELD PROCEDURE
Electrical resistivity method is the
most common geophysical
techniques used for groundwater
investigation which is also known as
“Direct Current method”. The
purpose of the method is the
determination of the subsurface
resistivity contribution, by
conducting measurements at the Fig: 3 Schlumberger Array

surface of the earth. To achieve this, electric current is inserted into the ground via two
electrodes and the potential difference, which is caused by the inserted current, is measured
in two other electrodes. The measured potential difference gives an image for the difficulty
of the current flow through the subsurface. This is an indication of the electrical resistance of
the subsurface.
The observations were made by adopting the Schlumberger electrode configuration using
Vertical Electrical Sounding technique (Fig: 2). The current electrode spacing was increased
in steps from 3 m to 200m.

Observations were taken using the controlled current which was sent to earth between
current electrodes, A & B, and Potential thus developed was measured between potential
electrodes, M & N (Fig:2).The apparent resistivity values were calculated for each step and
plotted on 2x3 cycle bi-logarithmic graph.

COMPUTER BASED EVALUATION OF FIELD CURVES

Apparent earth resistivity values are complex function of a number of parameters, i.e.,
- Specific Resistance/Conductance,
- Compactness,
- Inhomogeneties,
- Moisture.
Therefore, the field resistivity curves of the area give composite resistivity of the subsurface
layers of different resistivities through which the current penetrated. In order to determine
Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 5
the thicknesses and the true resistivity values of the individual sub-surface layers, the field
resistivity curves were modeled using specific software program.

MODELING OF FIELD RESISTIVITY CURVES

The resistivity field curves have been analyzed qualitatively by the empirical method in order
to determine the possible number of subsurface lithological/geoelectrical layers, their
tentative depth and the ranges of their approximate resistivity values (Wetzel & Mooney,
1956). This data was formatted for ASCII data file to be used in the modeling program. The
data which was affected by presence of man mad structures was inserted after interpolation
of data from nearby soundings.

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 6

RESULTS OF VERTICAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOUNDING:

Fig: 3. Vertical columns showing the interpreted lithological layers of ERS-1 and ERS-6

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 7

 7 8

Fig: 3. Vertical columns showing the interpreted lithological layers of ERS-1 and ERS-6

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 8

CORELATION BETWEEN GEOELECTRICAL LAYERS AND EXISTING BORE:
8
7
EXISTING BORE

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 9

CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the electrical resistivity findings and available subsurface information following
conclusions/recommendations are made:

1. The electrical resistivity investigation in the area indicates the presence of water at all
locations.

2. The main aquifer zones are 0-50 meter sand ,50-90 meters limestone,120-70 meters
lime stone and bore hole data provided by client is almost same.

3. The area is promising for Brackish groundwater potential. However, a test hole
minimum, 152 m (approx. 500 feet) deep will be drilled at ER-06 and ERS-08 where
brackish water aquifer expected.

4. Upper 24m (80 ft) zone should be seal with the help of cement and bentonite.

5. The expected TDS is expected to have 2000 - 4,000 ppm with approx. discharge of
80,000-120,000 USGPD.

6. The aquifer zone is nearly same as Gharo Solar Block 8.

7. Bore should be drilled by a professional contractor.

8. Well should be supervised by consulting hydrogeologist.

9. Test hole should be geo physically logged in order to have better picture of the
aquifers and lithologies needed for better completion of the well.

10. Geophysical logs, at least natural gamma and resistivity logs should be run (Very
Important for delineation of aquifers of interest and tube-well installation).

11. Compressor/Pumping test should be performed.

12. Water samples should be collected and tested for quality of water.

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 10

Table-2: Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-01
Electrode Electrode Constant Apparent
Resistance
spacing spacing Resistivity
K
Ohms
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
1.5 0.5 13.744 62.5 859
2 0.5 24.74 28.5 705.09
3 0.5 56.156 14 786.184
4 0.5 100.14 9 901.26
6 0.5 225.8 5 1129
8 0.5 401.73 8 3213.84
10 0.5 627.93 4 2511.72
15 0.5 1413 2 2826
20 0.5 2513 0.776 1950.088
30 5 561.56 0.957 537.4129
40 5 1001 0.267 267.267
60 5 2258 0.091 205.478
80 10 2003 0.186 372.558
100 10 3134 0.033 103.422
120 15 3004 0.129 387.516
140 15 4093 0.091 372.463
160 15 5350 0.054 288.9
180 15 6774 0.058 392.892
200 15 8366 0.021 175.686

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Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-02
Electrode Electrode Constant Resistance Apparent
spacing spacing Resistivity
K Ohms
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
1.5 0.5 13.744 105 1443.12
2 0.5 24.74 45 1113.3
3 0.5 56.156 21 1179.276
4 0.5 100.14 10 1001.4
6 0.5 225.8 9 2032.2
8 0.5 401.73 3 1205.19
10 0.5 627.93 0.216 135.6329
15 0.5 1413 4.3 6075.9
20 0.5 2513 1.2 3015.6
30 5 561.56 0.544 305.4886
40 5 1001 0.217 217.217
60 5 2258 0.242 546.436
80 10 2003 0.113 226.339
100 10 3134 0.257 805.438
120 15 3004 0.324 973.296
140 15 4093 0.164 671.252
160 15 5350 0.261 1396.35
180 15 6774 0.013 88.062
200 15 8366 0.021 175.686

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Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-03
Electrode Electrode Constant Resistance Apparent
spacing spacing Resistivity
K Ohms
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
1.5 0.5 13.744 62.5 859
2 0.5 24.74 28.5 705.09
3 0.5 56.156 14 786.184
4 0.5 100.14 9 901.26
6 0.5 225.8 5 1129
8 0.5 401.73 8 3213.84
10 0.5 627.93 4 2511.72
15 0.5 1413 2 2826
20 0.5 2513 0.776 1950.088
30 5 561.56 0.957 537.4129
40 5 1001 0.267 267.267
60 5 2258 0.091 205.478
80 10 2003 0.186 372.558
100 10 3134 0.033 103.422
120 15 3004 0.129 387.516
140 15 4093 0.091 372.463
160 15 5350 0.054 288.9
180 15 6774 0.058 392.892
200 15 8366 0.021 175.686

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 13

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-04

Electrode Electrode Constant Apparent

spacing spacing Resistance
K Resistivity
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
1.5 0.5 6.3 50.32 317.0160
2 0.5 12 40.076 480.9120
3 0.5 27.5 35.23 968.8250
4 0.5 49.5 26.348 1304.2260
4 1 24 48.237 1157.6880
6 1 55 42.533 2339.3150
8 1 99 53.936 5339.6640
10 1 156 73.269 11429.9640
10 2 75.4 15.681 1182.3474
15 2 174 11.651 2027.2740
20 2 311 22.94 7134.3400
20 5 118 47.643 5621.8740
30 5 275 30.674 8435.3500
40 5 495 21.7854 10783.7730
50 5 777 18.5423 14407.3671
50 10 377 30.452 11480.4040
60 10 550 20.436 11239.8000
80 10 990 11.6765 11559.7350
100 10 1555 7.653 11900.4150
120 20 1100 15.7854 17363.9400
140 20 1508 8.6432 13033.9456
160 20 1979 5.7467 11372.7193
200 20 3110 2.6537 6668.7481

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Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-05

Electrode Electrode Constant Apparent

spacing spacing Resistance
K Resistivity
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
0.5 6.3 56.962 358.8621
2 0.5 12 45.366 544.3924
3 0.5 27.5 39.880 1096.7099
4 0.5 49.5 29.826 1476.3838
4 1 24 54.604 1310.5028
6 1 55 48.147 2648.1046
8 1 99 61.056 6044.4996
10 1 156 82.941 12938.7192
10 2 75.4 17.751 1338.4173
15 2 174 13.189 2294.8742
20 2 311 25.968 8076.0729
20 5 118 53.932 6363.9614
30 5 275 34.723 9548.8162
40 5 495 24.661 12207.2310
50 5 777 20.990 16309.1396
50 10 377 34.472 12995.8173
60 10 550 23.134 12723.4536
80 10 990 13.218 13085.6200
100 10 1555 8.663 13471.2698
120 20 1100 17.869 19655.9801
140 20 1508 9.784 14754.4264
160 20 1979 6.505 12873.9182
200 20 3110 3.004 7549.0228

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 15

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-06

Electrode Electrode Constant Apparent

spacing spacing Resistance
K Resistivity
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
1.5 0.5 6.3 60.665 382.1881
2 0.5 12 48.315 579.7779
3 0.5 27.5 42.473 1167.9960
4 0.5 49.5 31.765 1572.3488
4 1 24 58.154 1395.6855
6 1 55 51.277 2820.2314
8 1 99 65.024 6437.3921
10 1 156 88.332 13779.7360
10 2 75.4 18.905 1425.4144
15 2 174 14.046 2444.0410
20 2 311 27.656 8601.0176
20 5 118 57.437 6777.6189
30 5 275 36.980 10169.4893
40 5 495 26.264 13000.7011
50 5 777 22.354 17369.2336
50 10 377 36.712 13840.5455
60 10 550 24.637 13550.4781
80 10 990 14.077 13936.1853
100 10 1555 9.226 14346.9023
120 20 1100 19.031 20933.6188
140 20 1508 10.420 15713.4641
160 20 1979 6.928 13710.7229
200 20 2513 3.199 8039.7093

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 16

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-07

Electrode Electrode Constant Apparent

spacing spacing Resistance
K Resistivity
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
1.5 0.5 6.3 32.941 207.5282
2 0.5 12 26.235 314.8194
3 0.5 27.5 23.063 634.2219
4 0.5 49.5 17.248 853.7854
4 1 24 31.577 757.8572
6 1 55 27.843 1531.3856
8 1 99 35.308 3495.5039
10 1 156 47.964 7482.3966
10 2 75.4 10.265 774.0000
15 2 174 7.627 1327.1143
20 2 311 15.017 4670.3526
20 5 118 31.189 3680.2470
30 5 275 20.080 5522.0327
40 5 495 14.261 7059.3807
50 5 777 12.138 9431.4939
50 10 377 19.935 7515.4162
60 10 550 13.378 7357.9096
80 10 990 7.644 7567.3486
100 10 1555 5.010 7790.3680
120 20 1100 10.334 11366.9550
140 20 1508 5.658 8532.4110
160 20 1979 3.762 7444.9226
200 20 2513 1.737 4365.5622

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 17

Electrical Resistivity Field Data, ER-08

Electrode Electrode Constant Apparent

spacing spacing Resistance
K Resistivity
“AB/2” in “MN/2” in Ohms Ohms-m
(m) (m) ( cm)
1.5 0.5 6.3 43.713 275.3899
2 0.5 12 34.814 417.7653
3 0.5 27.5 30.604 841.6124
4 0.5 49.5 22.888 1132.9732
4 1 24 41.903 1005.6765
6 1 55 36.948 2032.1487
8 1 99 46.854 4638.5337
10 1 156 63.648 9929.1404
10 2 75.4 13.622 1027.0980
15 2 174 10.121 1761.0806
20 2 311 19.928 6197.5579
20 5 118 41.387 4883.6878
30 5 275 26.646 7327.7373
40 5 495 18.925 9367.7982
50 5 777 16.108 12515.5924
50 10 377 26.453 9972.9573
60 10 550 17.753 9763.9460
80 10 990 10.143 10041.8716
100 10 1555 6.648 10337.8183
120 20 1100 13.713 15083.9493
140 20 1508 7.508 11322.5094
160 20 1979 4.992 9879.4122
200 20 2513 2.305 5793.1010

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 18

FIELD CURVE

ERS - 1

ERS - 2

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 19

 ERS - 3

ERS - 4

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 20

 ERS - 5

ERS - 6

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 21

 ERS - 7

ERS - 8

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 22

REFERENCES

Ahmed. A., Shuja, T.A., Kazmi, A.H., 1985,

"Final interpretation on groundwater resources of Thano Bula, Kalu Khuhar, Upper

Malir and Gadap Basins; Dadu, Thatta and Karachi District, Sindh, Pakistan: GSP
Mem.Vol.XV-Part-1"

Zaigham, N. A., 1985,

"Earth Resistivity measurements to explore groundwater potential in Kalu Khuhar

and Upper Malir Basin, Dadu-Karachi-Thatta Districts, Sindh, Pakistan, GSP
Mem.Vol.XV-Part-3"

Zaigham, N. A., and Naqvi, S.W.H., 1993

"Electrical Resistivity Survey for exploration of groundwater potential in Orangi Area

and Reconnasance Electric Soundings in Band Murad Khan Valley, Karachi District,
Pakistan: GSP IR No 293"

A.A.R Zohdy, G.P Eaton,

Application of Surface Geophysics to Ground Water Investigation

Electrical Resistivity survey Report _______ 23